1. Introduction

Due to live news and social media, people are constantly called to witness evolving power struggles alongside minor and major conflict, in all sorts of places worldwide. Conflict is often multi-dimensional and people ask what are the consequences and whose responsible for what. While it is a truism that the first casualty of war is often truth, now Internet, Facebook, Twitter or WhatsApp can be used to reach local and global audiences and hence the dangers posed by fake news. Getting checks and balances between freedom of speech, and abuses of that democratic principle, ranging from perverse lies, to incitement to hatred, denialism, interference of outside agencies and individuals in domestic politics and electoral processes pose dangers, and of course the dark web offers a platform for extremism as illustrated by Jihadi groups like Daesh. Nonetheless, in this context, communications and media remain central to all aspects of analyses of geopolitics and humanitarian emergencies.