Top

Published in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing as a Maritime Security Concern

Author : Mercedes Rosello

Published in: Global Challenges in Maritime Security

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This chapter explores the meaning and features of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing as a governance concept, from the fishery management context in which it was first conceived, to more recent associations with criminal activity. The nature of IUU fishing as a security concern is established by reference to its impacts on human communities, as well as its operational synergies with crime. The activity patterns and regulatory weaknesses that enable IUU fishing and related criminal activities are examined, with a focus on the role of States, as well as international organisations. The degree to which global and regional policy trends address such weaknesses is outlined, and significant innovations are identified, before concluding with some reflections on the potential of current approaches to respond to emerging maritime security concerns.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Oceans and Blue Economies

next chapter Smuggling and Trafficking of Illicit Goods by Sea

See paragraph 3 of the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (2001). This is not the only definition in existence: see United States (US) Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorisation Act (2006) 16 US Code 1826j HSDFMPA 609(e)(3).

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), ‘Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the Commission’ (1996) art 12.13 and 13.24. The terms illegal and unreported were first defined in 1997 during CCAMLR’s 16th session, where associated conducts were identified as a significant issue, with unregulated fishing being defined in the 17th session.

CCAMLR, ‘Communication Policy with Non-Contracting Parties Relating to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in the CCAMLR Convention Area’ Report of the Sixteenth Meeting of the Scientific Committee (1997) Annex 6 Paras 4.55 and 2.13 SC-CCAMLR-XVI.

For further information, see MA Palma, M Tsamenyi, and WR Edeson, Promoting Sustainable Fisheries: The International Legal and Policy Framework to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (Martinus Nijhoff 2010) 27.

See International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) Resolutions 98/18, 99/11, and 99/12.

For in-depth discussion of the differences between IUU fishing as a resource management problem and a criminality factor, see I Chapsos, and S Hamilton, ‘Illegal fishing and Fisheries Crime as a Transnational Organized Crime in Indonesia’ (Chapsos and Hamilton 2018) Trends in Organized Crime 1–19.

See, for example, the following media reports concerning unreported catches Fiji: http://www.atuna.com/index.php/2-uncategorised/485-albacore-crisis-can-cause-food-dilemma-infiji#.Ut5ZkJE4k18; and http://fijilive.com/news/2014/01/tuna-fishing-industry-has-collapsedsouthwick/56333.Fijilive

For a discussion on criminal activity reduction strategies concerning removal of rewards and opportunities, see (Petrossian et al. 2015, p. 337) at 40, supra at 52.

In particular the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels in the High Seas (1993) (Compliance Agreement), the United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1995) (UNFSA), and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (2009) (PSMA).

AIS is frequently relied on by operators and coastal States for navigation safety purposes, but its utilisation under the rules of the 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1184 UNTS 2.

Magnuson-Steven Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006, first enacted in 1976. Related regulations include The Shark/IUU Fishing Final Rules (2013) and the IUU Fishing/Bycatch Rule (2011).

Compliance Agreement, UNFSA, and PSMA.

China is a member State of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, but not a party to the UNFSA (see https://www.iccat.int/en/contracting.html and http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm).

For an illustration of the strategic potential and limitations of established regional organisations, see R Pomeroy et al., ‘Improving Marine Fisheries Management in Southeast Asia: Results of a Regional Fisheries Stakeholder Analysis’ (2016) 65 Marine Policy 20–29, 26.

See Article 23 of the Fish Stocks Agreement.

See Public Prosecutor v PM Poulsen and diva Navigation Corp, Case C 286/90 (1992) ECR I-6019 paras 28 to 34.

Council Regulation 1005/2008/EC of 29 September 2008 establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, amending Regulations (EEC) No 2847/93, (EC) No 1936/2001 and (EC) No 601/2004 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1093/94 and (EC) No 1447/1999 [2008] OJ 286/1 (CR 1005/2008).

European Union Council Regulation (EC) No. 1005/2008 of 29 September 2008, establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, amending Regulations (EEC) No. 2847/93, (EC) No. 1936/2001 and (EC) No. 601/2004 and repealing Regulations (EC) No. 1093/94 and (EC) No. 1447/1999, Official Journal of the European Union, L 286/1 (EC 1005/2008).

EC 1005/2008, Annex II.

See https://www.ccamlr.org/en/ccamlr-xxxiii/19

African Union, African Integrated maritime Strategy, Addis Ababa (2014). Council of the European Union, European Union Maritime Security Strategy, Brussels (2014) Doc 11205/14

Agnew DJ et al (2009) Estimating the worldwide extent of illegal fishing. PLoS One 4(2):e4570

Alison EH et al (2009) Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. Fish Fish 10(2):173–196

Bateman S (2011) Solving the “wicked problems” of maritime security: are regional forums up to the task? Contemp SE Asia 33(1):1–28CrossRef

Borit M, Olsen P (2012) Evaluation framework for regulatory requirements related to data recording and traceability designed to prevent illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Mar Policy 36(1):96–97CrossRef

Bueger C (2015) What is maritime security? 53 marine policy. Maritime security a traditional security challenge? In: Masys (Ed) Exploring the Security Landscape: Non-Traditional Security Challenges (Springer 2016)

Calley DS (2011) Market denial and international fisheries regulation: the targeted and effective use of trade measures against the flag of convenience fishing industry. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden/Boston, p 141

Cantrell R (2006) Finding Nemo… and eating him: the failure of the United Nations to force internalization of the negative social costs that result from overfishing. Wash Univ Glob Stud Law Rev 5:381–402

Chapsos I, Hamilton (2018) Illegal fishing and fisheries crime as a transnational organized crime in Indonesia. Trends Organ Crim 22:255–273CrossRef

Chapsos I, Malcolm J (2017) Maritime security in Indonesia: towards a comprehensive agenda? Mar Policy 76:178–184CrossRef

DTD (2012) http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2012/08/international-partnership-nabs-another-drift-net-violator/

de Coning E (2016) Fisheries crime handbook of transnational environmental crime. Elgar, Northampton

de Coning E, Stolsvik G (2013) Combatting organised crime at sea: what role for the United Nations office on drugs and crime. Int J Mar Coast Law 28:189–204

de Coning E, Witbooi E (2015) Towards a new fisheries crime paradigm: South Africa as an illustrative example. Mar Policy 60:208, 208–215

Dzidzornu DM (2002) Marine environment protection under regional conventions: limits to the contribution of procedural norms. Ocean Dev Int Law 291–298

Edeson WR (2012) Fisheries data and the Law of the sea convention. Int J Mar Coast Law 46(3):821–829CrossRef

Elvestad C, Kvalvik I (2015) Implementing the EU IUU regulation: enhancing flag state performance through trade measures. Ocean Dev Int Law 46(3):241–255CrossRef

FAO (2016) Report of the 32nd Session of the Committee on Fisheries (Rome, 11–15 July 2016) C 2017/23 paras 70, 71 and 165

FAO (2018) State of the world fisheries and aquaculture (Rome 2018) 90

Falaye AE (2010) Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in West Africa (Nigeria & Ghana)’ (Marine Resources Assessment Group Ltd, London, 2008). SM Garcia, and AA Rosenberg, food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, Drivers and future perspectives (2010). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B: Biol Sci: pp 2869–2880

Flückiger M, Markus L (2014) Economic shocks in the fisheries sector and maritime piracy. J Dev Econ 114(107):125

George M (2012) Fisheries protections in the context of the geo-political tensions in the South China Sea. J Mar Law Commer 43(1):85–128

Haward MGN (2004) IUU Fishing: contemporary practice. In: Elferink, Rothwell (eds) Oceans management in the 21st century: institutional frameworks and responses. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, p 87

Hey E (1996) Global fisheries regulations in the first half of the 1990s. Int J Mar Coast Law 11(4):459–491CrossRef

Hosch G (2016) Trade measures to combat IUU fishing: comparative analysis of unilateral and multilateral approaches. Int Centr Trade Sustain Dev 6(6):1–3

Koehler H (2013) Promoting compliance in tuna RFMO’s: a comprehensive baseline survey of the current mechanics of reviewing, assessing and addressing compliance with RFMO obligations and measures’. Int Seaf Sustain Found 2013:36–37

Larschke M, Vandergeest P (2016) Slavery scandals: unpacking labour challenges and policy responses with the off-shore fisheries sector. Mar Policy 68:39–46CrossRef

Le Manach F et al (2012) Unreported fishing, hungry people and political turmoil: the recipe for a food security crisis in Madagascar? Mar Policy 36(1):218–225CrossRef

Lindley JS, Percy, Techera E (2018) Illegal fishing and Australian security. Aust J Int Aff 73(1):82–99

Lobach T (2010) Combatting IUU fishing: interaction of global and regional initiatives. In: Vidas (ed) Law, technology and science for oceans in globalisation: IUU fishing, oil pollution, bioprospecting, outer continental shelf. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, p 111

Milazzo M (1998) Subsidies in world fisheries: are-examination. World Bank Technical Paper No 406, 86

Miller DD, Sumaila UR (2014) Flag use behavior and IUU activity within the international fishing Fleet: refining definitions and identifying areas of concern. Mar Policy 44:204–211CrossRef

Molenaar EJ (2006) Port state jurisdiction: toward comprehensive, mandatory and global coverage. Fish Cent Res Rep 38(1–2):225–257

Palma MA, Tsamenyi M, Edeson WR (2010) Promoting sustainable fisheries: the international legal and policy framework to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, p 27CrossRef

Panossian A (2015) Sustainable fisheries partnership agreements: a necessary harmonisation of the scope and interpretation of the exclusivity clause (CFFA 2015)

Papaioannou (2016) The EU-Africa partnership in the fight against IUU fishing. Afr J Int Comp Law 24(1):158–167, 159CrossRef

Pauly D et al (2014) China’s distant-water fisheries in the 21st century. Fish Fish 15(3):474–488CrossRef

Petrossian GA et al (2015) An empirical assessment of port characteristics for IUU Fishing. Eur J Crim Policy Res 21(3):337–351

Pitcher TJ et al (2002) Estimating illegal and unreported catches from marine ecosystems: a basis for change. Fish Fish 3(4):317–339. 337CrossRef

Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management (2016) Review of studies estimating IUU fishing and the methodologies utilized. (FAO 2016) 10

Rayfuse R (2015) Regional fishery management organizations’. In: Rothwell et al (eds) The Oxford handbook of the law of the Sea. Cambridge University Press, p 439

Schmidt C (2005) Economic drivers of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing International. J Mar Coastal Law 479–508, 485

Sodik DM (2008) Non-legally binding international fisheries instruments and measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing’ 15(1). Aust Int Law J 20(3):129–164

Sumaila UR et al (2006) Fuel subsidies to global fisheries: magnitude and impacts on resource Sustainability. Fish Cent Res Rep 14(6):38

Swan J (2002) Fishing vessels operating under open registers and the exercise of flag state responsibilities (FAO Fisheries Circular No. 980 (2002) 38 FIPL/C980

Swan J (2004) Decision-making in regional fishery bodies or arrangements: the evolving role of RFBs and international agreement on decision-making processes, vol 995. FAO Fisheries Circular, Rome, p 82

Swan J (2006) Port state measures to combat IUU fishing: international and regional developments’ (2006). Ocean & Fisheries Law 38. GA Petrossian et al., ‘Where Do 7(1)

Swan J (2016) Port state measures: from residual port state jurisdiction to global standards. Int J Mar Coast Law 31:395–421CrossRef

Tanaka YA (2016) Dual approach to ocean governance: the cases of zonal and integrated management in international law of the sea. Routledge, London/New York, p 102CrossRef

Teh LSL et al (2017) What is at stake? Status and threats to South China Sea Marine Fisheries. Ambio 46(1):57–72

Tsamenyi MB, Kuemlangan and M Camilleri (2015) Defining illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing’. In: FAO expert workshop to estimate the magnitude of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing globally (FAO, 2015) 1 FIRO/R1106

Wiswall FL (1996) Flags of convenience. In: Lovett (ed) US shipping policies and the world market. Quorum Books, London, p 107

World Bank Group (2017) The sunken billions revisited: progress and challenges in global marine fisheries. WBG, Washington, DCCrossRef

Zhang H, Bateman S (2017) Fishing militia, the securitization of fishery and the South China Sea dispute. Contemp SE Asia 39(2):288–314CrossRef

Title: Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing as a Maritime Security Concern
Author: Mercedes Rosello
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Global Challenges in Maritime Security
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34629-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-34630-0

Copyright Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34630-0_3