Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Author : Dr. Weijia Yang

Published in: Hydropower Plants and Power Systems

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Hydropower has played an important role in the safe, stable and efficient operation of electric power systems for a long time. Hydropower not only generates electricity as the largest global renewable source, but also shoulders a large portion of the regulation and balancing duty in many power systems all over the world. In this chapter, power system stability and features of hydropower generating systems are briefly introduced; the related previous research and the hydropower research at Uppsala University is reviewed; then the scope and outline of this thesis are presented.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Footnotes
Literature
1.
Schiermeier Q, Tollefson J, Scully T, Witze A, Morton O (2008) Electricity without carbon. Nature 454:816–823CrossRef
2.
Mitchell C (2016) Momentum is increasing towards a flexible electricity system based on renewables. Nat Energy 1:15030CrossRef
3.
Rintamäki T, Siddiqui AS, Salo A (2016) How much is enough? Optimal support payments in a renewable-rich power system. Energy 117:300–313CrossRef
4.
Brouwer AS, van den Broek M, Seebregts A, Faaij A (2015) Operational flexibility and economics of power plants in future low-carbon power systems. Appl Energy 156:107–128CrossRef
5.
6.
Brouwer AS, van den Broek M, Zappa W, Turkenburg WC, Faaij A (2016) Least-cost options for integrating intermittent renewables in low-carbon power systems. Appl Energy 161:48–74CrossRef
7.
Olauson J et al (2016) Net load variability in Nordic countries with a highly or fully renewable power system. Nat Energy 1:16175CrossRef
8.
Ørum E, Kuivaniemi M, Laasonen M, Bruseth AI, Jansson EA, Danell A, Elkington K, Modig N (2015) Future system inertia. ENTSO- E
9.
Chang X, Liu X, Zhou W (2010) Hydropower in China at present and its further development. Energy 35:4400–4406CrossRef
10.
Jia J (2016) A technical review of hydro-project development in China. Eng 2:302–312CrossRef
11.
Shen J, Cheng C, Cheng X, Lund JR (2016) Coordinated operations of large-scale UHVDC hydropower and conventional hydro energies about regional power grid. Energy 95:433–446CrossRef
12.
Zhou H, Su Y, Chen Y, Ma Q, Mo W (2016) The China southern power grid: solutions to operation risks and planning challenges. IEEE Power Energ Mag 14:72–78CrossRef
13.
Storli P, Nielsen T (2014) Dynamic load on a Francis turbine runner from simulations based on measurements. In: IOP conference series: earth and environmental science, vol 22. IOP Publishing, p 032056
14.
Doujak E (2014) Effects of increased solar and wind energy on hydro plant operation. Hydro Rev Worldwide 2:28–31
15.
Kundur P, Balu NJ, Lauby MG (1994) Power system stability and control. McGraw-Hill, New York
16.
Kundur P et al (2004) Definition and classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force on stability terms and definitions. IEEE Trans Power Syst 19:1387–1401CrossRef
17.
Prasertwong K, Mithulananthan N, Thakur D (2010) Understanding low-frequency oscillation in power systems. Int J Electr Eng Educ 47:248–262CrossRef
18.
Pico HV, McCalley JD, Angel A, Leon R, Castrillon NJ (2012) Analysis of very low frequency oscillations in hydro-dominant power systems using multi-unit modeling. IEEE Trans Power Syst 27:1906–1915CrossRef
19.
Machowski J, Bialek J, Bumby J (2011) Power system dynamics: stability and control. Wiley
20.
Demello FP, Concordia C (1969) Concepts of synchronous machine stability as affected by excitation control. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 88:316–329CrossRef
21.
Moussa HAM, Yu Y-N (1972) Optimal power system stabilization through excitation and/or governor control. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 3:1166–1174CrossRef
22.
Grondin R, Kamwa I, Soulieres L, Potvin J, Champagne R (1993) An approach to PSS design for transient stability improvement through supplementary damping of the common low-frequency. IEEE Trans Power Syst 8:954–963CrossRef
23.
Robert G, Hurtado D (2008) Optimal design of reactive power PI regulator for hydro power plants. IEEE, pp 775–780
24.
Alizadeh Bidgoli M, Bathaee SMT (2015) Full-state variables control of a grid-connected pumped storage power plant using non-linear controllers. Electr Power Compon Syst 43:260–270CrossRef
25.
Dai J, Xiao D, Shokooh F, Schaeffer C, Benge A (2004) Emergency generator startup study of a hydro turbine unit for a nuclear generation facility. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 40:1191–1199CrossRef
26.
Rimorov D, Kamwa I, Joós G (2016) Quasi-steady-state approach for analysis of frequency oscillations and damping controller design. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31:3212–3220CrossRef
27.
Tan W (2010) Unified tuning of PID load frequency controller for power systems via IMC. IEEE Trans Power Syst 25:341–350CrossRef
28.
Sarmadi SAN, Venkatasubramanian V (2016) Inter-area resonance in power systems from forced oscillations. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31:378–386CrossRef
29.
Jiang L, Yao W, Wu QH, Wen JY, Cheng SJ (2012) Delay-dependent stability for load frequency control with constant and time-varying delays. IEEE Trans Power Syst 27:932–941CrossRef
30.
Sanathanan CK (1987) Accurate low order model for hydraulic turbine-penstock. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2:196–200CrossRef
31.
Vournas CD (1990) Second order hydraulic turbine models for multimachine stability studies. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 5:239–244CrossRef
32.
Demello F et al (1992) Hydraulic-turbine and turbine control-models for system dynamic studies. IEEE Trans Power Syst 7:167–179
33.
De Jaeger E, Janssens N, Malfliet B, Van De Meulebroeke F (1994) Hydro turbine model for system dynamic studies. IEEE Trans Power Syst 9:1709–1715CrossRef
34.
Hannett LN, Feltes JW, Fardanesh B (1994) Field tests to validate hydro turbine-governor model structure and parameters. IEEE Trans Power Syst 9:1744–1751CrossRef
35.
Hannett LN, Feltes JW, Fardanesh B, Crean W (1999) Modeling and control tuning of a hydro station with units sharing a common penstock section. IEEE Trans Power Syst 14:1407–1414CrossRef
36.
Souza O Jr, Barbieri N, Santos A (1999) Study of hydraulic transients in hydropower plants through simulation of nonlinear model of penstock and hydraulic turbine model. IEEE Trans Power Syst 14:1269–1272CrossRef
37.
Fang H, Chen L, Dlakavu N, Shen Z (2008) Basic modeling and simulation tool for analysis of hydraulic transients in hydroelectric power plants. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23:834–841CrossRef
38.
Pennacchi P, Chatterton S, Vania A (2012) Modeling of the dynamic response of a Francis turbine. Mech Syst Signal Process 29:107–119CrossRef
39.
Chen D et al (2014) Nonlinear dynamic analysis for a Francis hydro-turbine governing system and its control. J Franklin Inst 351:4596–4618MATHCrossRef
40.
Wang C, Nilsson H, Yang J, Petit O (2017) 1D–3D coupling for hydraulic system transient simulations. Comput Phys Commun 210:1–9MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
41.
Giosio DR, Henderson AD, Walker JM, Brandner PA (2016) Physics based hydraulic turbine model for system dynamics studies. IEEE Trans Power Syst 32:1161–1168
42.
Brezovec M, Kuzle I, Tomisa T (2006) Nonlinear digital simulation model of hydroelectric power unit with Kaplan turbine. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 21:235–241CrossRef
43.
Kranjcic D, Štumberger G (2014) Differential evolution-based identification of the nonlinear kaplan turbine model. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 29:178–187CrossRef
44.
Kishor N, Saini R, Singh S (2007) A review on hydropower plant models and control. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11:776–796CrossRef
45.
Kishor N, Fraile-Ardanuy J (2017) Modeling and dynamic behaviour of hydropower plants. IET
46.
Munoz-Hernandez GA, Mansoor SAP, Jones DI (2013) Modelling and controlling hydropower plants. Springer
47.
Nicolet C et al (2007) High-order modeling of hydraulic power plant in islanded power network. IEEE Trans Power Syst 22:1870–1880CrossRef
48.
Padoan A et al (2010) Dynamical behavior comparison between variable speed and synchronous machines with pss. IEEE Trans Power Syst 25:1555–1565CrossRef
49.
Zhao G (2004) Study on the united transient process for hydraulic, mechanical and power system (In Chinese). Wuhan University
50.
Bao H (2010) Research on setting condition of surge chamber and operation control of the hydropower station (In Chinese). Wuhan University, Wuhan
51.
Li W, Vanfretti L, Chompoobutrgool Y (2012) Development and implementation of hydro turbine and governor models in a free and open source software package. Simul Model Pract Theory 24:84–102CrossRef
52.
Svingen B (2005) Application of LabVIEW for dynamic simulations of hydraulic piping systems. In: SIMS 2005 46th conference on simulation and modeling. Citeseer
53.
Sena JAS et al (2011) An object-oriented framework applied to the study of electromechanical oscillations at Tucuruí hydroelectric power plant. Electr Power Syst Res 81:2081–2087CrossRef
54.
Tsotie JW, Wamkeue R (2016) Advanced-model of synchronous generator for hydropower plants numerical simulations. Electr Power Syst Res 140:663–670CrossRef
55.
Liang J, Yuan X, Yuan Y, Chen Z, Li Y (2017) Nonlinear dynamic analysis and robust controller design for Francis hydraulic turbine regulating system with a straight-tube surge tank. Mech Syst Signal Process 85:927–946CrossRef
56.
Wei S (2009) Hydraulic turbine regulation. Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan (in Chinese)
57.
Mansoor S, Jones D, Bradley DA, Aris F, Jones G (2000) Reproducing oscillatory behaviour of a hydroelectric power station by computer simulation. Control Eng Pract 8:1261–1272CrossRef
58.
Kosterev D (2004) Hydro turbine-governor model validation in pacific northwest. IEEE Trans Power Syst 19:1144–1149CrossRef
59.
Cebeci ME, Karaağaç U, Tör OB, Ertaş A (2007) The effects of hydro power plants’ governor settings on the stability of Turkish power system frequency. In: ELECO conference
60.
Pico HNV, Aliprantis DC, McCalley JD, Elia N, Castrillon NJ (2015) Analysis of hydro-coupled power plants and design of robust control to damp oscillatory modes. IEEE Trans Power Syst 30:632–643CrossRef
61.
Strah B, Kuljaca O, Vukic Z (2005) Speed and active power control of hydro turbine unit. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 20:424–434CrossRef
62.
Aguero J et al (2008) Hydraulic transients in hydropower plant impact on power system dynamic stability. In: IEEE power and energy society general meeting. IEEE, Pittsburgh
63.
Zhao J et al (2015) Dynamic model of Kaplan turbine regulating system suitable for power system analysis. Math Probl Eng 2015(294523)
64.
Pérez-Díaz JI, Sarasúa JI, Wilhelmi JR (2014) Contribution of a hydraulic short-circuit pumped-storage power plant to the load–frequency regulation of an isolated power system. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 62:199–211CrossRef
65.
Martínez-Lucas G, Sarasúa JI, Sánchez-Fernández JÁ, Wilhelmi JR (2015) Power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks in isolated systems with wind generation. Renew Energy 83:245–255CrossRef
66.
Martínez-Lucas G, Sarasúa JI, Sánchez-Fernández JÁ, Wilhelmi JR (2016) Frequency control support of a wind-solar isolated system by a hydropower plant with long tail-race tunnel. Renew Energy 90:362–376CrossRef
67.
Landry C, Nicolet C, Giacomini S, Avellan F (2014) Influence of the hydraulic system layout on the stability of a mixed islanded power network. In: Advances in hydroinformatics. Springer, pp 307–323
68.
Nielsen TK (2015) The importance of including elastic property of penstock in the evaluation of stability of hydropower plants. In: 6th IAHR international meeting of the workgroup on cavitation and dynamic problems in hydrauli machinery and systems. Ljubljana, Slovenia
69.
Vereide K, Svingen B, Nielsen T, Lia L (2016) The effect of surge tank throttling on governor stability, power control, and hydraulic transients in hydropower plants. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 32:91–98CrossRef
70.
Yu X, Zhang J, Fan C, Chen S (2016) Stability analysis of governor-turbine-hydraulic system by state space method and graph theory. Energy 114:613–622CrossRef
71.
Yuan X, Chen Z, Yuan Y, Huang Y (2015) Design of fuzzy sliding mode controller for hydraulic turbine regulating system via input state feedback linearization method. Energy 93:173–187CrossRef
72.
Li H, Chen D, Zhang H, Wu C, Wang X (2017) Hamiltonian analysis of a hydro-energy generation system in the transient of sudden load increasing. Appl Energy 185:244–253CrossRef
73.
Xu B, Chen D, Zhang H, Zhou R (2015) Dynamic analysis and modeling of a novel fractional-order hydro-turbine-generator unit. Nonlinear Dyn 81:1263–1274CrossRef
74.
Zhang H, Chen D, Xu B, Wang F (2015) Nonlinear modeling and dynamic analysis of hydro-turbine governing system in the process of load rejection transient. Energy Convers Manag 90:128–137CrossRef
75.
Xu B, Wang F, Chen D, Zhang H (2016) Hamiltonian modeling of multi-hydro-turbine governing systems with sharing common penstock and dynamic analyses under shock load. Energy Convers Manag 108:478–487CrossRef
76.
Wang L, Han Q, Chen D, Wu C, Wang X (2017) Nonlinear modeling and stability analysis of the pump-turbine governing system at pump mode. In: IET renewable power generation 11(6)
77.
Guo W, Yang J, Wang M, Lai X (2015) Nonlinear modeling and stability analysis of hydro-turbine governing system with sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel under load disturbance. Energy Convers Manag 106:127–138CrossRef
78.
Guo W, Yang J, Chen J, Wang M (2016) Nonlinear modeling and dynamic control of hydro-turbine governing system with upstream surge tank and sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel. Nonlinear Dyn 84:1383–1397MathSciNetCrossRef
79.
Wang B, Guo W, Yang J (2017) Analytical solutions for determining extreme water levels in surge tank of hydropower station under combined operating conditions. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 47:394–406MathSciNetCrossRef
80.
Guo W, Yang J, Teng Y (2017) Surge wave characteristics for hydropower station with upstream series double surge tanks in load rejection transient. Renew Energy 108:488–501CrossRef
81.
Akhrif O, Okou FA, Dessaint LA, Champagne R (1999) Application of a multivariable feedback linearization scheme for rotor angle stability and voltage regulation of power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 14:620–628CrossRef
82.
Dobrijevic DM, Jankovic MV (1999) An approach to the damping of local modes of oscillations resulting from large hydraulic transients. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 14:754–759CrossRef
83.
Lu Q et al (2004) Nonlinear decentralized robust governor control for hydroturbine-generator sets in multi-machine power systems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 26:333–339CrossRef
84.
Jin MJ, Hu W, Liu F, Mei SW, Lu Q (2005) Nonlinear co-ordinated control of excitation and governor for hydraulic power plants. IEE Proc Gener Transm Distrib 152:544–548CrossRef
85.
Mei S, Gui X, Shen C, Lu Q (2007) Dynamic extending nonlinear H∞ control and its application to hydraulic turbine governor. Sci China Ser E Technol Sci 50:618–635MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
86.
Weixelbraun M, Renner H, Kirkeluten O, Lovlund S (2013) Damping low frequency oscillations with hydro governors. In: 2013 IEEE Grenoble PowerTech (POWERTECH). IEEE, pp 1–6
87.
Gencoglu C, Tor OB, Cebeci E, Yilmaz O, Guven AN (2010) Assessment of the effect of hydroelectric power plants’ governor settings on low frequency inter area oscillations. In: 2010 international conference on power system technology (POWERCON). IEEE, pp 1–8
88.
Silva PCO, Alligné S, Allenbach P, Nicolet C, Kawkabani B (2014) A fully modular tool for small-signal stability analysis of hydroelectric systems. In: 2014 international conference on electrical machines (ICEM). IEEE, pp 1697–1703
89.
Silva PCO, Nicolet C, Grillot P, Drommi JL, Kawkabani B (2017) Assessment of power swings in hydropower plants through high-order modelling and eigenanalysis. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 53(1)
90.
Liu X, Liu C (2007) Eigenanalysis of oscillatory instability of a hydropower plant including water conduit dynamics. IEEE Trans Power Syst 22:675–681CrossRef
91.
Gao H, Xie X, Zhang J, Wu C, Sun K (2016) Second-order oscillation mode study of hydropower system based on linear elastic model and modal series method. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst 27:e2233CrossRef
92.
Dorji U, Ghomashchi R (2014) Hydro turbine failure mechanisms: an overview. Eng Fail Anal 44:136–147CrossRef
93.
Liu X, Luo Y, Wang Z (2016) A review on fatigue damage mechanism in hydro turbines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:1–14CrossRef
94.
Huth H-J (2005) Fatigue design of hydraulic turbine runners. Norwegian University of Science and Technology
95.
Gagnon M, Tahan S, Bocher P, Thibault D (2010) Impact of startup scheme on Francis runner life expectancy. In: IOP conference series: earth and environmental science, vol 12. IOP Publishing, p 012107
96.
Trivedi C, Gandhi B, Michel CJ (2013) Effect of transients on Francis turbine runner life: a review. J Hydraul Res 51:121–132CrossRef
97.
Wurm E (2013) Consequences of primary control to the residual service life of Kaplan runners. In: Russia power 2013 & hydrovision Russia 2013. PennWell, Moscow
98.
Seidel U, Mende C, Hübner B, Weber W, Otto A (2014) Dynamic loads in Francis runners and their impact on fatigue life. In: IOP conference series: earth and environmental science, vol 22. IOP Publishing, p 032054
99.
Ukonsaari J (2003) Wear and friction of synthetic esters in a boundary lubricated journal bearing. Tribol Int 36:821–826CrossRef
100.
Gawarkiewicz R, Wasilczuk M (2007) Wear measurements of self-lubricating bearing materials in small oscillatory movement. Wear 263:458–462CrossRef
101.
Simmons GF (2013) Journal bearing design, lubrication and operation for enhanced performance. Luleå University of Technology
102.
Liu G, Daley S (2000) Optimal-tuning nonlinear PID control of hydraulic systems. Control Eng Pract 8:1045–1053CrossRef
103.
Çam E (2007) Application of fuzzy logic for load frequency control of hydroelectrical power plants. Energy Convers Manag 48:1281–1288CrossRef
104.
Doolla S, Bhatti T (2006) Load frequency control of an isolated small-hydro power plant with reduced dump load. IEEE Trans Power Syst 21:1912–1919CrossRef
105.
106.
Liu X, Luo Y, Karney BW, Wang W (2015) A selected literature review of efficiency improvements in hydraulic turbines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 51:18–28CrossRef
107.
Soares S, Salmazo CT (1997) Minimum loss predispatch model for hydroelectric power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 12:1220–1228CrossRef
108.
Arce A, Ohishi T, Soares S (2002) Optimal dispatch of generating units of the Itaipú hydroelectric plant. IEEE Trans Power Syst 17:154–158CrossRef
109.
Soares S, Ohishi T, Cicogna M, Arce A (2003) Dynamic dispatch of hydro generating units. In: 2003 IEEE Bologna Power tech: conference proceedings, vol 2. IEEE
110.
Ma C, Wang H, Lian J (2011) Short-term electricity dispatch optimization of Ertan hydropower plant based on data by field tests. J Renew Sustain Energy 3:063109CrossRef
111.
Bortoni EC, Bastos GS, Abreu TM, Kawkabani B (2015) Online optimal power distribution between units of a hydro power plant. Renew Energy 75:30–36CrossRef
112.
Siu TK, Nash GA, Shawwash ZK (2001) A practical hydro, dynamic unit commitment and loading model. IEEE Trans Power Syst 16:301–306CrossRef
113.
Dal’Santo T, Costa AS (2016) Hydroelectric unit commitment for power plants composed of distinct groups of generating units. Electr Power Syst Res 137:16–25CrossRef
114.
Mulu BG, Jonsson PP, Cervantes MJ (2012) Experimental investigation of a Kaplan draft tube—part I: best efficiency point. Appl Energy 93:695–706CrossRef
115.
Jonsson PP, Mulu BG, Cervantes MJ (2012) Experimental investigation of a Kaplan draft tube—part II: off-design conditions. Appl Energy 94:71–83CrossRef
116.
Schniter P, Wozniak L (1995) Efficiency based optimal control of Kaplan hydrogenerators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 10:348–353CrossRef
117.
Atta KT, Johansson A, Cervantes MJ, Gustafsson T (2014) Phasor extremum seeking and its application in kaplan turbine control. In: 2014 IEEE conference on control applications (CCA), part of 2014 IEEE multi-conference on systems and control. IEEE, Antibes, pp 298–303
118.
119.
Nilsson O, Sjelvgren D (1997) Variable splitting applied to modelling of start-up costs in short term hydro generation scheduling. IEEE Trans Power Syst 12:770–775CrossRef
120.
Nilsson O, Sjelvgren D (1997) Hydro unit start-up costs and their impact on the short term scheduling strategies of Swedish power producers. IEEE Trans Power Syst 12:38–44CrossRef
121.
Bakken BH, Bjorkvoll T (2002) Hydropower unit start-up costs. In: 2002 IEEE power engineering society summer meeting, vol 3. IEEE, pp 1522–1527
122.
Bean NG, O’Reilly MM, Sargison JE (2010) A stochastic fluid flow model of the operation and maintenance of power generation systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 25:1361–1374CrossRef
123.
Aggidis GA, Luchinskaya E, Rothschild R, Howard D (2010) The costs of small-scale hydro power production: impact on the development of existing potential. Renew Energy 35:2632–2638CrossRef
124.
Guisández I, Pérez-Díaz JI, Wilhelmi JR (2013) Assessment of the economic impact of environmental constraints on annual hydropower plant operation. Energy Policy 61:1332–1343CrossRef
125.
Huang S-R, Chang P-L, Hwang Y-W, Ma Y-H (2014) Evaluating the productivity and financial feasibility of a vertical-axis micro-hydro energy generation project using operation simulations. Renew Energy 66:241–250CrossRef
126.
Ranlöf M (2011) Electromagnetic analysis of hydroelectric generators. Uppsala University
127.
Bladh J (2012) Hydropower generator and power system interaction. Uppsala University
128.
Wallin M (2013) Measurement and modelling of unbalanced magnetic pull in hydropower generators. Uppsala University
129.
Saarinen L (2017) The frequency of the frequency: on hydropower and grid frequency control. Uppsala University
Metadata
Title
Introduction
Author
Dr. Weijia Yang
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Hydropower Plants and Power Systems

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17241-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-17242-8

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17242-8_1