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Metals and Materials International

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21-05-2022

Inclusion Agglomeration on Ultra-Low C Liquid Steel Surface: Roles of Ti in the Steel and the Oxygen Potential

Authors: Dong-Hyun Kim, Jea-Bok Choi, Hae-Mi Hong, Yong-Min Cho, Young-Joon Park, Min-Ho Song, Youn-Bae Kang

Published in: Metals and Materials International | Issue 12/2022

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Abstract

Behavior of inclusions as particles on liquid Ultra-Low C (ULC) steel was investigated both by an in-situ observation and a theoretical analysis. The behavior was examined in view of Ti content in the steel as an alloying component and of oxygen potential exerted on the surface of the steel melt. A confocal scanning laser microscopy with a gold image furnace was used for the observation, and the force exerted between two particles was extracted. It was found that the inclusions showed attraction each other, and agglomerated. When the oxygen potential was low (\(P_{\mathrm{O}_2} \simeq 10^{-22}\) bar), the presence of Ti (\([\%\ \text{Ti}] = 0.0735\)) did not influence on the agglomeration force as well as the acceleration. However, increasing \(P_{\mathrm{O}_2}\) (\(\simeq 10^{-15}\) bar) resulted in slight decrease of the acceleration. When Ti content was very low (\([\%\ \text{Ti}] =0.0018\)), \(P_{\mathrm{O}_2}\) did not influence the attraction. A post-mortem analysis of the inclusion composition revealed that the inclusions on the Ti-free steel surface were mostly alumina regardless of the \(P_{\mathrm{O}_2}\) employed in the present study, while those on the Ti-added steel were composed of \(\text{Fe}_t\text{O}\)–\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\) (low \(P_{\mathrm{O}_2}\)) or \(\text{Fe}_t\text{O}\)–\(\text{TiO}_x\)(–\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\)) (high \(P_{\mathrm{O}_2}\)). From the analysis using Kralchevski-Paunov model for lateral capillary force between two spherical particles, it is suggested that the formation of \(\text{Fe}_t\text{O}\)-containing oxidation product lowers the contact angle between the inclusion and the liquid steel, thereby lowering the agglomeration force as well as the acceleration. However, the model generally underestimated the agglomeration force.

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The \(\alpha _k\) in the literature [73, 74] were measured at higher temperature than the temperature of the present study. Since temperature dependence of the \(\alpha _k\) is not know at present, the literature data were used without correction.

In addition to this, if the \(\text{Fe}_t\text{O}\) containing liquid oxide forms between the inclusion and the liquid steel, the \(\alpha _k\) in the model would mean the contact angle between the inclusion and the liquid oxide. In such case, an interpretation of the capillary model is different to the previous cases.

For a general case in the present study, \(\rho _{\mathrm{I}} = 7000\ \text{kg}\ \text{m}^{-3}\), \(\rho _{\mathrm{II}} = 0\ \text{kg}\ \text{m}^{-3}\), \(g = 9.8\ \text{m}\ \text{s}^{-2}\), \(\gamma = 1.4\ \text{N}\ \text{m}^{-1}\), \(R_k =10^{-5}\ \text{m}\) yields \((qR_k)^2 = 5 \times 10^{-6}\), satisfying the above condition.

The summation for \(h_k\) and A rapidly decays. In the present study, the summation continued up to \(n =10\).

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Title: Inclusion Agglomeration on Ultra-Low C Liquid Steel Surface: Roles of Ti in the Steel and the Oxygen Potential
Authors: Dong-Hyun Kim
Jea-Bok Choi
Hae-Mi Hong
Yong-Min Cho
Young-Joon Park
Min-Ho Song
Youn-Bae Kang
Publication date: 21-05-2022
Publisher: The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials
Published in: Metals and Materials International / Issue 12/2022
Print ISSN: 1598-9623
Electronic ISSN: 2005-4149
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01190-z

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