Introduction
Dataset
Orbis Database
Fortune Global 500
Model
Key Companies
Centralities for Jurisdictions
Sink Centrality
Conduit Outward Centrality
Calculation of the Amount of Foreign Capital
Centrality for affiliates
Holding Company Centrality
Conduit Company Centrality
Hierarchical Identification Algorithm
Results and Discussion
Verification of Proposed Model
MNCs | Affiliates | Holding | Holding & Conduit | Conduit | Reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amazon | 312 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 25% |
Apple | 152 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 50% |
Google | 190 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 20% |
Microsoft | 266 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 20% |
Starbucks | 274 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100% |
Basic Characteristics of the GON
Bow-tie Srtucture of the GWCC
-
The giant strongly connected component (GSCC): The largest region where any two nodes are reachable through directed paths.
-
IN component: The nodes from which GSCC is reachable through directed paths.
-
OUT component: The nodes that are reachable from the GSCC through directed paths.
-
Tendrils (TE): The rest of the nodes in the GWCC.
IN to GSCC | OUT to GSCC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Distance | Companies | Ratio | Companies | Ratio |
1 | 98,342 | 8% | 7405 | 48% |
2 | 564,328 | 49% | 5131 | 33% |
3 | 296,760 | 26% | 1897 | 12% |
4 | 123,753 | 11% | 712 | 5% |
5 | 46,106 | 4% | 269 | 2% |
6 | 18,258 | 2% | 54 | 0% |
7 | 7883 | 1% | 37 | 0% |
8 | 3226 | 0% | 4 | 0% |
9 | 1563 | 0% | 2 | 0% |
10 | 705 | 0% | 3 | 0% |
11 | 319 ‘ | 0% | - | 0% |
12 | 183 | 0% | - | 0% |
13 | 65 | 0% | - | 0% |
14 | 37 | 0% | - | 0% |
15 | 33 | 0% | - | 0% |
16 | 34 | 0% | - | 0% |
17 | 13 | 0% | - | 0% |
18 | 16 | 0% | - | 0% |
19 | 23 | 0% | - | 0% |
20 | 8 | 0% | - | 0% |
Total | 1,161,655 | 100% | 15, 514 | 100% |
Identification of Key Companies
Withholding Tax
Ownership Chains
the Netherlands | the United States | the United Kingdom | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subsidiary | Shareholder | Subsidiary | Shareholder | Subsidiary | Shareholder | ||||||
IE | 9% | US | 35% | CA | 18% | GB | 14% | US | 15% | US | 34% |
US | 8% | GB | 11% | GB | 13% | CA | 12% | ZA | 5% | n.a. | 16% |
n.a. | 7% | FR | 10% | IE | 5% | JP | 12% | IN | 5% | FR | 7% |
DE | 7% | DE | 6% | JP | 4% | DE | 10% | NL | 4% | CH | 4% |
FR | 6% | CH | 4% | MX | 4% | FR | 8% | IE | 3% | DE | 4% |
the United States | the United Kingdom | the Netherlands | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subsidiary | Shareholder | Subsidiary | Shareholder | Subsidiary | Shareholder | ||||||
CA | 20% | GB | 15% | ZA | 31% | US | 29% | UA | 17% | US | 19% |
CN | 13% | FR | 15% | AU | 9% | n.a. | 27% | BE | 9% | GB | 14% |
LU | 9% | CH | 11% | LU | 7% | ZA | 12% | GB | 6% | PL | 8% |
GB | 9% | DE | 11% | BR | 5% | FR | 5% | NG | 5% | FR | 7% |
HK | 5% | CA | 7% | VG | 5% | BM | 4% | n.a. | 4% | DE | 7% |
the Netherlands | Hong Kong | the United Kingdom | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subsidiary | Shareholder | Subsidiary | Shareholder | Subsidiary | Shareholder | ||||||
DE | 13% | ES | 14% | CN | 60% | KY | 24% | ES | 28% | NL | 12% |
GB | 10% | GB | 14% | VG | 11% | BM | 13% | IE | 10% | DE | 10% |
PL | 7% | US | 13% | TW | 6% | VG | 11% | ID | 8% | IE | 9% |
BE | 7% | DE | 11% | NL | 4% | FR | 6% | DE | 7% | US | 7% |
ES | 7% | CH | 8% | BM | 2% | CN | 5% | NL | 6% | AU | 7% |
Headquarters
Holding | Holding & Conduit | Conduit | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
US | 27% | US | 30% | US | 27% |
GB | 13% | GB | 19% | GB | 16% |
JP | 11% | CN | 9% | CN | 13% |
DE | 11% | DE | 8% | DE | 10% |
CN | 8% | JP | 7% | JP | 8% |
The United States | The United Kingdom | Japan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GB | 15% | NL | 15% | US | 22% |
NL | 13% | US | 12% | GB | 13% |
DE | 9% | ES | 7% | NL | 12% |
LU | 8% | LU | 7% | DE | 6% |
FR | 5% | DE | 6% | SG | 5% |
The United States | The United Kingdom | China | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NL | 12% | GB | 11% | HK | 12% |
US | 12% | NL | 9% | CN | 9% |
GB | 9% | DE | 9% | VG | 9% |
DE | 7% | US | 8% | KY | 8% |
ES | 7% | ES | 6% | US | 8% |
The United States | The United Kingdom | China | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GB | 17% | GB | 17% | CN | 29% |
ES | 14% | IE | 10% | HK | 24% |
DE | 9% | US | 10% | VG | 9% |
US | 8% | ES | 9% | KY | 6% |
RU | 6% | DE | 6% | BM | 6% |