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2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction: Regional Ecological Challenges for Peace in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia Pacific

Authors : Úrsula Oswald Spring, Hans Günter Brauch, Serena Eréndira Serrano Oswald, Juliet Bennett

Published in: Regional Ecological Challenges for Peace in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia Pacific

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The processes of globalization and global environmental change have created increasing socioeconomic imbalances among continents, nations and social classes within the countries. Twenty-five years ago, with the end of the Cold War, the bipolar division of the world has been overcome and in several parts of the world regional cooperation among developing countries has intensified. Multiple mechanisms are still subordinating developing countries (hinterlands) and social groups to the hegemonic necessities of corporate capitalism, and its dominant countries.

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Footnotes
1
The goal of the NDB is to “mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies and developing countries” (Agreement on the New Development Bank, Fortaleza, July 15, 2015), in: Government of Brazil. 15 July 2014; Wall Street Journal, 16 July 2015. NDB headquarter is in Shanghai, China and each of the five participants holds an equal number of shares with equal voting rights. There is no veto right. The proposal is to pay to the NDB directly and during the next seven years 20 % of half up to one million of shares, with a value of USD 100,000 each of them.
 
2
‘Verselbständigung’ means a way back to a paradigm dominated by nation state, requirements. This includes to introduce strong borders controls, limit foreign workers, control on national currency, taxes on imports, high subsidies for local products, etc.; in synthesis a step back from open global economy and policy to a nation state controlled political economy.
 
3
Not understood in the sense of Buzan/Wæver (2003), who used the same concept, but did not review the former conceptualizations.
 
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Metadata
Title
Introduction: Regional Ecological Challenges for Peace in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia Pacific
Authors
Úrsula Oswald Spring
Hans Günter Brauch
Serena Eréndira Serrano Oswald
Juliet Bennett
Copyright Year
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30560-8_1