Investigations on Water Utilization and Water Management Practices in Urban/Peri-Urban Agriculture of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

There is a need for wise water usage globally. This becomes urgent in arid regions with reduced availability of water for farming. This study investigates agricultural water utilization in urban and peri-urban areas, in Bahawalpur, Pakistan, a city in arid climatic conditions with scarce water sources. The survey was conducted in urban and peri-urban agricultural zones based on different water conditions, groundwater quality, and diversification of canal and sewage water. In total, 480 urban and peri-urban farmers answered the questions regarding education, off-farm and farm income sources, crops and livestock and way of water utilization with available water resources. The results show that the majority of farmers were illiterate or with minimal primary education. Only traditional practices causing heavy water losses were in use in the study area as a consequence. The most profound constraints in water losses are low income and low education levels that both hinder farmers from using water-saving methods. There was also a profound gap between the farmers and extension staff. If this gap is bridged, more efficient water-saving practices such as drip irrigation system can be installed in the area. Lots of water can be spared when participatory approach and government subsidies are applied.