Integrated Solutions for Smart and Sustainable Environmental Conservation

This study presents an investigation into the use of Dubins trajectories for runway approach procedures and their 4D tracking by aircraft. The study proposes a method to generate a fictitious aircraft that will follow the Dubins trajectory, providing a 4D reference for real aircraft to follow. It explores an innovative approach for 4D trajectory tracking of aircraft in smart environments and energy-efficient settings, based on Dubins-based aircraft approximation trajectories. These trajectories offer optimal curves that connect specified positions while considering the aircraft's turning constraints. The study discusses the theoretical foundations of 4D trajectories and Dubins-based paths, presenting algorithms commonly used in aviation trajectory tracking. A review of existing approaches in the literature is provided, highlighting the limitations and opportunities for improvement. The study then details the proposed approach, emphasizing its potential to optimize aircraft trajectory tracking and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Simulations and real-world data examples illustrate the efficiency of the approach. Furthermore, the study discusses potential applications in smart environments and energy management, emphasizing benefits such as improved air traffic management and enhanced energy efficiency. It concludes by outlining future research perspectives and challenges, emphasizing the need for integrating the approach into smart air traffic management systems while addressing operational complexities and ensuring data security.

Our study presents an innovative approach for soil salinity management by utilizing a strategy based on the association of sage (Salvia officinalis) with halophytic plants. In this study, we evaluated the effects of salt stress induced by sodium chloride on the morpho-physiological characteristics of sage, both in the presence and absence of the halophyte Spergularia maritima. The results obtained demonstrated promising outcomes for the combination of sage with Spergularia maritima. The presence of Spergularia maritima resulted in a significant increase in root length, particularly at a concentration of 5 g/l, where the root length reached 14.69 cm compared to 11.69 cm for sage alone. A similar trend was observed for the aerial part length, which reached 7.06 cm when combined with Spergularia maritima, in contrast to 5.69 cm for sage alone. Moreover, the root volume also exhibited an increase, from 1.36 cm³ for sage alone to 2.10 cm³ when combined with Spergularia maritima. Additionally, there was an increase in water content in the leaves, stems, and roots for the combined treatment compared to sage alone. The total soluble sugar content was also reduced when sage was planted with Spergularia maritima, reaching a value of 0.04 ug/MF compared to 0.06 ug/MF for sage alone at a concentration of 10 g/l. These findings demonstrate that the association of sage with halophytic plants offers a promising solution for reducing soil salinity and creating a more favorable environment for crop growth. This innovative approach can contribute to enhancing agricultural productivity in regions facing increasing soil salinity challenges. Moreover, it offers exciting prospects for sustainable management of saline soils, promoting resilient and environmentally friendly agriculture.

The development of human activities, whether domestic or industrial, depends on a water source. After multiple uses, water quality deteriorates, resulting in the production of wastewater. The growth in the number of nutrients in wastewater and their adverse effects on the environment have sparked interest in developing more efficient and profitable approaches to wastewater treatment as solutions to conventional methods. Microalgae are a group of microorganisms that can colonize almost any ecosystem on Earth. Most of these microorganisms are autotrophic, transforming light and nutrients into biomass through photosynthesis. The most widely-used method Phytoremediation of wastewater using micro-algae offers great benefits in terms of nutrient removal efficiency and low cost. In micro-algal-based bio-remediation, microalgae bind carbon dioxide and generate oxygen through the process of photosynthesis, thereby increasing the biological oxygen demand of the polluted water. The aim of the current review is to examine the impact of microalgae on the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater and to see how effective this new strategy is in improving biological remediation so that it can adapt to changing environmental conditions.

This chapter explores biomass and biofuels as renewable energy sources. Before biofuels replace fossil fuels, food security, land use, and environmental impact must be addressed. To maintain ethical and ecological production and consumption, biomass and biofuel sources and technologies must be carefully evaluated. Fourth-generation biofuels, which are produced through the genetic engineering of microorganisms, have been found to exhibit superior qualities compared to the previously discussed generations. This chapter also explores a range of potential sources of bioenergy, encompassing agricultural and forestry residues, energy crops, algae, municipal solid waste (MSW), and animal waste. The cultivation of algae, anaerobic digestion, combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis, as well as their associated benefits and drawbacks, are also addressed in this chapter. The utilization of bioenergy holds promising potential in mitigating environmental impact while simultaneously stimulating economic growth. It is imperative to ensure that these processes are conducted in a sustainable manner, without causing any adverse effects on agricultural output or other land uses. Hence, future research should focus on improving renewable energy production through sustainable biomass production.

The evolution of ozone as a function of nitrogen dioxide is a complex subject that requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of ozone formation. When nitrogen dioxide is present in the atmosphere, it reacts with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the influence of sunlight to form ground-level ozone. This chemical reaction is called photochemistry and can have adverse effects on human health and the environment. However, it is important to note that the relationship between ozone and nitrogen dioxide is not linear. Indeed, at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, ozone can be degraded, while at higher concentrations, ozone can be formed more quickly. Thus, to understand the evolution of ozone as a function of nitrogen dioxide, it is necessary to take into consideration other factors such as temperature, humidity and the presence of other atmospheric pollutants. Ultimately, we must all work together to promote sustainable lifestyles and reduce our impact on the environment in order to preserve our planet for future generations.

The increasing demand for water worldwide has led to a significant rise in wastewater production, resulting in a higher pollutant load. Unfortunately, in most developing countries, wastewater is discharged directly into the environment without adequate treatment, causing adverse effects on human health, economic productivity, freshwater resources, and ecosystems. Despite its importance in the water management cycle, wastewater is often viewed as a burden or ignored altogether. This approach poses serious implications for community well-being and individual livelihoods. Neglecting wastewater management could also hinder progress in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, there is a growing recognition of the potential of wastewater as an alternative water source. This has shifted the paradigm from simply treating and disposing of wastewater to focusing on reuse, recycling, and resource recovery. Wastewater is no longer viewed as a problem requiring a solution; instead, it is seen as an integral part of addressing contemporary challenges. It presents an opportunity to serve as a cost-effective and sustainable source of energy, nutrients, and valuable by-products. By extracting these resources from wastewater, we can extend the positive impacts beyond just human health and environmental preservation. Embracing a circular economy approach, which balances economic development with natural resource protection and sustainability, recognizes wastewater as a widely available and valuable resource. By taking action now, there is an optimistic outlook for transforming the perception of wastewater and maximizing its potential for positive contributions to society and the environment.

Since becoming one of the leading causes of respiratory illnesses, heart problems and even death, air pollution has been a major concern globally. Various techniques and technologies have been created to monitor and manage air pollution, but deep learning techniques have shown great promise in their ability to accurately predict pollutant concentrations. Machine learning algorithms have been studied and developed recently with the aim of predicting concentrations of airborne contaminants and implementing preventive actions to protect health. The main objective of this article is to perform an analysis of the results of the concentration of CO in the air with R language using the ARIMA model to predict the air quality in the city of Rabat, Morocco.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of spectrograms and scalograms for ECG signal analysis, focusing on the trade-offs between time and frequency resolution. Previous studies have explored these techniques individually, but a systematic comparison considering various window types, wavelet families, and parameter settings is lacking. Our research fills this gap by conducting a comprehensive investigation to unveil the strengths and limitations of spectrograms and scalograms in capturing the complex features of mixed fetal and maternal ECG signals. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate that the choice of wavelet family significantly impacts the analysis results. Among the wavelets examined, the Symlet wavelet emerges as a powerful tool for optimal analysis of fetal and maternal activities. We highlight its ability to capture intricate details and patterns, showcasing its superior performance compared to other wavelet families.

Environmental deterioration is brought on by both short-term and long-term variations in the components of the air, water, and soil levels. Air pollution is significantly impacted by construction operations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of flood protection efforts made at Oued Ikkour in the Zaouiat Cheikh area. We used the AirQ+ software, focusing on the PM10 and O₃ pollutants, to estimate the health-related impacts of air pollution. To display the distribution of pollutants and do statistical analysis on PM10 and O₃ concentrations, we again used the SPSS program. Our research sought to thoroughly assess the effects of air pollution brought on by the flood protection activities at Oued Ikkour. We thoroughly examined the effect on public health and presented a thorough statistical study of PM10 and O₃ pollutant levels by using the appropriate tools and methodology.

Due to anthropogenic activities, potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) have disrupted our ecosystems. These dangerous substances can infiltrate the food chain, affecting the environment and human life. To preserve our natural resources for future generations, scientists must look for eco-friendly alternatives. About 300 million tons of PTEs from industrial and consumer items, including Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Sn, enter the receiving environments each year. Halophytes plants are found worldwide and grow in various places, including coastal zones, dunes, high-salinity environments, and inland deserts. They may also withstand PTEs stress due to evolved morphological and physiological characteristics such as reduced heavy metal intake through the root system. PTEs contamination causes agriculture yield losses, increases environmental concerns about human well-being, and causes a significant drop in marine and coastal ecosystem biodiversity. Halophytes are plants that can flourish in extreme conditions such as high salinity and PTEs toxicity. This work emphasizes the role of the halophyte plants in terms of PTEs phytoremediation as a long-term strategy for polluted environmental ecosystem restoration, which aligns with the current European Green Deal strategy for a neutral Europe climate by 2050.

The current study investigated the ability of Moroccan pomegranate peel to reduce Methylene blue (MB) in aqueous media. Several reacting parameters were considered, including the dose of adsorbent, initial MB concentration, contact time, initial pH of the dye solution, ionic strength, as well as temperature. The experiments were conducted in a batch system to investigate MB adsorption. The results revealed a remarkably fast adsorption rate, with equilibrium being achieved within just 60 minutes. The MB adsorption is substantially impacted by the adsorbent dose, the initial pH of the solution, the presence of NaCl in the medium, and the initial dye concentration. The experimental results demonstrate that pomegranate peel exhibits a maximum adsorption capacity of 67.78 ± 0.70 mg/g when a dose of 2 g/L of pomegranate peel is used at a temperature of 25 °C. It was observed that as water temperature increased, MB adsorption decreased. Consequently, the findings indicate the exothermicity of the MB adsorption process. Moreover, the results strongly suggest that raw Moroccan pomegranate peel has promising potential as a biosorbent for treating dyestuff wastewater.

Irrigation performance concerns with knowing the extent to which an irrigation system achieved its established objectives. In this regard, different methodologies and tools have been developed to assess and evaluate irrigation projects performance. Remote Sensing (RS) has become a major tool for assessing and evaluating irrigation systems performance. Remote sensing management tools provide a system-wide and spatially distributed information for the evaluation process. The main concept is based on derived satellite images data that can be merged with maps of the irrigation delivery systems to find real time performance. This paper aims to identify the advantages and disadvantages of RS as a tool with high potentials in performance evaluation of irrigation projects. In addition, the paper provides new insights and recommendations to improve the performance of irrigation systems in terms of water saving and increasing crops productivity.

This study focuses on the identification of spatial forest cover dynamics and the analysis of deforestation rates within the Taghia N'Ait Boulmane catchment located in the Central High Atlas of Morocco. The research period started from 1972 to 2022, allowing for a comprehensive examination of changes in forest cover over five decades. Using remote sensing data and GIS techniques; a detailed analysis was conducted to assess the forest cover dynamics within the studied catchment area. Through the interpretation of satellite imagery from different time periods, the changes in forested areas were identified and mapped. To assess the deforestation rate; a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was employed. The purpose is to quantify the magnitude and spatial distribution of deforestation. Additionally, the analyse of drivers and underline causes of deforestation lead to understand the dynamic of land cover. Besides, the socio-economic factors and land-use practices are very important in controlling the vegetation degradation within the study area. The results of our study reveal significant changes in forest cover within the Taghia N'Ait Boulmane catchment over the study period. A notable decline in forested areas was observed, indicating a high deforestation rate during this studied period. The deforestation patterns were analysed in relation to various factors. Understanding the dynamics of forest cover and deforestation rates is crucial for effective forest management and conservation strategies. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the historical trends and underlying drivers of deforestation in the Central High Atlas of Morocco.