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2022 | Book | 1. edition

HRD Perspectives on Developmental Relationships

Connecting and Relating at Work

Editors: Rajashi Ghosh, Holly M. Hutchins

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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About this book

Developmental relationships constitute interdependent, generative connections that promote growth and learning among individuals. While studies reporting the impact of developmental relationships on learning, performance, and career development leaves no doubt about its relevance to the human resource development (HRD) field, we lack an in-depth understanding of how developmental relationships apply to the myriad of topics relevant to contemporary HRD research and practice such as social justice, diversity and equity, leadership development, career transitions, knowledge sharing, organization development, employee engagement, organizational learning culture, globalization, national HRD, and technology at work.

This book presents a comprehensive collection of evidence-based studies and conceptual articles that explore how developmental relationships that are cultivated within and outside of the workplace apply to those clusters of topics in HRD. Organized around six themes, the chapters examine topics such as knowledge management, critical perspectives on gender, diversity, and equity, building a learning organization, talent development, and emotional closeness in the context of virtual workplaces. In doing so, the book highlight how research on developmental relationships can be the underlying thread connecting the otherwise disconnected varied topical foci of HRD research and practice, thus broadening our understanding of the relevance of developmental relationships within the HRD field.

This volume advances HRD scholarship and will appeal to researchers interested in exploring the nature and benefits of developmental relationships including mentoring and coaching.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Situating Developmental Relationships Within HRD Research and Practice
Holly M. Hutchins, Rajashi Ghosh

Talent Development: Learning & Performance Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. Using Developmental Relationships to Navigate Career Transitions: Implications for Diverse Populations
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explain how developmental relationships—including mentoring, coaching, and developmental networks—help individuals successfully navigate career transitions. The chapter is based on the HRD Career Transitions framework, which explains career transitions as a process comprised of two phases: (1) career preparation and (2) occupational identity formation. Developmental relationships can enhance a person’s ability to prepare for a new career during the first phase of a boundaryless career transition and to form a new occupational identity as they settle into their new career context during the second phase of a career transition. In this chapter, we use theory adaptation and existing literature to explain how developmental relationships can influence successful career transitions. Further, we use vignettes to provide real-life examples of how developmental relationships have influenced the career transition goals of diverse people with whom we have previously advised through career transitions. We conclude this chapter by offering practical guidance for more effectively forming and leveraging developmental relationships to promote career transitions, and distinguishing between helpful and potentially problematic developmental relationships during the career transition.
Tomika W. Greer, Sarah E. Minnis
Chapter 3. Making the Connection Between Developmental Relationships and Employee Engagement
Abstract
The developmental and relational context of engagement has been an overlooked yet critical aspect of the employee engagement experience (Kahn & Heaphy, 2010). So much of the research on employee engagement has focused on the outcomes of engagement—how much and how fast someone can perform a task (Shuck in Employee Engagement: The Research and Practice. Routledge Taylor Francis Group, 2019a). Yet, very little research has considered how engagement manifests and under what conditions and contexts it thrives. Relational contexts provide cues that employees belong, add value, and that work has meaning. Even when working alone on a project or presentation, relationships shape the approach and how an employee might think others could respond. Individual expressions of engagement cannot be separated from the relationships that give the experience context. Being engaged becomes an authentic expression of the working experience—an experience that cannot be demanded, only freely given and is transformational in every moment it is experienced. Vulnerability of this kind requires trust and relationships, especially those that are authentically developmental which give foundation to that trust (Holland et al. in Human Resource Management 56:915–929, 2017). Therefore, developmental relationships provide an important currency to fostering employee engagement (Gilley et al., 2011). In this chapter, we explore how developmental relationships foster higher levels of employee engagement. Specifically, a conceptual model is unveiled to detail how developmental relationships are the fulcrum catalyst of employee engagement. Lastly, potential outcomes of this conceptual model across the individual, group, and organizational levels are highlighted.
Mandolen Mull, Clayton Duffy, Brad Shuck
Chapter 4. Coaching the Imposter: Developing Emerging Leaders as They Negotiate Identity and Imposter Concerns
Abstract
Emerging leaders may encounter difficulty in constructing, developing, and integrating a positive leader identity due to Imposter Phenomenon (IP), which induces feelings of self-doubt that can make them feel incompetent and that their success is unearned. In this study, we explored how coaching can be used as a developmental intervention to help emerging leaders explore the ongoing negotiation of self-concept and help assuage imposter cognitions. Our mixed-method multiple case study sought to answer the overarching research question: If, and in what ways did participation in a coaching intervention influence participant’s leader identity and imposter cognitions? The purpose of this study was to determine how leadership coaching might influence and shape leadership identity, and to discover the ways IP can be mitigated as part of the coaching developmental relationship. We were additionally interested in finding effective strategies coaches employ to develop a positive leadership identity. We captured the experiences of five (5) participants in a leadership development program where they received a coaching intervention. Data collection included pre and post assessments of IP experiences and a post-intervention interview. Findings across the cases illustrate that coaching, as a developmental approach is effective at helping leaders reframe negative reactions to imposter-like situations as well as assist imposter-prone leaders to become more open to interpreting performance feedback and enhance leader identity. The findings offer implications for emerging leaders in making progress on imposter cognitions, and for coaches to recognize and add strategies to address self-concept and cognitive schema reframing.
Angela D. Carter, Cynthia M. Sims, Holly M. Hutchins, Maurice Williams Jr.

Knowledge Management & OD Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Leaders Fostering Dialogue Through Developmental Relationships: An OD Perspective
Abstract
In complex and chaotic contexts, technical approaches to organizational change fail to produce desired results. This chapter explores how leaders can foster developmental relationships at the individual and group levels by using dialogue-centric methods to help individuals and groups identify emergent solutions. We integrate the literature on dialogic organization development (OD) and psychological safety to develop a perspective for developmental relationships in emergent contexts where groups cannot find clear solutions. The chapter culminates with an overview of three families of methodologies for fostering developmental relationships through dialogue at the group level: Technology of Participation (ToP), Liberating Structures, and Design Thinking. We provide real-life case examples of each from our own practice. Although not widely written about in the OD literature, each of these families of methods offers multi-faceted approaches for organizational change in contexts calling for dialogue and exploration rather than identifying technical solutions Most importantly, these widely-used methods demystify the process of fostering developmental relationships among teams through dialogue in emergent contexts.
Rod Patrick Githens, Nileen Verbeten
Chapter 6. Inter-Generational Developmental Network and the Impact of Technology on Knowledge Creation and Sharing
Abstract
Access to developmental networks contributes significantly to one’s career success by fostering creativity, innovation, new ideas, and new knowledge. The need for employees’ access to developmental networks is underscored by the increased necessity for open and constructive communication across multiple generations in today’s digital space. In this chapter, we will integrate the literature from developmental networks, generational cohorts, and social networks to enhance our understanding of inter-generational developmental networks and their impact on knowledge creation and sharing. Our review includes information on individual generational cohorts and their workplace characteristics, as well as provides characteristics and alternatives for constructing a successful developmental network based on each generations’ preferences and needs. This chapter is a step forward in closing the research gap between developmental network and knowledge sharing literatures from the integrated generational and social network perspectives. We provide some guidance for further research into areas that will strengthen our understanding of the intersections between generational cohorts, developmental networks, and social networking We conclude the book chapter with practical implications for employees from different generational cohorts as they become more intentional and strategic in choosing their developmental network; this intentionality will subsequently enable boomers to learn new trends and technology and millennials to further strengthen their growth.
Sanghamitra Chaudhuri, Seung Won Yoon, Marcia Hagen, Agnès Legrand
Chapter 7. The Power of Embedded Developmental Relationships: Examining Interdependencies Among Informal Learning, Developmental Coaching Relationships, and Organizational Culture
Abstract
Developmental relationships can grow through informal learning under the right conditions which we suggest include supportive structures and practices and a learning culture that approximates a learning organization. What approaches enable leaders to help their subordinates develop their capacities? How can they understand and leverage interdependencies toward these goals? In this chapter, we look at the way interventions that support developmental relationships such as coaching can engage interactive interdependencies in intentional ways to have a wider impact on the organization. Through the example of an action learning program, we present an approach using peer, action learning, and managerial coaching that had a deep impact on the organization. We conclude the chapter with some implications and considerations for HRD practitioners and scholars.
Pierre Faller, Victoria J. Marsick, Karen E. Watkins

Inclusion and Social Justice Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. Mentoring Diverse Leaders: The Necessity of Identity Work
Abstract
Mentoring is a widely accepted practice for effective leadership development. Mentoring offers both psychosocial and career benefits within developmental networks for both mentor and mentee. Mentoring also equips people to lead more effectively within organizations, helping them learn how to activate the power and access resources that promote systemic change. Yet, despite demonstrated benefits, developing diverse leaders continues to be a challenge for all different types of organizations. One reason why developing diverse leaders is complex—and why mentoring is so important—is that these leaders face unique challenges in cultivating positive leadership identities at work. Our chapter explores the notion that mentoring and positive identity construction is central to effective leadership development in organizations. We offer recommendations on how organizations and human resource development professionals can support the cultivation of inclusive mentoring as a tool for effective leadership development and the notion of “identity work” is covered in this chapter.
Audrey J. Murrell, Gloria O. Onosu
Chapter 9. Using Feminist Mentoring to Deconstruct Privilege and Power in Developmental Relationships: A Narrative Inquiry
Abstract
Mentoring is an important human resource development tool for the professional growth of individuals, especially as it relates to identity development (Dobrow and Higgins, 2005; Germain, 2011). However, marginalized individuals (such as women and racially minoritized individuals) receive inconsistent mentoring support (career and psycho-social support) as compared to their white/male colleagues due to power inequalities between diverse mentees and their mentors (McGuire, 1999; Ragins, 2007). The purpose of the current chapter is to utilize feminist mentoring as a theoretical lens to present, analyze, and interpret narratives of the authors. The first author is an Asian-American woman Ph.D. candidate with an immigrant background, while the second author is a gay White male tenured professor from a conservative background. Specifically, we use components of narrative inquiry research methodology (Clandinin & Rosiek, 2007) to analyze our own experiences with mentorship as people who identify with marginalized groups. The authors based their narratives on questions adapted from (Shuck et al., 2016) exploration of issues of privilege and power in employee engagement to sense-make on the role of privilege and power in their developmental relationships.
Ague Mae Manongsong, Joshua C. Collins
Chapter 10. Employee Resource Groups: Enabling Developmental Relationships to Support Socially just and Morally Inclusive Organizations
Abstract
Employee resource groups (ERGs) are voluntary, employee-led groups with a shared social identity, common interest, and commitment to continuous learning and development through traditional approaches such as mentoring and career development. Despite growing popularity among practitioners, there has been limited research and academic literature that has focused on ERGs in an organizational context. Given the limited studies on ERGs, developmental relationships among members of an ERG as a source of relational social justice activism is an unexplored topic for human resource development (HRD). In this chapter, I will integrate research that has studied ERGs, developmental relationships, and social justice to respond to the question: What is the potential for developmental relationships among members of employee resource groups to influence socially just and morally inclusive organizations?
Marilyn Y. Byrd

Online and Virtual Relating Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. “Can You Hear Me Now?” Technical and Human Factors in Virtual Developmental Relationships
Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of virtual developmental relationships (VDRs) in its exploration of how technology-mediated platforms influence the processes of mentoring and coaching in contrast to traditional developmental relationships (TDRs) that rely primarily on in-person interaction. Traditional and virtual mentoring and coaching are defined and assessed for efficacy and impact on both individuals and organizations. Elements of building quality mentoring and coaching relationships are explored in multiple formats (e.g., in person, computer-mediated, hybrid). Benefits and challenges of VDRs are considered. The chapter delves into the technical and human factors in VDRs. Technical considerations for VDRs include setting priorities for the relationship, managing technical logistics, developing telepresence, and using emerging technologies such as bug-in-ear tools and artificial intelligence. Human dynamics in VDRs involve building sensitivity and capacity to address JEDI (justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion) issues and navigating diverse dyads where misunderstanding and distrust may challenge mutuality in the mentoring or coaching dyad. eMentoring and eCoaching offer increased access, affordability, equity, and inclusion for individuals seeking career support, although depend on mentors and coaches who are skilled with both the technical and human aspects of VDRs. The technology must serve the VDR to ensure that mentors and coaches facilitate and support optimal development of mentees and coachees.
Laura L. Bierema
Chapter 12. Using Developmental Relationships to Foster Trust in Effective Virtual Teams: Lessons in Emergency Preparedness from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
Globalization and cost-saving initiatives undertaken by organizations continue to play an essential role in the transition from face-to-face to virtual team environments (Mancuso et al., in Advances in Developing Human Resources 12:681–699, 2010). This shift has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis during which most organizations required a large part of their workforce to work from home (Hughes & Saunders. Handbook of research on remote work and worker well-being in the post-COVID-19 era. IGI Global, pp. 264–285, 2021). This chapter examines the role of virtual teams during unplanned emergency situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we examine the role of developmental relationships across four levels of analysis, including individual, organizational, technological, and team. We also explore the ways HRD researchers and professionals can remove the barriers to effective virtual teams and enhance the development of work relationships through mentoring and coaching initiatives in virtual teams, hence providing new perspectives for virtual human resource development. Implications for developmental relationships are identified and discussed.
Marie-Line Germain, David McGuire
Chapter 13. Blurring of Boundaries Between Work and Home: The Role of Developmental Relationships in the Future of Work
Abstract
This chapter addresses the intersection of three concepts: the impact of digitalization on the future of work, the blurring of work-life boundaries, and the role of developmental relationships. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and data science has transformed the way work is performed. The shifting conceptualization of work has inadvertently increased the speed of change that shapes the future of work through digital innovation. This shift will amplify the way we execute our work, the tools we use, the aesthetics of work, the issues associated with work, and the meaning of work. The lines between work and home have become fuzzier with the proliferation of remote working supported by technological enablement. The ability to balance work and family demands has therefore become a challenge for many people. Work and personal life have become intertwined to the extent that the blurring of work and family boundaries might lead to undesirable cognitive, emotional, and physiological effects. These undesirable effects might cause people to lose focus or motivation and hence experience difficulty in delivering the expected work outcomes. Developmental relationships will therefore play a critical role in mitigating these negative effects through formal and informal means by utilizing a variety of virtual platforms. This chapter addresses developmental relationships as mediating the psychological impact of remote working by promoting learning agility which leads to self-directed learning. We explore the role of developmental relationships in helping people navigate through the blurring of work-life boundaries and offers implications for HRD research and practice.
Roland K. Yeo, Jessica Li

Globalization and National Capacity Building Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 14. Successful Expatriation and Repatriation for Both Employers and Assignees: A Developmental Relationship Perspective
Abstract
Successful expatriation and repatriation have been taxing issues for multinational companies, and various scholars and practitioners have endeavored to identify factors that influence the success of international assignments. In this chapter, we focus on a relational approach and highlight the importance of developmental relationships in achieving successful expatriation and repatriation. Based on our review of 56 empirical studies that examined various types of developmental relationships of expatriates and repatriates, we present the types of developers, the types of support, and positive consequences that developmental relationships can bring to expatriates and repatriates’ experiences and careers. Further, we situate these findings in the broader literature of expatriation as well as that of developmental relationships and highlight some major barriers that may prevent employers and individuals from effectively cultivating and leveraging developmental relationships. Finally, we propose some important questions for future research and discuss what employers and individuals can do to overcome these relationship-associated challenges and foster high quality developmental relationships in the contexts of expatriation and repatriation.
Yan Shen, Najung Kim
Chapter 15. Cross-Cultural Styles of Relating and Connecting in Developmental Relationships
Abstract
Relating and connecting are human-centered needs that transcend all cultures. However, the notions and assumptions of what and how to relate and connect interpersonally are deeply connected to our culture. At the heart of the human experience is our ability to relate, give, and receive information and feedback from others. We can identify affiliation with a variety of human systems—from country, state/province, hometown, school/workplace and even family and partnerships—many of which are increasing in diversity and requiring capacity building related to cross-cultural relationships. In this chapter, we explore the key concepts involving cross-cultural dimensions of relating and connecting both in general and in work-related contexts. We examine several ways in which intercultural communication and related assumptions have been framed and implications for relating and connecting with a particular focus on one-to-one relationships. Additionally, we explore the notion of relational richness within dyadic relationships, the notion of intercultural competence, and key factors associated with effective intercultural relationships. We conclude with some examples of tools and activities that have been found to be successful in supporting intercultural awareness and competency development.
Consuelo Waight, Toby Egan
Chapter 16. How Developmental Relationships Can Be Used by Organizations and Governments as Tools for National HRD Initiatives: India and Spain
Abstract
The increased role of political and socio-cultural systems and their relationships with National Human Resource Development (NHRD) capability and capacity building may require scholars to investigate the role of contextual factors on formal and informal strategy planning and implementation for developmental relationships at both organizational and national levels. In this chapter, we explore existing practices for promoting developmental relationships from organizational and national perspectives, bringing together examples of formal and informal interventions in the context of an Asian and a European nation (India and Spain). Adopting ethnographic and hermeneutic methodologies, the chapter explores the meaning of existing practices for promoting developmental relationships from an NHRD perspective, identifying examples of interventions in the context of India and Spain. We conclude that developmental relationships contribute to NHRD by nurturing and developing capacity and capability building. Cross-cultural evidence justifies the presence of formal and informal policies and practices at organizational and national levels. Formal interventions in organizations of both countries have enabled capacity and capability development. Informally, customs, traditions, and rituals have nurtured and created a developmental culture that enables capacity and capability building. Last, developmental relationships at the national level have been promoted through various policies, schemes, and regulations in both countries. We discuss implications for international theory and practice based on the cross-country perspective in the chapter.
Ashutosh Muduli, Aitana Gonzalez Ortiz de Zarate, Gary N. McLean

Evaluation and Assessment Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 17. Assessing the Impact of Developmental Relationships in a Humanitarian Context
Abstract
We explore how developmental relationships in the context of human resource development (HRD) may be evaluated to assess impact within a humanitarian organizational setting. We examine the purpose, process, and perspectives of impact evaluation within one-to-one learning interventions, focusing on mentoring. The chapter highlights the importance of developmental relationships and establishing the purpose, specific to the organizational objectives as the first step to undertaking meaningful evaluation. Next, we present the case study, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), which provides medical assistance to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from healthcare. The MSF Operational Centre Brussels mentoring program, one of the older and most established mentoring programs in MSF was the basis for the two-year longitudinal mentoring impact evaluation project. Overall, the results suggest that the mentoring program is having a significant impact on mentees and mentors in supporting their personal and professional development. The mentoring relationship addresses core leadership and management competencies, also supporting the well-being of participants, reducing stress, and helping to prevent burnout. The case illustrates mentoring program evaluation in practice, sharing the approach, results, and key learning from the participants’ experiences. Finally, we explore the importance of using a robust methodological approach to planning and implementing an impact evaluation study and highlight a number of practical considerations to assist those embarking on impact evaluation. This study provides a case study research contribution, shining a light on the application of multiple evaluation methods in assessing the impact of developmental relationships.
Julie Haddock-Millar, Chandana Sanyal, Neil Kaye, Holly Bennett
Chapter 18. Needs Assessment in Assessing, Building, and Supporting Developmental Relationships in Organizations
Abstract
Needs are defined as “a requirement,” or “a lack of something wanted or deemed necessary” (Dictionary.com,n.d.). A needs assessment then involves a process for determining that requirement or the something that is wanted. The process is also labeled a gap analysis, a performance analysis, and a needs analysis (Watkins, Meiers, & Visser, 2012). I will examine the ways in which a needs assessment can be used to assess and build mentoring and developmental relationships and then to support such relationships. Furthermore, that assessment can then lead to recommendations for building additional mentoring and developmental relationships. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
Darlene F. Russ-Eft
Chapter 19. Seeking Support from Multiple Developers: Assessing Optimal Structure, Content, Antecedents, and Outcomes of Developmental Networks
Abstract
Our chapter focuses on the concept of a “developmental network” which includes individuals from one’s personal spheres of life outside organizational boundaries (e.g., family, friends, and neighbors) and within one’s professional sphere (e.g., peers, juniors, and seniors enacting mentoring and/or coaching) who may be invested in their growth and development. While research on the role of relationships in HRD has advanced considerably in the last 20 years, there is a dearth of research applying an evaluation perspective to developmental networks. We use the lens of evaluation to examine how one can proactively assess and leverage the potential of multiple one-on-one developmental relationships to positively impact performance, development, career success, and leadership. In doing so, the following key questions will be addressed: Why is it critical to design and assess developmental relationships at the network level? How do protégés, developers, and the organizational context shape the content (type of support) and the structure (the ties that comprise the networks) of developmental networks? How can we meaningfully assess the outcomes of developmental networks for developers and developees? Our chapter begins with an illustrative vignette that is carried throughout to demonstrate the practical value of using a developmental network perspective.
Rajashi Ghosh, Wendy Murphy, Rick Cotton, Kathy E. Kram

Conclusion

Frontmatter
Chapter 20. Connecting and Relating Through Developmental Relationships
Abstract
This chapter presents a summary overview of the highlights gleaned from our readings of the 19 chapters across the six parts of this book, along with our impressions of cross-chapter connections and ideas for future research. We begin by underscoring the importance of development and developmental relationships within the field of human resource development. We then reflect on the parts by providing summary highlights of the chapters within each of the six parts of this book. Following our reflections on the parts, we offer our reflections on the sum of the parts which capture our impressions of the cross-chapter connections that we gleaned through our readings of the chapters, along with ideas for future research that were stimulated by the co-editors, chapter authors, and our own curiosity. We then offer a conclusion that reinforces our belief in the power and promise of developmental relationships and developmental networks, along with the need to continue exploring potential shortcomings that may impede connecting and relating in these relationships and networks.
Andrea D. Ellinger, Wendy E. A. Ruona
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
HRD Perspectives on Developmental Relationships
Editors
Rajashi Ghosh
Holly M. Hutchins
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-85033-3
Print ISBN
978-3-030-85032-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85033-3