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In-Situ Strength Assessment of Concrete: Detailed Guidelines Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. How Investigators Can Answer More Complex Questions About Assess Concrete Strength and Lessons to Draw from a Benchmark

Authors : Denys Breysse, Xavier Romão, Arlindo Gonçalves, Maitham Alwash, Jean Paul Balayssac, Samuele Biondi, Elena Candigliota, Leonardo Chiauzzi, David Corbett, Vincent Garnier, Michael Grantham, Oguz Gunes, Vincenza Anna Maria Luprano, Angelo Masi, Andrzej Moczko, Valerio Pfister, Katalin Szilagyi, André Valente Monteiro, Emilia Vasanelli

Published in: Non-Destructive In Situ Strength Assessment of Concrete

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This benchmark aims to assess mean compressive strength at several scales and to identify the location and characteristics of possible weak areas in the structure. It concerns synthetic data simulated on a group of four concrete cylindrical structures of identical dimensions with different kinds of strength distribution, based on a real case study. After having received the test results corresponding to their request (non-destructive or destructive), all the experts have to analyze these data and assess the concrete properties and to localize possible weak areas. In addition, they have to define their assessment methodology, i.e. level of investigation, number, type and location of measurements. This study provides information about how the accuracy of the final estimates depend on choices done at the various steps of the assessment process, from the definition of the testing program to the final delivery of strength estimates.

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previous chapter How Investigators Can Assess Concrete Strength with On-site Non-destructive Tests and Lessons to Draw from a Benchmark
next chapter Illustration of the Proposed Methodology Based on Synthetic Data
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
This case study has been described by Soutsos et al. [1]. The context of the investigation, the general dimensions of the structure and the access conditions for the benchmark were directly derived from the real case study. The material properties were however changed in order to guarantee the objectivity and confidentiality of the benchmark.
 
2
The ratio between these three amounts (1/2/3) correspond to a quantitative estimation carried out by S. Biondi on the basis of Eurocode 8.
 
3
Typically, as an example, this criterion can be expressed as “where the NDT result is as close as possible from the average value of all NDT results” or “where NDT results reach extreme values”.
 
4
Bob [2], Parrott [3], Duval [4], Basheer et al. [5].
 
5
Turgut and Kucuk [6].
 
6
JGJ/T23-2011, Technical specification for inspecting of concrete compressive strength by rebound method, 2011 (see also, Proceq, Rebound number corrections with JGJ/T23-2011, online technical documentation).
 
7
By combining Eqs. 7.2 and 7.11, one can compute the difference between the R values of two concretes (A and B) that have the same strength, concrete A being uncarbonated and concrete B being carbonated. It appeared (after the beginning of the simulations) that there is some compensation effect: as low strength concrete carbonates more (Fig. 7.2), the k1 correction factor is larger and the R value of the poor strength carbonated concrete can be more or less identical to that of a “good” uncarbonated concrete. A side effect is that the contrast regarding original concrete strength can be masked if the lower strength concrete is more carbonated. Such situations can be found in true life. In the benchmark, this fact had not been anticipated and resulted in some handicap for some strategies which were mostly relying on rebound measurements on the carbonated face (see Sect. 7.6.1 for more details).
 
8
Pham [7].
 
9
Of course, the reader can come back at any time to Sect. 7.5.1 to check any information.
 
10
The numbers given in this section correspond to the mean value and standard deviation of all strength data obtained on cores. They are summarized for all contributors in Table 7.12.
 
11
It must be pointed that, like for the first benchmark (Chap. 6), chance has played some role in the results, and that this comparison is not a ranking between contributors. Furthermore, some important features identified during this second benchmark will be, like for the first benchmark, further analyzed by randomly repeating the full process in a Monte-Carlo simulation (see Chap. 8).
 
12
It must also be reminded that several contributors (I, C, F, L, O, M, see Table 7.15 in Sect. 7.6.1) suffered from the problem due to the influence of carbonation on rebound test results, which induced some wasting of resources.
 
13
In practice, during a real on-site investigation, refining the extension of these areas is easier because the limits between the different batches may be visible.
 
14
Breysse and Fernández-Martínez [8].
 
15
Ddl: degrees of freedom
 
Literature
1.
Soutsos et al.: In: D. Breysse (ed.) Non-destructive Aassessment of Concrete Structures: Reliability and Limits of Single and Combined Techniques. RILEM SOA TC-207, pp. 151–154 (2012)
2.
Bob, C.: Durability of concrete structures and specification. In: Dhir, R.K., Dyer, T.D., Jones, M.R. (eds.) International Congress on Creating with Concrete. University of Dundee, Dundee, 6–10 September 1999, pp. 311–318
3.
Parrott, L.J.: A Review of Carbonation in Reinforced Concrete. Cement and Concrete Association, Slough (1987)
4.
Duval, R.: La durabilité des armatures et du bétons d’enrobage, in La durabilité des bétons, Collection de l’ATILH, pp. 173–226. Presse ENPC, Paris, France (1992)
5.
Basheer, P.A.M., Russell, D.P., Rankin, G.I.B.: Design of concrete to resist carbonation: rate of carbonation of concrete. In: Lacasse M.A., Vanier D.J. (eds.) 8th International Conference on “Durability of Building Materials and Components, Vol. 1. NRS Research Press, Vancouver, Canada, 30 May-3 June 1999, pp. 423–435
6.
Turgut, P., Kucuk, O.F.: Comparative relationships of direct, indirect and semi-direct ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements in concrete. Russ. J. Nondestruct. Test. 42(11), 745–751 (2006)CrossRef
7.
Pham, S.T.: Étude des effets de la carbonatation sur les propriétés microstructurales et macroscopiques des mortiers de ciment Portland, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Rennes, France (2014)
8.
Breysse, D., Fernández-Martínez, J.L.: Assessing concrete strength with rebound hammer: review of key issues and ideas for more reliable conclusions. Mater. Struct. 47, 1589–1604 (2014)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
How Investigators Can Answer More Complex Questions About Assess Concrete Strength and Lessons to Draw from a Benchmark
Authors
Denys Breysse
Xavier Romão
Arlindo Gonçalves
Maitham Alwash
Jean Paul Balayssac
Samuele Biondi
Elena Candigliota
Leonardo Chiauzzi
David Corbett
Vincent Garnier
Michael Grantham
Oguz Gunes
Vincenza Anna Maria Luprano
Angelo Masi
Andrzej Moczko
Valerio Pfister
Katalin Szilagyi
André Valente Monteiro
Emilia Vasanelli
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Non-Destructive In Situ Strength Assessment of Concrete

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64899-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-64900-5

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64900-5_7