Top

Published in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy of Chemically Functionalized CVD Graphene

Authors : Jana Vejpravova, Martin Kalbac

Published in: Carbon-Related Materials

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Graphene is an archetype two-dimensional material with a remarkable band structure underlying its fascinating properties. Smart modifications of large-area graphene, i.e., by anchoring various chemical species expand the number of its potential applications depending on the specific functional groups or molecules attached to the graphene. Considering that only a sub-monolayer of functional groups is attached to the graphene surface, it is very challenging to prove their presence and to identify the nature of their mutual coupling, which spans from covalent to complex non-covalent interactions. In case of chemically modified mono- to few-layer graphene samples, direct detection of the functional groups is impossible. However, by applying advanced resonant Raman spectroscopy techniques, like surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) one can directly observe Raman bands of the functional groups or molecules. In this chapter, we present the current state of the art for studying chemical functionalization of large-area graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition and discuss the significant potential and prospects of resonant Raman spectroscopies in understanding the coupling between the graphene and the anchored species.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

next chapter Applications of Graphite Materials in the Field of Electromagnetic Compatibility

Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV et al (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438:197–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04233CrossRef

Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S et al (2018) Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 556:43

Si C, Sun Z, Liu F (2016) Strain engineering of graphene: a review. Nanoscale 8:3207–3217. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR07755ACrossRef

Levy N, Burke SA, Meaker KL et al (2010) Strain-induced pseudo–magnetic fields greater than 300 tesla in graphene nanobubbles. Science 329:544–547. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1191700CrossRef

Yang K, Wang J, Chen X et al (2018) Application of graphene-based materials in water purification: from the nanoscale to specific devices. Environ Sci Nano 5:1264–1297. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00194DCrossRef

Fiori G, Bonaccorso F, Iannaccone G et al (2014) Electronics based on two-dimensional materials. Nat Nanotechnol 9:768

Koppens FHL, Mueller T, Avouris P et al (2014) Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. Nat Nanotechnol 9:780

Kostarelos K, Novoselov KS (2014) Graphene devices for life. Nat Nanotechnol 9:744

Han W, Kawakami RK, Gmitra M, Fabian J (2014) Graphene spintronics. Nat Nanotechnol 9:794

10.

Yi M, Shen Z (2015) A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene. J Mater Chem A 3:11700–11715. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00252dCrossRef

11.

Xu Y, Cao H, Xue Y et al (2018) Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene: an overview on exfoliation media, techniques, and challenges. Nano 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110942

12.

Kauling AP, Seefeldt AT, Pisoni DP et al (2018) The worldwide graphene flake production. Adv Mater 30:1803784. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803784CrossRef

13.

Li X, Cai W, An J et al (2009) Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324:1312–1314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171245CrossRef

14.

Reina A, Son H, Jiao L et al (2008) Transferring and identification of single- and few-layer graphene on arbitrary substrates. J Phys Chem C 112:17741–17744. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp807380sCrossRef

15.

Plutnar J, Pumera M, Sofer Z (2018) The chemistry of CVD graphene. J Mater Chem C 6:6082–6101. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00463cCrossRef

16.

Son J, Lee S, Kim SJ et al (2016) Hydrogenated monolayer graphene with reversible and tunable wide band gap and its field-effect transistor. Nat Commun 7:13261. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13261CrossRef

17.

Jin Z, McNicholas TP, Shih CJ et al (2011) Click chemistry on solution-dispersed graphene and monolayer CVD graphene. Chem Mater 23:3362–3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm201131vCrossRef

18.

Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L et al (2017) Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 46:4464–4500. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00229GCrossRef

19.

Kaplan A, Yuan Z, Benck JD et al (2017) Current and future directions in electron transfer chemistry of graphene. Chem Soc Rev 46:4530–4571. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00181aCrossRef

20.

Greenwood J, Phan TH, Fujita Y et al (2015) Covalent modification of graphene and graphite using diazonium chemistry: tunable grafting and nanomanipulation. ACS Nano 9:5520–5535. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01580CrossRef

21.

Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME et al (2010) Spectroscopy of covalently functionalized graphene. Nano Lett 10:4061–4066. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1021128CrossRef

22.

Malard LM, Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2009) Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys Rep 473:51–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.003CrossRef

23.

Jorio A, Dresselhaus MS, Riichiro Saito GD (2011) Raman spectroscopy in graphene related systems. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH

24.

Cançado LG, Jorio A, Ferreira EHM et al (2011) Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies. Nano Lett 11:3190–3196. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201432gCrossRef

25.

Frank O, Kavan L, Kalbac M (2014) Carbon isotope labelling in graphene research. Nanoscale 6:6363–6370. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01257GCrossRef

26.

Saito R, Jorio A, Souza Filho AG et al (2001) Probing phonon dispersion relations of graphite by double resonance Raman scattering. Phys Rev Lett 88:27401. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.027401CrossRef

27.

Eckmann A, Felten A, Mishchenko A et al (2012) Probing the nature of defects in graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 12:3925–3930. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl300901aCrossRef

28.

Lazzeri M, Mauri F (2006) Nonadiabatic Kohn anomaly in a doped graphene monolayer. Phys Rev Lett 97:266407. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.266407CrossRef

29.

Yan J, Zhang Y, Kim P, Pinczuk A (2007) Electric field effect tuning of Electron-phonon coupling in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 98:166802. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.166802CrossRef

30.

Das A, Pisana S, Chakraborty B et al (2008) Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor. Nat Nanotechnol 3:210–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.67CrossRef

31.

Verhagen T, Vales V, Frank O et al (2017) Temperature-induced strain release via rugae on the nanometer and micrometer scale in graphene monolayer. Carbon N Y 119:483–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.041CrossRef

32.

Lee JE, Ahn G, Shim J et al (2012) Optical separation of mechanical strain from charge doping in graphene. Nat Commun 3:1024. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2022CrossRef

33.

Verhagen TGA, Drogowska K, Kalbac M, Vejpravova J (2015) Temperature-induced strain and doping in monolayer and bilayer isotopically labeled graphene. Phys Rev B Condens Matter Mater Phys 92:125437. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.125437CrossRef

34.

Kalbac M, Frank O, Kong J et al (2012) Large variations of the Raman signal in the spectra of twisted bilayer graphene on a BN substrate. J Phys Chem Lett 3:796–799. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz300176aCrossRef

35.

Jorio A, Cançado LG (2013) Raman spectroscopy of twisted bilayer graphene. Solid State Commun 175–176:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2013.08.008CrossRef

36.

Fang W, Hsu AL, Caudillo R et al (2013) Rapid identification of stacking orientation in isotopically labeled chemical-vapor grown bilayer graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 13:1541–1548. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl304706jCrossRef

37.

Costa SD, Ek Weis J, Frank O, Kalbac M (2016) Effect of layer number and layer stacking registry on the formation and quantification of defects in graphene. Carbon N Y 98:592–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.045CrossRef

38.

Terrones H, Lv R, Terrones M, Dresselhaus MS (2012) The role of defects and doping in 2D graphene sheets and 1D nanoribbons. Rep Prog Phys 75:62501. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/75/6/062501CrossRef

39.

Banhart F, Kotakoski J, Krasheninnikov AV (2011) Structural defects in graphene. ACS Nano 5:26–41. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn102598mCrossRef

40.

Frank O, Vejpravova J, Kavan L, Kalbac M (2013) Raman spectroscopy investigation of defect occurrence in graphene grown on copper single crystals. Phys Status Solidi Basic Res 250:2653. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201300065CrossRef

41.

Jorio A, Lucchese MM, Stavale F et al (2010) Raman study of ion-induced defects in N-layer graphene. J Phys Condens Matter 22:334204. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334204CrossRef

42.

Paulus GLC, Wang QH, Strano MS (2013) Covalent electron transfer chemistry of graphene with diazonium salts. Acc Chem Res 46:160–170. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300119zCrossRef

43.

Wang QH, Jin Z, Kim KK et al (2012) Understanding and controlling the substrate effect on graphene electron-transfer chemistry via reactivity imprint lithography. Nat Chem 4:724–732. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1421CrossRef

44.

Plšek J, Kovaříček P, Valeš V, Kalbáč M (2017) Tuning the reactivity of graphene by surface phase orientation. Chem Eur J 23:1839–1845. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201604311CrossRef

45.

Fan X, Nouchi R, Tanigaki K (2011) Effect of charge puddles and ripples on the chemical reactivity of single layer graphene supported by SiO₂/Si substrate. J Phys Chem C 115:12960–12964. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp202273aCrossRef

46.

Whitener KE (2018) Review article: hydrogenated graphene: a user’s guide. J Vac Sci Technol A 36:05G401. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5034433CrossRef

47.

Drogowska K, Kovaříček P, Kalbáč M (2017) Functionalization of hydrogenated chemical vapour deposition-grown graphene by on-surface chemical reactions. Chem Eur J 23:4073–4078. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201605385CrossRef

48.

Nair RR, Ren W, Jalil R et al (2010) Fluorographene: a two-dimensional counterpart of Teflon. Small 6:2877–2884. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201001555CrossRef

49.

Wang B, Wang J, Zhu J (2014) Fluorination of graphene: a spectroscopic and microscopic study. ACS Nano 8:1862–1870. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn406333fCrossRef

50.

Feng W, Long P, Feng Y, Li Y (2016) Two-dimensional fluorinated graphene: synthesis, structures, properties and applications. Adv Sci 3:1500413. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500413CrossRef

51.

Kovaříček P, Bastl Z, Valeš V, Kalbac M (2016) Covalent reactions on chemical vapor deposition grown graphene studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Eur J 22:5404–5408. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201504689CrossRef

52.

Kovaříček P, Vrkoslav V, Plšek J et al (2017) Extended characterization methods for covalent functionalization of graphene on copper. Carbon N Y 118:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.020CrossRef

53.

Robinson JT, Burgess JS, Junkermeier CE et al (2010) Properties of fluorinated graphene films. Nano Lett 10:3001–3005. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101437pCrossRef

54.

Ek Weis J, Costa SD, Frank O et al (2015) Fluorination of isotopically labeled turbostratic and bernal stacked bilayer graphene. Chem Eur J 21:1081–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404813CrossRef

55.

Wang YY, Ni ZH, Shen ZX et al (2008) Interference enhancement of Raman signal of graphene. Appl Phys Lett 92:43121. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2838745CrossRef

56.

Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RP (2008) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SERS: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Raman scattering: inelastic scattering of a photon from a molecule in which the frequency change precisely matches the difference in vibrational energy levels. Annu Rev Anal Chem 1:601–626. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112814CrossRef

57.

Schedin F, Lidorikis E, Lombardo A et al (2010) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of graphene. ACS Nano 4:5617–5626. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1010842CrossRef

58.

Lee J, Shim S, Kim B, Shin HS (2011) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of single-and few-layer graphene by the deposition of gold nanoparticles. Chem Eur J 17:2381–2387. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201002027CrossRef

59.

Hu Y, López-Lorente ÁI, Mizaikoff B (2019) Graphene-based surface enhanced vibrational spectroscopy: recent developments, challenges, and applications. ACS Photonics 6:2182. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00645CrossRef

60.

Zhu X, Shi L, Schmidt MS et al (2013) Enhanced light-matter interactions in graphene-covered gold nanovoid arrays. Nano Lett 13:4690–4696. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402120tCrossRef

61.

Weis JE, Vejpravova J, Verhagen T et al (2018) Surface-enhanced Raman spectra on graphene. J Raman Spectrosc 49:168–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5228CrossRef

62.

Ghamsari BG, Olivieri A, Variola F, Berini P (2015) Frequency pulling and line-shape broadening in graphene Raman spectra by resonant Stokes surface plasmon polaritons. Phys Rev B 91:201408. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.201408CrossRef

63.

Economou EN (1969) Surface plasmons in thin films. Phys Rev 182:539–554. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.182.539CrossRef

64.

Rai VN, Srivastava AK, Mukherjee C, Deb SK (2012) Surface enhanced absorption and transmission from dye coated gold nanoparticles in thin films. Appl Opt 51:2606. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.002606CrossRef

65.

Sutrová V, Šloufová I, Mojzeš P et al (2018) Excitation wavelength dependence of combined surface- and graphene-enhanced Raman scattering experienced by free-base phthalocyanine localized on single-layer graphene-covered Ag nanoparticle arrays. J Phys Chem C 122:20850–20860. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06218CrossRef

66.

Kalbac M, Vales V, Vejpravova J (2014) The effect of a thin gold layer on graphene: a Raman spectroscopy study. RSC Adv 4:60929. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11270aCrossRef

67.

Nan H, Chen Z, Jiang J et al (2018) The effect of graphene on surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 20:25078–25084. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03293aCrossRef

Title: Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy of Chemically Functionalized CVD Graphene
Authors: Jana Vejpravova
Martin Kalbac
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Carbon-Related Materials
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44229-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-44230-9

Copyright Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44230-9_1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners