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2022 | Book

Basics of Satellite Wireless Communications: Single Satellite and a Constellation of Satellites Read chapter Read first chapter

Laser Communication with Constellation Satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons

Fundamentals and Systems Analysis for Global Connectivity

Author: Dr. Arun K. Majumdar

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This book presents posits a solution to the current limitations in global connectivity by introducing a global laser/optical communication system using constellation satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons. The author outlines how this will help to satisfy the tremendous increasing demand for data exchange and information between end-users worldwide including in remote locations. The book provides both fundamentals and the advanced technology development in establishing worldwide communication and global connectivity using, (I) All-Optical technology, and (ii) Laser/Optical Communication Constellation Satellites (of different types, sizes and at different orbits), UAVs, HAPs (High Altitude Platforms) and Balloons. The book discusses step-by-step methods to develop a satellite backbone in order to interconnect a number of ground nodes clustered within a few SD-WAN (software-defined networking) in a wide area network (WAN) around the world in order to provide a fully-meshed communication network. This book pertains to anyone in optical communications, telecommunications, and system engineers, as well as technical managers in the aerospace industry and the graduate students, and researchers in academia and research laboratory.Proposed a solution to the limitations in global connectivity through a global laser/optical communication system using constellation satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons;Provides both fundamentals and the advanced technology development in establishing global communication connectivity using optical technology and communication constellation satellites;Includes in-depth coverage of the basics of laser/optical communication constellation satellites.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Basics of Satellite Wireless Communications: Single Satellite and a Constellation of Satellites
Abstract
Satellite wireless communications is an essential link for a connected world. Fundamental concepts of satellite communications with emphasis on basic metrics for satellite communications, and link performance for communications between a satellite and a ground station as well as for inter-satellite links (ISL), are explained. Lead-ahead angles for establishing a link between a ground station and a satellite, between two low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites and between two geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, are presented. Doppler shifts for satellite communication systems and potential compensation techniques relevant to GEO, LEO, and lower orbit satellites are addressed, which are essential in designing and developing satellite communication systems. Various satellite orbits and different types of satellites at different orbits are compared. Single-satellite all-optical concept technology for providing global broadband connectivity is introduced. Finally, a communication architecture (three-layer networks) to integrate satellite communications into terrestrial and other satellite networks using laser/optical (FSO) links is discussed, and the concept of satellite constellation networks is introduced.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 2. Free-Space Optical Propagation Relevant to Integrated Space/Aerial, Terrestrial, and Underwater Links
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamental physics of space optical propagation applicable to integrated space/aerial, terrestrial, and underwater communication links. Slant-path free-space optical (FSO) communication links between an optical ground station (OGS) and the satellite at various orbits and altitudes include GEO, LEO, HAP, and small or even microsatellites, which are analyzed with appropriate accepted optical channel models and atmospheric propagation parameters. Various FSO transmitting beam shapes to optimize long-distance data transmission are discussed. FSO communication technologies for 5G networks and future 6G evolution are explained. Underwater free-space optical (uFSO) communications for POTENTIAL Global connectivity at Gbit/s data rate is presented.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 3. Laser Satellite Communications: Fundamentals, Systems, Technologies, and Applications
Abstract
Some of the fundamentals of laser satellite communications such as systems and technologies necessary to design laser satellite communication systems are presented in this chapter. Various types of GEO and LEO orbits for various optical links are explained necessary to establish all-optical global communications and connectivity. Essential results of optical propagation theory relevant to laser satellite communication are analyzed with emphasis on uplink and downlink wave models. A new technology concept for remote sensing of scintillation index is described. Laser communication technologies and link design fundamentals are discussed. The relation between average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and average bit error rate (BER) necessary for establishing laser satellite links is explained with an example of high-altitude platform (HAP) to HAP optical link. This chapter provides a background and a solid foundation to move on to the understanding of laser satellite constellation in the next few chapters.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 4. Optical Laser Links in Space-Based Systems for Global Communications Network Architecture: Space/Aerial, Terrestrial, and Underwater Platforms
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of high-speed (10s of Gbit/s or more) optical networks by integrating space (conventional satellite, small and microsatellites, high-altitude platforms (HAPs), UAVs, balloons, airborne), terrestrial, and underwater platforms. The global communication connectivity and Internet access will thus be possible if the airborne satellites and the fixed terrestrial terminals can all be integrated with appropriate optical devices and laser/optical transceivers. Critical issues and challenges of integrating space, terrestrial, and underwater communication links for designing FSO communication system are addressed. Some of the issues discussed are atmospheric turbulence effects on FSO communication system performance, underwater optical communications (uFSO) system performance, and an example of laser communication from a satellite to submarine using blue-green laser wavelength.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 5. Technology Developments, Research Challenges, and Advances for FSO Communication for Space/Aerial/Terrestrial/Underwater (SATU) Links
Abstract
This chapter discusses current advanced research relevant to “all-optical” communications and connectivity and future directions to make the concept of laser satellite constellation for achieving very-high-data-rate, high-communication-capacity communication systems successful. This chapter presents various technology developments, research challenges, and advances in FSO communication system as well as discusses research challenges to be addressed and solved to overcome the limitations of existing systems and emerging new technologies. The recent applications related to FSO wireless communication systems also include space (aerial)-based and underwater platforms, 5G/6G networks, smart cars, robots, optical links for aiding health-related services, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based machine-to-machine (M2M) devices for adaptive optics (AO).
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 6. Constellation of Satellites: Integrated Space/Aerial/Terrestrial/Underwater (SATU) All-Optical Networks for Global Internet Connectivity
Abstract
Design concept technology leading to high-bandwidth, high-data-rate global Internet connectivity and seamless communications using all-optical technology based on integrating laser/optical communication constellation satellites, UAVs, balloons, and air terminals is presented. The analysis is discussed to determine the optimum number of satellites in a given orbit for best communication performance and different communication links for the constellation satellites. Various types of satellites involved in communication constellation are discussed: conventional communication satellites, small satellites, microsatellites, CubeSats, and picosatellites: specific orbits: optimum number of satellites for given orbital heights, data rates, and minimizing of latency in the network. Applications of free-space optical (FSO) communications to design basic architecture of space optical communication networks are also described. Constellation of satellites for laser space communication network using GEO, MEO, and LEO satellites are addressed for both inter-satellite links (ISLs) on the same orbit and also interorbital links emphasizing relay satellite communication network using constellation. Finally, constellation designs for LEO mega-constellations for integrated satellite and terrestrial networks to establish global communications and connectivity are also presented.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 7. Laser-Based Satellite and Inter-satellite Communication Systems: Advanced Technologies and Performance Analysis
Abstract
This chapter introduces the developments of concept technologies needed for establishing global broadband communication and connectivity using satellite constellations at different orbits. Each satellite belonging to a constellation will be equipped with laser/optical transceivers for transferring data communication information between them as well as from/to the constellation of optical ground stations (OGSs). This chapter discusses the most recent free-space optical (FSO) communication technology advances to achieve all-optical high-capacity communication systems for seamless global communication system performance. This chapter presents the concepts of optical satellite space networks relevant to constellation design and covers the establishment of satellite-aided Internet. Some of the device technologies include laser beam steering technology with no moving parts and the MEMS-based fast steering mirror specifically useful for CubeSat constellations. Inter-satellite communication system is also addressed for future development of constellation of satellites. Finally, satellite-based global quantum communications and integrated space networks are also discussed. Challenges and progresses for implementing quantum key distribution (QKD) over long distances across free-space channels are also specifically addressed in this chapter. Recent developments of implementing QKD for LEO-to-ground link as well as for inter-satellite links (ISLs) in the presence of atmospheric turbulence are discussed and explained.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 8. Recent Demonstrations of Laser Satellite Communications: Path Forward for Constellation of Laser Satellite Technology for Global Communication
Abstract
This chapter discusses the important features of developing high-data-rate space communication networks using a constellation of laser satellites, high-altitude platforms (HAPs), UAVs, and aerial, terrestrial, and underwater terminals connected with FSO laser/optical links. The chapter also introduces relaying techniques as an effective method to extend coverage, which is essential in developing and designing reliable and cost-effective satellite constellation. All-optical amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying schemes relevant to FSO laser links between ground and GEO/LEO satellites, between satellites in a constellation, or between HAP/UAV-to-LEO scenarios are explained. Recent demonstrations and technology developments for FSO laser satellite communications relevant to both single and constellation of laser satellites are also discussed. Some of the current projects and future missions of establishing laser communications in LEO and CubeSats are also mentioned.
Arun K. Majumdar
Chapter 9. Summary, Conclusions, and Future Directions
Abstract
This chapter provides and discusses the essential conclusions from all the chapters described in the book in order to develop all-optical concept technologies as future potential solution to establish high-data-rate global connectivity and communication. The summary, brief conclusions, and future directions are highlighted in this chapter. The needs for space optical networks in the book include LEO and GEO satellites, aerial high-altitude platforms (HAPs), UAVs, CubeSats, and terrestrial and underwater optical terminals. The book’s major contributions are summarized as well as the impact and issues of existing and planned large satellite constellation for communications are pointed out. Future directions and challenges of developing integrated space/terrestrial/underwater network and the limitations are also mentioned in this chapter.
Arun K. Majumdar
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Laser Communication with Constellation Satellites, UAVs, HAPs and Balloons
Author
Dr. Arun K. Majumdar
Copyright Year
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-03972-0
Print ISBN
978-3-031-03971-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03972-0