Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Basic Physical Processes in Rivers Read chapter Read first chapter

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

21. Hydrodynamics of Vegetated Channels

Authors : Jochen Aberle, Juha Järvelä

Published in: Rivers – Physical, Fluvial and Environmental Processes

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Hydrodynamics of vegetated channels and streams is a rapidly developing research area, and this chapter summarizes the current knowledge considering both aquatic and riparian zones. The benefit of an advanced parameterization of plant morphology and biomechanical properties is highlighted. For this purpose, the response of flexible and foliated plants and plant communities to the flow is illustrated, and advanced models for the determination of drag forces of flexible plants are described. Hydrodynamic processes governing flow patterns in vegetated flows are presented for submerged and emergent conditions considering spatial scales ranging from the leaf to the vegetated reach scale.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Why Do We Need Bankfull and Dominant Discharges?
next chapter Hydraulic Influences on Dispersion and Reaeration in Rivers
Literature
Aberle J, Järvelä J (2013) Flow resistance of emergent rigid and flexible floodplain vegetation. J Hydraul Res 51(1):33–45
Ackerman JD, Okubo A (1993) Reduced mixing in a marine macrophyte canopy. Funct Ecol 7:305–309
Albayrak I, Nikora V, Miler O, O’Hare M (2011) Flow–plant interactions at a leaf scale: effects of leaf shape, serration, roughness and flexural rigidity. Aquat Sci 74(2):267–286
Albayrak I, Nikora V, Miler O, O’Hare M (2014) Flow–plant interactions at leaf, stem and shoot scales: drag, turbulence, and biomechanics. Aquat Sci 76(2):269–294
Alben S, Shelley M, Zhang J (2002) Drag reduction through self-similar bending of a flexible body. Nature 420(6915):479–481
Antonarakis AS, Richards KS, Brasington J, Muller E (2010) Determining leaf area index and leafy tree roughness using terrestrial laser scanning. Water Resour Res 46(W06510). doi:10.​1029/​2009WR008318
Cameron SM, Nikora VI, Albayrak I, Miler O, Stewart M, Siniscalchi F (2013) Interactions between aquatic plants and turbulent flow: a field study using stereoscopic PIV. J Fluid Mech 732:345–372
Chakrabarti S (2002) The theory and practice of hydrodynamics and vibration. World Scientific, Singapore
Chen L, Stone MC, Acharya K, Steinhaus KA (2011) Mechanical analysis for emergent vegetation in flowing fluids. J Hydraul Res 49(6):766–774
Chen Z, Jiang C, Nepf H (2013) Flow adjustment at the leading edge of a submerged aquatic canopy. Water Resour Res 49(9):5537–5551
Coles D (1956) The law of the wake in the turbulent boundary layer. J Fluid Mech 1(2):191–226
Curran JC, Hession WC (2013) Vegetative impacts on hydraulics and sediment processes across the fluvial system. J Hydrol 505:364–376
Czarnomski N, Tullos D, Thomas R, Simon A (2012) Effects of vegetation canopy density and bank angle on near-bank patterns of turbulence and Reynolds stresses. J Hydraul Eng 138(11):974–978
de Langre E (2008) Effects of wind on plants. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 40:141–168
de Langre E, Gutierrez A, Cossé J (2012) On the scaling of drag reduction by reconfiguration in plants. Comptes Rendus Mécanique 340(1–2):35–40
de Lima A, Izumi N (2014) Linear stability analysis of open-channel shear flow generated by vegetation. J Hydraul Eng 140(3):231–240
Dijkstra JT, Uittenbogaard RE (2010) Modeling the interaction between flow and highly flexible aquatic vegetation. Water Resour Res 46(W12547), 125. doi:10.​11029/​12010WR009246
Dittrich A, Aberle J (2010) Die Vegetation an Fliessgewässern aus dem Blickwinkel eines Hydraulikers. Ingenieurbiologie/Genie Biologique 3:37–42
Dittrich A, Koll K, Becker K. (2002) Resistance of local flood berm vegetation in compound channels. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Hydro-Science and Engineering
Dittrich A, Aberle J, Schoneboom T (2012) Drag forces and flow resistance of flexible riparian vegetation. In: Rodi W, Uhlmann M (eds) Environmental fluid mechanics: memorial colloquium on environmental fluid mechanics in honour of Professor Gerhard H Jirka. CRC Press, London, pp 195–215
Folkard AM (2011) Vegetated flows in their environmental context: a review. Eng Comput Mech 164(EM1):3–24
Ghisalberti M, Nepf HM (2002) Mixing layers and coherent structures in vegetated aquatic flows. J Geophys Res 107(C2):3.1–3.11
Godin C, Caraglio Y (1998) A multiscale model of plant topological structures. J Theor Biol 191(1):1–46
Gosselin F, de Langre E (2011) Drag reduction by reconfiguration of a poroelastic system. J Fluid Struct 27(7):1111–1123
Gosselin F, de Langre E, Machado-Almeida B (2010) Drag reduction of flexible plates by reconfiguration. J Fluid Mech 650:319–341
Green JC (2005a) Modelling flow resistance in vegetated streams: review and development of new theory. Hydrolog Process 19:1245–1259
Green JC (2005b) Comparison of blockage factors in modelling the resistance of channels containing submerged macrophytes. River Res Appl 21:671–686
Grant PF, Nickling WG (1998) Direct field measurement of wind drag on vegetation for application to windbreak design and modelling. Land Degrad Dev 9:57–66
Gurnell A (2014) Plants as river system engineers. Earth Surf Proc Land 39(1):4–25
Gurnell A, Petts G (2006) Trees as riparian engineers: the Tagliamento River, Italy. Earth Surf Proc Land 31(12):1558–1574
Gurnell AM, van Oosterhout MP, de Vlieger B, Goodson JM (2006) Reach-scale interactions between aquatic plants and physical habitat: River Frome, Dorset. River Res Appl 22:667–680
Hoerner S (1965) Fluid-dynamic drag. Brick Town
Jalonen J, Järvelä J, Aberle J (2012) Vegetated flows: drag force and velocity profiles for foliated plant stands. In: Murillo R (ed) Proceedings of river flow 2012, international conference on fluvial hydraulics, September 2012, San José 2012. Taylor & Francis, London
Jalonen J, Järvelä J, Aberle J (2013) Leaf area index as vegetation density measure for hydraulic analyses. J Hydraul Eng 139(5):461–469
Jalonen J, Järvelä J, Koivusalo H, Hyyppä H (2014) Deriving floodplain topography and vegetation characteristics for hydraulic engineering applications by means of terrestrial laser scanning. J Hydraul Eng 140(11):04014056. doi:10.​1061/​(ASCE)HY.​1943-7900.​0000928
Jalonen J, Järvelä J, Virtanen J-P, Vaaja M, Kurkela M, Hyyppä H (2015) Determining characteristic vegetation areas by terrestrial laser scanning for floodplain flow modeling. Water 7(2):420–437. doi:10.​3390/​w7020420
James CS, Goldbeck UK, Patini A, Jordanova AA (2008) Influence of foliage on flow resistance of emergent vegetation. J Hydraul Res 46(4):536–542
Janauer GA, Schmidt-Mumm U, Reckendorfer W (2013) Ecohydraulics and aquatic macrophytes: assessing the relationship in river floodplains. In: Maddock I, Harby A, Kemp P, Wood P (eds) Ecohydraulics—an integrated approach. Wiley, Chichester, pp 245–260
Järvelä J (2002) Flow resistance of flexible and stiff vegetation: a flume study with natural plants. J Hydrol 269:44–54
Järvelä J (2004) Determination of flow resistance caused by non-submerged woody vegetation. Int J River Basin Manage 2(1):61–70
Järvelä J (2005) Effect of submerged flexible vegetation on flow structure and resistance. J Hydrol 307(1–4):233–241
King AT, Tinoco RO, Cowen EA (2012) A k–ε turbulence model based on the scales of vertical shear and stem wakes valid for emergent and submerged vegetated flows. J Fluid Mech 701:1–39
Klaasen GJ, van Urk A (1985) Resistance to flow of floodplains with grasses and hedges. In: proceedings of 21st IAHR Congress, Melbourne, Australia
Knight DW (2013) River hydraulics—a view from midstream. J Hydraul Res 51(1):2–18
Kouwen N, Unny TE (1973) Flexible roughness in open channels. J Hydr Div 99(5):713–728
Kouwen N (1992) Modern approach to design of grassed channels. J Irrig Drain Eng 118(5):733–743
Kouwen N, Fathi-Moghadam M (2000) Friction factors for coniferous trees along rivers. J Hydraul Eng 126(10):732–740
Kubrak E, Kubrak J, Rowinski PM (2008) Vertical velocity distributions through and above submerged, flexible vegetation. Hydrological Sci J 53(4):905–920
Kubrak E, Kubrak J, Rowiński P (2012) Influence of a method of evaluation of the curvature of flexible vegetation elements on vertical distributions of flow velocities. Acta Geophys 60(4):1098–1119
Li RM, Shen W (1973) Effect of tall vegetations on flow and sediment. J Hydraul Div 99(HY5):793–814
Lightbody AF, Nepf HM (2006) Prediction of near-field shear dispersion in an emergent canopy with heterogeneous morphology. Environ Fluid Mech 6:477–488
Lindner K (1982) Der Strömungswiderstand von Pflanzenbeständen. Mitt. Leichtweiß-Institut für Wasserbau No. 75, Braunschweig, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany, in German
Luhar M, Nepf HM (2011) Flow-induced reconfiguration of buoyant and flexible aquatic vegetation. Limnol Oceanogr 56(6):2003–2017
Luhar M, Nepf HM (2013) From the blade scale to the reach scale: a characterization of aquatic vegetative drag. Adv Water Resour 51:305–316
Mertens W (2006) Hydraulisch-sedimentologische Berechnungen naturnah gestalteter Fliessgewässer. Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V., Hennef, in German
Miler O, Albayrak I, Nikora V, O’Hare M (2014) Biomechanical properties and morphological characteristics of lake and river plants: implications for adaptations to flow conditions. Aquat Sci. doi:10.​1007/​s00027-014-0347-6
Neary V, Constantinescu S, Bennett S, Diplas P (2012) Effects of vegetation on turbulence, sediment transport, and stream morphology. J Hydraul Eng 138(9):765–776
Nepf HM (1999) Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation. Water Resour Res 35(2):479–489
Nepf HM (2012a) Hydrodynamics of vegetated channels. J Hydraul Res 50(3):262–279
Nepf HM (2012b) Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 44:123–142
Nepf HM, Vivoni ER (2000) Flow structure in depth-limited, vegetated flow. J Geophys Res 105(C12):28457–28557
Nikora N, Nikora V, O’Donoghue T (2013a) Velocity profiles in vegetated open-channel flows: Combined effects of multiple mechanisms. J Hydraul Eng 139(10):1021–1032
Nikora V (2010a) Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: an interface between ecology, biomechanics and environmental fluid mechanics. River Res Appl 26(4):367–384
Nikora V (2010b) Hydrodynamics of aquatic ecosystems: current state, challenges, and prospects. In: Proceedings of 17th Australasian fluid mechanics conference, Auckland New Zealand
Nikora VI, Rowinski PM (2008) Rough-bed flows in geophysical, environmental, and engineering systems: double-averaging approach and its applications. Acta Geophys 56(3):529–533
Nikora V, Koll K, McEwan I, McLean S, Dittrich A (2004) Velocity distribution in the roughness layer of rough-bed flows. J Hydraul Eng 130(10):1036–1042
Nikora V, McEwan I, McLean S, Coleman S, Pokrajac D, Walters R (2007a) Double-averaging concept for rough-bed open-channel and overland flows: theoretical background. J Hydraul Eng 133(8):873–883
Nikora V, McLean S, Coleman S, Pokrajac D, McEwan I, Campbell L, Aberle J, Clunie D, Ka Koll (2007b) Double-Averaging concept for rough-bed open-channel and overland flows: applications. J Hydraul Eng 133(8):884–895
Nikora V, Ballio F, Coleman S, Pokrajac D (2013b) Spatially averaged flows over mobile rough beds: Definitions, averaging theorems, and conservation Equations. J Hydraul Eng 139(8):803–811
Okamoto T, Nezu I (2009) Turbulence structure and “Monami” phenomena in flexible vegetated open-channel flows. J Hydraul Res 47(6):798–810
Okamoto TA, Nezu I (2013) Spatial evolution of coherent motions in finite-length vegetation patch flow. Env Fluid Mech 13:417–434
Osterkamp WR, Hupp CR, Stoffel M (2012) The interactions between vegetation and erosion: new directions for research at the interface of ecology and geomorphology. Earth Surf Proc Land 37:23–36
Palmer VJ (1945) A method for designing vegetated waterways. Agric Eng 26(12):16–520
Pasche E, Rouvé G (1985) Overbank flow with vegetatively roughened flood plains. J Hydraul Eng 111(9):1262–1278
Paul M, Henry PYT, Thomas RE (2014) Geometrical and mechanical properties of four species of northern European brown macroalgae. Coast Eng 84:73–80
Petryk S, Bosmajian G (1975) Analysis of flow through vegetation. J Hydraul Div 101(7):871–884
Plew D (2011) Depth-averaged drag coefficient for modeling flow through suspended canopies. J Hydraul Eng 137(2):234–247
Poggi D, Porporato A, Ridolfi L, Albertson JD, Katul GG (2004) The effect of vegetation density on canopy sub-layer turbulence. Bound-Layer Meteor 111:565–587
Puijalon S, Léna J-P, Riviére N, Champagne JY, Rostan JC, Bornette G (2008) Phenotypic plasticity in response to mechanical stress: hydrodynamic performance and fitness of 4 aquatic plant species. New Phytol 177:907–917
Rhee DS, Woo H, Kwon BA, Ahn HK (2008) Hydraulic resistance of some selected vegetation in open channel flows. River Res Appl 24:673–687
Ricardo AM, Koll K, Franca MJ, Schleiss AJ, Ferreira RML (2014) The terms of turbulent kinetic energy budget within random arrays of emergent cylinders. Water Resour Res 50(5):4131–4148
Richardson DM, Holmes PM, Esler KJ, Galatowitsch SM, Stromberg JC, Kirkman SP, Pyšek P, Hobbs RJ (2007) Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Divers Distrib 13(1):126–139
Sand-Jensen K (2003) Drag and reconfiguration of freshwater macrophytes. Freshwat Biol 48(2):271–283
Sanjou M, Nezu I (2011) Turbulence structure and concentration exchange property in compound open-channel flows with emergent trees on the floodplain edge. Int J River Basin Manag 9(3–4):181–193
Schlichting H, Gersten K (2006) Grenzschicht-Theorie. Springer, Berlin
Schoneboom T, Aberle J, Dittrich A (2011) Spatial variability, mean drag forces, and drag coefficients in an array of rigid cylinders. Exp Methods Hydrau Res Geoplanet: Earth Planet Sci 1:255–265. doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-17475-9_​18
SCS (1954) Handbook of channel design for soil and water conservation. Soil conservation service SCS-TP-61. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C
Shiono K, Knight DW (1991) Turbulent open-channel flows with variable depth across the channel. J Fluid Mech 222:617–646
Shucksmith JD, Bocall JB, Guymer I (2010) Effects of emergent and submerged natural vegetation on longitudinal mixing in open channel flow. Water Resour Res 46, W04504. doi:04510.01029/02008WR007657
Siniscalchi F, Nikora VI (2012) Flow-plant interactions in open-channel flows: a comparative analysis of five freshwater plant species. Water Resour Res 48(W05503). doi:10.​1029/​2011WR011557
Siniscalchi F, Nikora V (2013) Dynamic reconfiguration of aquatic plants and its interrelations with upstream turbulence and drag forces. J Hydraul Res 51(1):46–55
Siniscalchi F, Nikora VI, Aberle J (2012) Plant patch hydrodynamics in streams: mean flow, turbulence, and drag forces. Water Resour Res 48(W01513). doi:10.​1029/​2011WR011050
Sinoquet H, Rivet P (1997) Measurement and visualization of the architecture of an adult tree based on a three-dimensional digitising device. Trees 11(5):265–270
Souliotis D, Prinos P (2011) Effect of a vegetation patch on turbulent channel flow. J Hydraul Res 49(2):157–167
Statzner B, Lamoroux N, Nikora V, Sagnes P (2006) The debate about drag and reconfiguration of freshwater macrophytes: comparing results obtained by three recently discussed approaches. Freshwat Biol 51(11):2173–2183
Stephan U, Gutknecht D (2002) Hydraulic resistance of submerged flexible vegetation. J Hydrol 269:27–43
Stoesser T, Palau Salvador G, Rodi W, Diplas P (2009) Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow through submerged vegetation. Transport Porous Med 78:347–365
Stoesser T, Kim SJ, Diplas P (2010) Turbulent flow through idealized emergent vegetation. J Hydraul Eng 136(12):1003–1017
Stone MC, Chen L, McKay SK, Goreham J, Acharya K, Fischenich C, Stone AB (2013) Bending of submerged woody riparian vegetation as a function of hydraulic flow conditions. River Res Appl 29:195–205
Sukhodolov A, Sukhodolova T (2010) Case study: effect of submerged aquatic plants on turbulence structure in a lowland river. J Hydraul Eng 136(7):434–446
Sukhodolov AN, Sukhodolova TA (2012) Vegetated mixing layer around a finite-size patch of submerged plants: part 2. turbulence statistics and structures. Water Resour Res 48(12):W12506. doi:10.​1029/​2011WR011805
Sukhodolova TA, Sukhodolov AN (2012) Vegetated mixing layer around a finite-size patch of submerged plants: 1. theory and field experiments. Water Resour Res 48(10):W10533. doi:10.​1029/​2011WR011804
Sun X, Shiono K (2009) Flow resistance of one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge of a compound open channel. Adv Water Resour 32:430–438
Tanino Y, Nepf H (2008) Lateral dispersion in random cylinder arrays at high Reynolds number. J Fluid Mech 600:339–371
Temple DM (1999) Flow resistance of grass-lined channel banks. Appl Eng Agric 15(2):129–133
Thomas RE, Johnson MF, Frostick LE, Parsons DR, Bouma TJ, Dijkstra JT, Eiff O, Gobert S, Henry PY, Kemp P, McLelland SJ, Moulin FY, Myrhaug D, Neyts A, Paul M, Penning WE, Puijalon S, Rice SP, Stanica A, Tagliapietra D, Tal M, Tørum A, Vousdoukas MI (2014) Physical modelling of water, fauna and flora: knowledge gaps, avenues for future research and infrastructural needs. J Hydraul Res. doi:10.​1080/​00221686.​2013.​876453
Vandenbruwaene W, Temmerman S, Bouma TJ, Klaassen PC, De Vries MB, Callaghan DP, van Steeg P, Dekker F, van Duren LA, Martini E, Balke T, Biermans G, Schoelynck J, Meire P (2011) Flow interaction with dynamic vegetation patches: implications for biogeomorphic evolution of a tidal landscape. J Geophys Res 116, F01008, doi:01010.01029/02010JF001788
Vargas-Luna A, Crosato A, Uijttewaal WSJ (2015) Effects of vegetation on flow and sediment transport: comparative analyses and validation of predicting models. Earth Surf Process Land 40:157–176. doi:10.​1002/​esp.​3633
Västilä K, Järvelä J (2014) Modeling the flow resistance of woody vegetation using physically based properties of the foliage and stem. Water Resour Res 50(1):229–245
Västilä K, Järvelä J, Aberle J (2013) Characteristic reference areas for estimating flow resistance of natural foliated vegetation. J Hydrol 492:49–60
Vogel S (1994) Life in moving fluids: the physical biology of flow, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Vogel S (2009) Leaves in the lowest and highest winds: temperature, force and shape. New Phytol 183(1):13–26
Whittaker P, Wilson C, Aberle J, Rauch HP, Xavier P (2013) A drag force model to incorporate the reconfiguration of full-scale riparian trees under hydrodynamic loading. J Hydraul Res 51(5):569–580
Wilkerson GV (2007) Flow through trapezoidal and rectangular channels with rigid cylinders. J Hydraul Eng 133(5):521–533
Wilson CAME, Horrit MS (2002) Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass. Hydrolog Process 16:2589–2598
Wilson CAME, Hoyt J, Schnauder I (2008) Impact of foliage on the drag force of vegetation in aquatic flows. J Hydraul Eng 134(7):885–891
Yager EM, Schmeeckle MW (2013) The influence of vegetation on turbulence and bed load transport. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 118(3):1585–1601
Yen BC (2002) Open channel flow resistance. J Hydraul Eng 128(1):20–39
Zeng C, Li CW (2014) Measurements and modeling of open-channel flows with finite semi-rigid vegetation patches. Env Fluid Mech 14(1):113–134
Zong L, Nepf H (2010) Flow and deposition in and around a finite patch of vegetation. Geomorphology 116:363–372
Zong L, Nepf H (2011) Spatial distribution of deposition within a patch of vegetation. Water Resour Res 47(W03516). doi:03510.01029/02010WR009516
Metadata
Title
Hydrodynamics of Vegetated Channels
Authors
Jochen Aberle
Juha Järvelä
Copyright Year
2015
Book
Rivers – Physical, Fluvial and Environmental Processes

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17718-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-17719-9

Copyright Year: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17719-9_21