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2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Authors : Tiggey May, Bina Bhardwa

Published in: Organised Crime Groups involved in Fraud

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter outlines the background to the study, including why the research was conducted and the aims and methods of the research. In this chapter the authors highlight how scant our knowledge is on organised criminals involved in fraud, how little we know about pathways into fraud and individual experiences of organised criminality, and how slight our understanding is of how cases come to light, the investigative process, and the challenges faced by law enforcement professionals when investigating organised groups involved in fraud.

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next chapter What Do We Know About Organised Crime and Fraud?

This book presents empirical data from England and Wales and literature from the UK, Europe, and English-speaking nations.

The National Crime Agency (NCA) defines cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled as follows: ‘Cyber-dependent crimes can only be committed using computers, computer networks or other forms of information communication technology (ICT). They include the creation and spread of malware for financial gain, hacking to steal sensitive personal or industry data and denial of service attacks to cause reputational damage. Cyber-enabled crimes, such as fraud, the purchasing of illegal drugs and child sexual exploitation, can be conducted on or offline, but online may take place at unprecedented scale and speed.’ NCA (2016b) Strategic Cyber Industry Group: Cyber Crime Assessment 2016. Need for a stronger law enforcement and business partnership to fight cyber crime 2016.

KPMG(2017)https://home.kpmg.com/uk/en/home/insights/2017/01/uk-fraud-value-reaches-1bn-first-time-five-years.html.

Europol (2017b) https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/economic-crime.

The Fraud Act 2006 categorised fraud into three primary offences: fraud by false representation; fraud by failing to disclose information; and fraud by abuse of position. See: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/35/crossheading/fraud.

The Serious Crime Act 2015 made amendments to PoCA 2002 relating to the confiscation of criminal assets. See: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/9/contents/enacted.

The Act now gives LEAs the power to recover proceeds of crime, tackle money laundering, tax evasion, corruption, and counterterrorist financing. See: http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2016-17/criminalfinances.html.

Set up in February 2016, the Joint Fraud Taskforce involves collaboration between government, LEAs, and the banks in the collective fight against fraud. Representatives on the Taskforce include City of London Police, the NCA, Cifas, and the Bank of England, to name a few.

For definitions of the types of fraud covered in this book, please see the Glossary.

The definition of cyber-dependent fraud is from the Crown Prosecution Service website. http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/cybercrime/#a03.

For further information on the Global Financial Crisis, see Financial Times (2017) https://www.ft.com/global-financial-crisis.

Albanese, J. (2005). Fraud: The Characteristic Crime of the 21st Century. Trends in Organized Crime, 8(4), 6–14.CrossRef

Cifas. (2016). Fraudscape 2016. London: Cifas.

Doig, A., Johnson, S., & Levi, M. (2001). New Public Management, Old Populism and the Policing of Fraud. Public Policy and Administration, 16, 9.CrossRef

Europol. (2017a). EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment: Crime in the Age of Technology. Europol [Online]. Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/crime-in-age-of-technology-%E2%80%93-europol%E2%80%99s-serious-and-organised-crime-threat-assessment-2017. Accessed 26 Apr 2017.

Europol. (2017b). Economic Crime. Europol [Online]. Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/economic-crime. Accessed 26 Apr 2017.

Financial Times. (2017). Global Financial Crisis. Financial Times [Online]. Available at: https://www.ft.com/global-financial-crisis. Accessed 26 Apr 2017.

Garner, S., Crocker, R., Skidmore, M., Webb, S., Graham, J., & Gill, M. (2016). Reducing the Impact of Serious Organised Crime in Local Communities: Organised Fraud in Local Communities (Briefing 1). Perpetuity Research and the Police Foundation. Available at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/org_fraud_in_local_communities_final.pdf

HM Government. (2006). Fraud Review: Final Report. London: Home Office.

Home Office. (2009). Extending Our Reach: A Comprehensive Approach to Tackling Organised Crime. London: The Stationery Office.

Home Office. (2011). Local to Global: Reducing the Risk from Organised Crime. London: Home Office.

Home Office. (2013). Serious and Organised Crime Strategy. London: Home Office.

KPMG. (2017, January 24). Value of UK Fraud Breaks £1 Billion Barrier for the First Time in Five Years. KPMG [Online]. Available at: https://home.kpmg.com/uk/en/home/insights/2017/01/uk-fraud-value-reaches-1bn-first-time-five-years.html. Accessed 10 May 2017.

Mills, H., Skodbo, S., and Blyth, P. (2013). Understanding Organised Crime: Estimating the Scale and the Social and Economic Costs (Research Report 73). London: Home Office.

National Fraud Authority. (2013a). Annual Fraud Indicator. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/206552/nfa-annual-fraud-indicator-2013.pdf

National Fraud Authority. (2013b). Fighting Fraud Together, Quarterly Update—April 2013. London: Home Office.

NCA. (2015). National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime 2015. National Crime Agency.

NCA. (2016a). National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime 2016. National Crime Agency.

NCA. (2016b). Strategic Cyber Industry Group: Cyber Crime Assessment 2016. Need for a Stronger Law Enforcement and Business Partnership to Fight Cyber Crime 2016. National Crime Agency.

ONS. (2016). Overview of Fraud Statistics: Year Ending Mar 2016. Office of National Statistics [Online]. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/overviewoffraudstatistics/yearendingmarch2016. Accessed 26 Apr 2017.

Savona, E. U., & Riccardi, M. (2015). From Illegal Markets to Legitimate Businesses: The Portfolio of Organised Crime in Europe. Trento: Transcrime–Università degli Studi di Trento.

Wall, D. S. (2015). The Internet as a Conduit for Criminals. In A. Pattavina (Ed.), Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System (pp. 77–98). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Title: Introduction
Authors: Tiggey May
Bina Bhardwa
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Organised Crime Groups involved in Fraud
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69400-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-69401-6

Copyright Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69401-6_1

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