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Published in:
2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
Ground Improvement of Titanium Dioxide Waste Spoils and Compressible Organics with In-Situ Mixing with Portland Cement and Surcharging
Author : James J Serpico
Published in: Soil Testing, Soil Stability and Ground Improvement
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
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Abstract
Part of an overall $2.4 billion dollar, multi-use, brownfield redevelopment project along a major river and highway system in the Borough of Sayreville, New Jersey, USA, was a need to conduct ground improvement activities for approximately 40 acres of the 440-acre project for a large retail structure and portions of the roadway system. During the course of subsurface explorations it was determined that a 40-acre portion of the project contained 4 to 14 ft of titanium dioxide overlying highly compressible organics. The titanium dioxide materials were the result of abandoned plant processing activities in the production of white paint pigments.
The ground improvement program consisted of mixing the titanium dioxide byproduct, in-place, with Portland cement. The mixing was conducted using large excavators mixing set dimensioned cells to required depths. Over 375,000 cubic yards of materials were mixed in-place using this method. Many lessons were learned regarding design and construction considerations to overcome air quality, Portland cement delivery, mixing thoroughness, mix strength testing and quality control.
Once in-place cement mixing was completed a full-scale, 28-acre surcharge program was implemented to consolidate the underlying compressible organics to support the proposed development. The surcharge program was accomplished using prefabricated wick drains (PWDs) and surcharge fills consisting of Processed Dredge Materials (PDM). PDM typically consist of river and harbor dredge spoils mixed with at least 8% cement prior to reuse as fills. The surcharge program is being remotely monitored 24/7 through the use of digital piezometers, settlement plates and in-place inclinometers via a project website.