Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Brackish water as an environment Read chapter Read first chapter

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. Life associated with Baltic Sea ice

Authors : David N. Thomas, Hermanni Kaartokallio, Letizia Tedesco, Markus Majaneva, Jonna Piiparinen, Eeva Eronen-Rasimus, Janne-Markus Rintala, Harri Kuosa, Jaanika Blomster, Jouni Vainio, Mats A. Granskog

Published in: Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

1.
The formation of sea ice impacts directly on the physical dynamics of water masses (e.g. wind stress at the sea surface) and air-sea exchange processes (e.g. vertical heat fluxes).
 
2.
The annual cycle of formation, consolidation and melting of sea ice has a major influence on the ecology of both the benthic and pelagic components of the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
 
3.
There is considerable inter-annual variation in the extent of sea ice in the Baltic Sea and thus in the size of the habitat for sympagic (ice-associated) microbial and metazoan communities as well as for larger organisms living on the ice, notably the ringed seal.
 
4.
There is a pronounced gradient in ice characteristics, from more saline ice in the south of the Baltic Sea to freshwater ice in the north. The former is more porous and supports more ice-associated biology than the latter.
 
5.
The Baltic sympagic communities consist mainly of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes (bacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, flagellates), ciliates and rotifers. These communities are recruited from the plankton when the ice forms, followed by an ice-adapted successional pattern with an expansion of substrate-bound pennate diatoms, which does not occur in the seawater beneath the ice.
 
6.
The sea-ice food webs inside the ice are truncated compared to the open-water food webs because organisms larger than the upper size limit of the brine channels are lacking in the internal sympagic communities.
 
7.
Global climate change decreases the extension and thickness of the sea ice as well as the length of the ice season, and therefore the seasonal effects that sea ice has on the Baltic Sea winter-spring ecosystem dynamics.
 

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter The pelagic food web
next chapter Deep soft seabeds
Literature
BACC Author Team (2015) Second assessment of climate change for the Baltic Sea basin. Regional climate studies. Springer, Berlin 501 pp
Baker-Austin C, Trinanes JA, Taylor NGH, Hartnell R, Siitonen A, Martinez-Urtaza J (2013) Emerging Vibrio risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming. Nature Climate Change 3:73–77CrossRef
Cohn SA, Witzell RE (1996) Ecological considerations of diatom cell motility. I. Characterization of motility and adhesion in four diatom species. Journal of Phycology 32:928–939CrossRef
Ehn J, Granskog MA, Reinart A, Erm A (2004) Optical properties of melting landfast sea ice and underlying seawater in Santala Bay, Gulf of Finland. Journal of Geophysical Research 109(C09003):1–12
Eronen-Rasimus E, Lyra C, Rintala JM, Jürgens K, Ikonen V, Kaartokallio H (2015) Ice formation and growth shape bacterial community structure in Baltic Sea drift ice. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 91:13. doi: 10.​1093/​femsec/​fiu022
Friedrich C, De Smet WH (2000) The rotifer fauna of Arctic sea ice from the Barents Sea, Laptev Sea and Greenland Sea. Hydrobiologia 432:73–89CrossRef
Golden KM (2009) Climate change and the mathematics of transport in sea ice. Notices of the American Mathematical Society 56:562–584
Gradinger R, Spindler M, Weissenberger J (1992) On the structure and development of Arctic pack ice communities in Fram Strait: a multivariate approach. Polar Biology 12:727–733CrossRef
Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H (2004) An estimation of the potential fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus, cadmium and lead from sea ice and snow in the northern Baltic Sea. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 154:331–347CrossRef
Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H (2010) Sea ice in non-polar regions. In: Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 531–577
Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H, Thomas DN, Vainio J (2006) Sea ice in the Baltic Sea: a review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 70:145–160CrossRef
Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Shirasawa K (2003a) Nutrient status of Baltic Sea ice: evidence for control by snow-ice formation, ice permeability and ice algae. Journal of Geophysical Research 108:3253–3256CrossRef
Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Thomas DN, Kuosa H (2005) The influence of freshwater inflow on the inorganic nutrient and dissolved organic matter within coastal sea ice and underlying waters in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65:109–122CrossRef
Granskog MA, Martma TA, Vaikmäe RA (2003b) Development, structure and composition of landfast sea ice in the northern Baltic Sea. Journal of Glaciology 49:139–148CrossRef
Haecky P, Andersson A (1999) Primary and bacterial production in sea ice in the northern Baltic Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 20:107–118CrossRef
Haecky P, Jonsson S, Andersson A (1998) Influence of sea ice on the composition of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northern Baltic Sea. Polar Biology 20:1–8CrossRef
Hällfors G, Niemi Å (1974) A Chrysochromulina (Haptophyceae) bloom under the ice in the Tvärminne archipelago, southern coast of Finland. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 50:89–104
Haapala JJ, Ronkaonen L, Schmelzer N, Sztobryn M (2015) Recent change—sea ice. BACC Author Team. Second assessment of climate change for the Baltic Sea basin. Regional Climate Studies, Springer, Berlin, pp 145–153
Huttunen M, Niemi Å (1986) Sea-ice algae in the northern Baltic Sea. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 62:58–62
Ikävalko J (1998) Further observations on flagellates within sea ice in northern Bothnian Bay, the Baltic Sea. Polar Biology 19:323–329CrossRef
Ikävalko J, Thomsen HA (1997) The Baltic Sea ice biota (March 1994): a study of the protistan community. European Journal of Protistology 33:229–243CrossRef
Kaartokallio H (2001) Evidence for active microbial nitrogen transformations in sea ice (Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea) in midwinter. Polar Biology 24:21–28CrossRef
Kaartokallio H (2004) Food-web components, and physical and chemical properties of Baltic Sea ice. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273:49–63CrossRef
Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H, Thomas DN, Granskog MA, Kivi K (2007) Changes in biomass, composition and activity of organism assemblages along a salinity gradient in sea ice subjected to river discharge. Polar Biology 30:186–197
Kaartokallio H, Tuomainen J, Kuosa H, Kuparinen J, Martikainen P, Servomaa K (2008) Succession of sea-ice bacterial communities in the Baltic Sea fast ice. Polar Biology 31:783–793CrossRef
Kankaanpää P (1997) Distribution, morphology and structure of sea ice pressure ridges in the Baltic Sea. Fennia 175:139–240
Kawamura T, Shirasawa K, Ishikawa N, Lindfors A, Rasmus K et al (2001) Time-series observations of the structure and properties of brackish ice in the Gulf of Finland. Annals of Glaciology 33:1–4CrossRef
Krembs C, Eicken H, Deming JW (2011) Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability, biogeochemistry and persistence in a warming climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108:3653–3658CrossRef
Kuosa H, Kaartokallio H (2006) Experimental evidence on substrate and nutrient limitation of Baltic Sea sea-ice algae and bacteria. Hydrobiologia 554:1–10CrossRef
Kuparinen J, Autio R, Kaartokallio H (2011) Sea ice bacteria have high growth rate, growth efficiency and preference for inorganic nitrogen sources in the Baltic Sea. Polar Biology 34:1361–1373CrossRef
Kuparinen J, Kuosa H, Andersson A, Autio R, Granskog MA et al (2007) Role of sea-ice biota in nutrient and organic material cycles in the northern Baltic Sea. AMBIO 36:149–154CrossRef
Larsen J, Kuosa H, Ikävalko J, Kivi K, Hällfors S (1995) A redescription of Scrippsiella hangoei (Schiller) comb. nov.—a “red tide” dinoflagellate from the northern Baltic. Phycologia 34:135–144CrossRef
Leppäranta M, Manninen T (1988) The brine and gas content of sea ice with attention to low salinities and high temperatures. Finnish Institute for Marine Research, Helsinki, Report 2:1–14
Leppäranta M, Myrberg K (2009) Physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer, Berlin 378 ppCrossRef
Löptien U, Mårtensson S, Meier HEM, Höglund A (2013) Long-term characteristics of simulated ice deformation in the Baltic Sea (1962-2007). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118:801–815
Luhtanen AM, Eronen-Rasimus E, Kaartokallio H, Rintala JM, Autio R, Roine E (2014) Isolation and characterization of phage-host systems from the Baltic Sea ice. Extremophiles 18:121–130CrossRef
Majaneva M, Rintala JM, Piisilä M, Fewer DP, Blomster J (2012) Comparison of wintertime protists and fungi from sea ice and open water in the Baltic Sea. Polar Biology 35:875–889CrossRef
Meese DA (1989) The chemical and structural properties of sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Monograph 1989 25:1–144
Meier HEM, Döscher R, Halkka A (2004) Simulated distributions of Baltic Sea ice in warming climate and consequences for the winter habitat of the Baltic ringed seal. AMBIO 33:249–256CrossRef
Meiners K, Fehling J, Granskog MA, Spindler M (2002) Abundance, biomass and composition of biota in Baltic Sea ice and underlying water (March 2000). Polar Biology 25:761–770
Moore SE, Huntington HP (2008) Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications 18:157–165CrossRef
Norrman B, Andersson A (1994) Development of ice biota in a temperate sea area (Gulf of Bothnia). Polar Biology 14:531–537CrossRef
Omstedt A, Hansson D (2006) The Baltic Sea ocean climate system memory and response to changes in the water and heat balance components. Continental Shelf Research 26:236–251CrossRef
Piiparinen J, Enberg S, Rintala JM, Sommaruga R, Majaneva M et al (2015) The contribution of mycosporine-like amino acids, chromophoric dissolved organic matter and particles to the UV protection of sea-ice organisms in the Baltic Sea. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 14:1025–1038CrossRef
Piiparinen J, Kuosa H (2011) Impact of UVA radiation on algae and bacteria in Baltic Sea ice. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 63:75–87CrossRef
Piiparinen J, Kuosa H, Rintala JM (2010) Winter-time ecology in Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea: nutrients and algae in fast-ice. Polar Biology 33:1445–1461CrossRef
Poulin M, Daugbjerg N, Gradinger R, Ilyash L, Ratkova T, von Quillfeldt C (2011) The Pan-Arctic biodiversity of marine pelagic and sea-ice unicellular eukaryotes: a first-attempt assessment. Marine Biodiversity 41:13–28CrossRef
Rasmus K, Ehn J, Granskog MA, Kärkäs E, Leppäranta M et al (2002) Optical measurements of sea ice in the Gulf of Finland. Nordic Hydrology 33:207–226
Rintala (2009) A systematic-ecological approach to Baltic Sea ice studies of algae and protists. University of Helsinki, Walter and Andrée de Nottbeck Foundation Scientific Reports 34:1–48 [PhD Thesis]
Rintala JM, Hällfors H, Hällfors S, Hällfors G, Majanerva M, Blomster J (2010a) Heterocapsa arctica subsp. frigida subsp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae)—description of a new dinoflagellate and its occurrence in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Phycology 46:751–762CrossRef
Rintala JM, Piiparinen J, Ehn J, Autio R, Kuosa H (2006) Changes in phytoplankton biomass and nutrient quantities in sea ice as responses to light/dark manipulations during different phases of the Baltic winter 2003. Hydrobiologia 554:11–24CrossRef
Rintala JM, Spilling K, Blomster J (2007) Temporary cyst enables long term dark survival of Scrippsiella hangoei (Dinophyceae). Marine Biology 152:57–62
Rintala JM, Piiparinen J, Uusikivi J (2010b) Drift-ice and under-ice water communities in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea). Polar Biology 33:179–191CrossRef
Rintala JM, Piiparinen J, Blomster J, Majaneva M, Müller et al (2014) Fast direct melting of brackish sea-ice samples results in biologically more accurate results than slow buffered melting. Polar Biology 37:1811–1822CrossRef
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen J, Delille B, Dieckmann GS, Glud RN et al (2011) Sea ice contribution to the air-sea CO2 exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Tellus B 63:823–830CrossRef
Spilling K (2007) Dense sub-ice bloom of dinoflagellates in the Baltic Sea, potentially limited by high pH. Journal of Plankton Research 29:895–901CrossRef
Stedmon CA, Thomas DN, Granskog M, Kaartokallio H, Papadimitriou S, Kuosa H (2007) The characteristics of dissolved organic matter in Baltic coastal sea ice: allochthonous or autochthonous origins? Environmental Science and Technology 41:7273–7279CrossRef
Steffens M, Granskog MA, Kaartokallio H, Kuosa H, Luodekari K et al (2006) Spatial variation of biogeochemical properties of landfast sea ice in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea). Annals of Glaciology 44:80–87CrossRef
Stirling I, Richardson E, Thiemann GW, Derocher AE (2008) Unusual predation attempts of polar bears on ringed seals in the southern Beaufort Sea: possible significance of changing spring ice conditions. Arctic 61:14–22CrossRef
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK et al (eds) (2013) The physical science basis—contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1535 pp
Tedesco L, Vichi M (2014) Sea ice biogeochemistry: a guide for modellers. PLoS ONE 9(2):e89217CrossRef
Tedesco L, Vichi M, Haapala J, Stipa T (2009) An enhanced sea ice thermodynamic model applied to the Baltic Sea. Boreal Environment Research 14:68–80
Tedesco L, Vichi M, Haapala J, Stipa T (2010) A dynamic biologically-active layer for numerical studies of the sea ice ecosystem. Ocean Modelling 35:89–104CrossRef
Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (2002) Antarctic sea ice—a habitat for extremophiles. Science 295:641–644CrossRef
Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) (2010) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 621 pp
Underwood GJC, Salam SN, Michel C, Niemi A, Norman L et al (2013) Broad-scale predictability of carbohydrates and exopolymers in Antarctic and Arctic sea ice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110:15734–15739CrossRef
Uusikivi J (2013) On optical and physical properties of sea ice in the Baltic Sea. Report Series in Geophysics 73:1–49
Uusikivi J, Ehn J, Granskog MA (2006) Direct measurements of turbulent momentum, heat and salt fluxes under landfast ice in the Baltic Sea. Annals of Glaciology 44:42–46CrossRef
Uusikivi J, Vähätalo AV, Granskog MA, Sommaruga R (2010) Contribution of mycosporine-like amino acids and colored dissolved and particulate matter to sea ice optical properties and ultraviolet attenuation. Limnology and Oceanography 55:703–713CrossRef
Vihma T, Haapala J (2009) Geophysics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea: a review. Progress in Oceanography 80:129–148CrossRef
Weeks WF (1998) Growth conditions and the structure and properties of sea ice. In: Leppäranta M (ed) Physics of ice-covered seas. Department of Geophysics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, pp 25–104
Weissenberger J, Dieckmann GS, Gradinger R, Spindler M (1992) Sea ice: a cast technique to examine and analyse brine pockets and channel structure. Limnology and Oceanography 37:179–183CrossRef
Werner I, Auel H (2004) Environmental conditions and overwintering strategies of planktonic metazoans in and below coastal fast ice in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). Sarsia 89:102–116CrossRef
Zhou J, Delille B, Kaartokallio H, Kattner G, Kuosa H et al (2014) Physical and bacterial controls on inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon during a sea ice growth and decay experiment. Marine Chemistry 166:59–69CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Life associated with Baltic Sea ice
Authors
David N. Thomas
Hermanni Kaartokallio
Letizia Tedesco
Markus Majaneva
Jonna Piiparinen
Eeva Eronen-Rasimus
Janne-Markus Rintala
Harri Kuosa
Jaanika Blomster
Jouni Vainio
Mats A. Granskog
Copyright Year
2017
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Book
Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea

Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0667-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-007-0668-2

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2_9