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2021 | Book

Theoretical Basics of Radiolocation Read chapter Read first chapter

Handbook of Microwave and Radar Engineering

Author: Anatoly Belous

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This comprehensive handbook provides readers with a single-source reference to the theoretical fundamentals, physical mechanisms and principles of operation of all known microwave devices and various radars. The author discusses proven methods of computation and design development, process, schematic, schematic-technical and construction peculiarities of each breed of the microwave devices, as well as the most popular and original technical solutions for radars. Coverage also includes the history of creation of the most widely used radars, as well as guidelines for their potential upgrading.

Offers readers a comprehensive, systematized view of all contemporary knowledge, acquired during the last 20 years, on radars and related disciplines;Provides a single-source reference on the physical mechanisms and principles of operation of the basic components of radio location devices, including theoretical aspects of designing the necessary, high-efficiency electronic devices and systems, as well as key, practical methods of computation and design;Presents complex topics using simple language, minimizing mathematics.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Theoretical Basics of Radiolocation
Abstract
This introductory chapter is dedicated to concise presentation of the theoretical basics of radiolocation. Here in synopsis are represented the theoretical basics of functioning of the radiolocation devices, starting with the chronology of the historical events, related to creation of the first radiolocation stations, description of the basic functional principles of radars, typical algorithms of signal processing (from measurement of the distance to the target, determination of the angle of the target elevation and of the radar definition as per the target), characteristics of aerials (signal amplification, aperture of the aerial, radar’ cross-section, noises and echo-signals), as well as the general information about the radiolocation stations: classification, frequency ranges of work, performance parameters, comparison of the activity zones of the passive range-difference detection systems of the various radio irradiation sources, differences between the military and civil radars.
Individual paragraphs of the chapter are dedicated to a more detailed investigation of the basic principles of construction of the various program complexes, intended for simulation of the radiolocation signals (typical compositions of such complexes, peculiarities of work of the design engineers of the radiolocation objects”, peculiarities of setting up the spacious configuration of the object. For the first time a new method is introduced of enhancing the interference resistance of the contemporary radiolocation stations with application of the auto-compensators of the “obstructive irradiations” on the basis of application of the coherence principles for compensation of the active noise interferences, including the specific recommendations on the technical implementation of such auto-compensators. The special procedures are listed of assessment of the applied methods of compensation of the active noise interferences of the contemporary radiolocation stations.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 2. Features of Designing Digital Processing Systems for Radiolocation Systems Based on Microprocessor VLSI Sets
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to investigation of the peculiarities of construction of the systems for the radiolocation signals digital processing (SDP) on the basis of the microelectronic element base – special purpose microprocessor complexes of the very large scale integrated circuits (VLSIs).
Here the main tendencies and influence peculiarities are considered of the contemporary microelectronic technologies in progress on the informational and control structures of the modern radars: the standard SDP algorithms of and methods of their practical implementation, including for the primary signal processing for especially important for the contemporary theater of warfare and for the secondary signals processing elements, determining both the high efficiency and precision of determining the targets of the contemporary radiolocation stations of the ground borne and space echelons of the counter missile defense (CMDS).
The major interest of the design engineers (electronic engineers and software engineers) of the contemporary radiolocation stations is attributed to the hierarchy of tasks of the operations of the SDP as applied to the tasks of the contemporary radiolocation stations, as well as the typical procedures and optimum hardware structures of the SDP systems as applied to the specific tasks of the radiolocation stations.
As a concrete example are viewed the IC structures of the Russian microprocessor set of the radiolocation station of the series 1815, on whose basis the radiolocation station “Volga” is developed with the active phased array antenna.
The analysis completes this chapter of the various methodological approaches to construction of the special purpose microelectronic base for the SDP systems overall and for the purposes of radiolocation and communications in particular.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 3. Ground Penetrating Radars
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to consideration of such specific independent trend of the radiolocation devices as ground penetrating radars.
Here are viewed the most widely known radars of the Earth remote probing and the specific geo-radars with the enhanced resolution capacity, geo-radars for search of mines, field charges and unauthorized planted explosive devices in buildings, structures, on the automobile and rail ways and the routes of the military convoys under the different conditions of the environment.
A special attention from the readers should be attributed to the sections, dedicated to analysis of the contemporary status and development tendencies of the super wide band devices of the radio systems of the various (civil and military) application. Here are listed the analysis results of the situation with development of the super wide band technology of the radar equipment in the world and in Russia, including the main features and technical solutions for construction of the radio locators of the ground penetrating probing with enhanced resolution capacity (structure, design peculiarities, methods of formation and processing the super wide band frequency modulated signals, etc.).
For the first time in the open scientific-technical printed media here in detail are viewed Вthe peculiar features of application of the radars for ground penetration when airborne (aircraft, helicopter, airship, air balloon, etc.).
In conclusion of the chapter are listed the main technical parameters of the most widely used geo-radars (series “Loza”, “OKO”, “Zond”, etc.)
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 4. Antennas and Antenna Devices for Radar Location and Radio Communication
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to the complex of the interrelated issues of design development, fabrication and application of the various antennas and antenna devices for the systems of radiolocation and communications. Here are listed the basic parameters and types of the produced in the world and in Russia systems, examples are cited of the most effective design solutions (including antennas for the potable wireless systems of the standard WIMAX/WLAN), wide band micro strip antennas – with the enhanced gain ratio, wide band microwave antennas of the running wave, clipped directly to garments and even borne on the human body, multiband PAT – antennas, micro strip antennas on the thin substrate, flat reflecting printed antennas for the cellular communications systems, triple range antennas for the systems of uninterrupted communications, original wide band antennas on the ceramic substrate, wide band multi-spiral antennas with polarization and etc., with the detail consideration of the computing methods of these antennas by means of the contemporary means of the automated design development.
A special section of the chapter is dedicated to the phased-array antennas – classification, structure and peculiarities of application.
An individual section of this chapter comprises also the specific issues of design development and reliability evaluation of one of the most vital components of the phased-array antennas – power supply systems, here also is indicated analysis of the status and major problems of development of various components, required for the successful solution of the task to ensure the mechanical positioning of the aerial systems of the radiolocation stations and different devices and systems of radio communications. These are the object location sensors (encoders), various “revolving” elements of the positioning systems of the radiolocation stations and other components.
The chapter is concluded with the analysis of the current status and the closest prospects of development of the contemporary devices for radiolocation, systems of communications, as well as the main tendencies and the means of solution of the concrete technical tasks of development of the aerial systems, both of the radiolocation stations and the commercial systems of the wireless communications.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 5. Features of Organizing the Process of Designing Radar Microcircuits
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to the specific problems and peculiarities of arrangement of the process of designing the radiolocation integrated circuits.
The chapter’s beginning is devoted to consideration of the specific peculiarities of designing the radio frequency integrated circuits, especially the stages of simulation of the HF-integrated circuits in composition of the radio electron system being designed, in composition of the existent radio electronic system, methods of formation of the required sequences of test signals with the acceptable parameters, an analysis was made of the requirements to the equipment and the software means, required for arrangement of the working place of the designer of the radio frequency circuits and others).
Under the spotlight are also the various types of the microelectronic technologies, used for fabrication of the HF devices.
In the special section, dedicated to the software means for designing the microwave integrated circuits a detailed analysis is provided of the potentialities and specific features of the most widely applied in practice software products of the company Cadence Design System, a comprehensive list of the required design libraries, their functional purpose and description, with indication of the basic specific features of the design methods of the digital systems on the language VHDL, a detailed description is offered on the design routes of the integrated circuits.
As one of the specific examples under scrutinization are the peculiarities of the schematic designing of phase shifters for the radiolocation stations.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 6. Power Electronics Devices Based on Wide-Gap Semiconductors
Abstract
The chapter focuses on the physical fundamentals of the semiconductor microwave electronics. In brief is laid out the abridged history of development of the microwave electronics as one of the branches of microelectronics, reviewed is the structure and properties of the basic semiconductor material – gallium arsenide, major types of the semiconductor devices on it basis (diodes, field transistors, bipolar transistors with heterojunctions, new types of GaAs-devices).
In detail are viewed the status and development prospects of the comparatively new type of the GaAs-devices of the microwave monolith integrated circuits (MIC): peculiarities of design and fabrication technology, main materials, used for their fabrication, design specific features of the MIC active elements and problems of ensuring their reliability, prospective design-technological solutions of microwave MICs.
A concise comparative review is presented of the designs of the leaders of the world market, as well as the major trends of applications of MICs in the «Western» and «Russian» space military hardware.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 7. Vacuum Electronics
Abstract
The chapter is entirely dedicated to one of the most «aged» directions of the microwave electronics – vacuum electronics.
Here at the beginning of the chapter are considered principles of operation, classification and technological peculiarities of both «classic», and the new types of vacuum electronic devices, the main values of the attained parameters of the devices.
A thorough coverage was provided to the specific features of the design, technology and circuitry engineering related to the innovative direction of the vacuum microwave electronic devices – power microwave modules, vacuum microwave devices of the centimeter, millimeter and terahertz bands.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 8. Semiconductor SHF Devices for Radar Sets
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to analysis of the semiconductor microwave devices, purposed directly for construction of the electronic modules of the modern radar sets and systems of communications.
Here in detail is considered the element base of the combined modules of AFAR (attenuators, phase shifters, switches, fore amplifiers, low noise amplifiers and power amplifiers, as well as a wide spectrum of the noise suppression devices for AFAR.
The nomenclature and the basic technical parameters are indicated of the major Russian manufacturers (JSC “Microwave Systems”, CJSC “RPA “Planet-Argall”, RPA “Pulsar” and others), under consideration are also the basic “western” integrated circuits for the combined modules of the radar sets, based on gallium nitride, in particular of the manufacturers “Mini-circuits”, Hittite Microwave and others. Here are also considered the important specific features for selection of the element base for the systems of the secondary power supply of AFAR.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 9. HF and SHF Components for Radar Sets
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to consideration of high frequency and microwave electronic components for radar sets – micro strip filters, microwave filters on the surface acoustic waves, (SAW-filters), cable seals, power strip microwave resistors, high frequency connectors, ceramic microwave components for radar sets (ceramic and film capacitors, network filters, special connectors and cable «assembly sets»).
The chamber is completed with the section, dedicated to the design evolution of packages for the electronic devices and blocks of radio electronic equipment of radar sets.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 10. Methods and Means of Ensuring Reliability of Radar and Communication Systems
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to consideration of complex of methods and means of ensuring reliability of the radio location systems and means of communications. Here in detail are viewed the physical and technical aspects of the problem of ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): nature of the electromagnetic interferences, types and classification of EMC, norms and standards, technical solutions of the tasks of ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of the microprocessor control units of radars sets and means of communications.
The classification is listed and the basic technical characteristics of the protective microwave devices for radar sets and systems of communications.
The section is worthy of a special attention, which is dedicated to the peculiarities of evaluating the service life of the microwave devices of radar sets with consideration of reliability of the mechanical components, earlier not regarded by the design engineers of radar sets, which resulted in the artificial rise of the calculated reliability of radar sets. In detail are considered the specific features of arrangement of the internal and external power supply circuitry of the microwave devices of the contemporary radar sets.
The types are listed and the basic parameters of a number of special high frequency and microwave components for suppression of the electromagnetic interferences.
The chapter completes consideration of a complex of issues, related to the test methods of microwave devices, including for resistance to the electrostatic discharges (test standards both at the level of an individual microwave – device and at the system level).
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 11. Radiophotonics in Telecommunication and Radar Location Systems
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to the relatively new and briskly developing scientific-technical direction – the issues of application of radiophotonics in the telecommunication and radiolocation devices and systems.
Under the spotlight are the physical principles of operation, design and technological aspects of fabrication and application of the photonic devices on the basis of the surface irradiating lasers with the vertical resonator, of the irradiating laser of the alloyed structural design (electric and energy parameters, noise and low signal frequency modulated parameters, linearity in the mode of a strong signal, spectral and tuning characteristics of the lasers of the continuous (VECSEL, MEMS-VCSEL, LICSEL) and pulse (VECSEL-SESAM, MIXSEL) generation.
The specific technical solutions are indicated of the application problems of the radiophotonic devices in the radiolocation systems (active delay lines, transmission channels of microwave signals for great distances, systems for signal distributions along the curtain of the AFAR radar sets, measuring – calibration complexes and means for such radar sets).
The chapter is completed with an analysis of the microwave –photosensors for the systems of radiophotonics, radiolocation and optical fiber communications.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 12. Measurement of Electrophysical Parameters of Dielectric and Semiconductor Materials and Structures of Microwave Electronics
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of interaction of the electromagnetic irradiation of the microwave range with the photon structures, including the nano-metric metal, dielectric and semiconductor layers.
The original results are represented of analysis of the contemporary status of researches in the sphere of technologies and control methods of parameters of the dielectric and conductive materials (measurement of the electrophysical parameters by means of the wave guide, bridge resonator methods, methods of the wave-guide – dielectric resonance, by the methods with application of the synchronized generators of microwave irradiation, etc.)
A description is provided of the complex mathematical model, including depiction and analysis of the computer simulation results of dependence of the reflection spectra of the wave guide photonic structures on the position of defect (“disruption”) in the structure of a photonic crystal, on the parameters of the specific defect, results of the reflection spectra simulation of the wave guide photonic structures for the various frequency bands.
The last section of the chapter is dedicated to analysis of both the known earlier and the obtained by the author results of the experimental investigations of interaction of the microwave irradiation with the 1-D wave guide photonic structures and the measurement results of the different parameters of the microwave materials with application of the wave guide photonic structures.
Anatoly Belous
Chapter 13. Radiation Stability of SHF Devices
Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to analysis of the actual problems of ensuring the radiation stability of the modern microwave devices.
Here in detail are reviewed the influence peculiarities of the various kinds of ionizing irradiations on the operational parameters of the silicon-germanium microwave devices (heterogeneous bipolar transistors, integrated circuits of low noise and broad band microwave amplifiers and voltage controlled generators).
Reviewed are the peculiar features of designing the radiation stable design library of the microwave functional blocks on the basis of the Russian CMOS.
S-on-I technology of the JSC «RIM «Micron» (transistors, MOS-varicaps, R, C, L-elements).
The chapter is completed with the section, dedicated to the peculiar features of designing the passive elements for the radiation stable monolithic silicon-germanium microwave integrated circuits (micro-strip transmission lines, integrated inductances, transformers).
Anatoly Belous
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Handbook of Microwave and Radar Engineering
Author
Anatoly Belous
Copyright Year
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-58699-7
Print ISBN
978-3-030-58698-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58699-7