Big Data applications require extensive resources and environments to store, process and analyze this colossal collection of data in a distributed manner. Containerization with cloud computing provides a pertinent remedy to accommodate big data requirements, however requires a precise and appropriate load-balancing mechanism. The load on servers increases exponentially with increased resource usage thus making load balancing an essential requirement. Moreover, the adjustment of containers accurately and rapidly according to load as per services is one of the crucial aspects in big data applications. This study provides a review relating to containerized environments like Docker for big data applications with load balancing. A novel scheduling mechanism of containers for big data applications established on Docker Swarm and Microservice architecture is proposed. The concept of Docker Swarm is utilized to effectively handle big data applications' workload and service discovery. Results shows that increasing workloads with respect to big data applications can be effectively managed by utilizing microservices in containerized environments and load balancing is efficiently achieved using Docker Swarm. The implementation is done using a case study deployed on a single server and then scaled to four instances. Applications developed using containerized microservices reduces average deployment time and continuous integration.
Notes
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Introduction
The Big Data era led to the advent of tools, technologies and architectures with improved efficiency, elasticity and resiliency. Big data applications need sophisticated architectures with inherent capabilities to scale and optimize. To enhance the scalability and elasticity of big data application deployment, implemented environments need to be continuously improved and updated. Organizations are using cloud based services to enhance the performance and to lessen overall cost. Containerization, a cloud based technology, is attaining popularity since it is lightweight in nature. Docker is one of the predominant, extensively used container based virtualizations, and since it is an open source project, it can be used to develop, run and deploy an application efficiently.
Big data applications require extensive resources and environments to store, process and analyze this colossal collection of data in a distributed manner. Containerization with cloud computing provides a pertinent remedy to accommodate big data requirements, however requires a precise and appropriate load-balancing mechanism. The load on servers increases exponentially with increased resource usage, thus making load balancing an essential requirement. Moreover, the adjustment of containers accurately and rapidly according to load as per services is one of the crucial aspects in big data applications. This study provides a review relating to containerized environments like Docker for big data applications with load balancing. In this study, a scheduling mechanism of containers for big data applications established on Docker Swarm and Microservice architecture is proposed. In this paper, we utilize the concept of Docker Swarm to effectively handle big data applications workload and service discovery.
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Improving the performance of an application is an ongoing struggle with increased demands and usage. Technical innovations are always aiming towards achieving higher degree of efficiency and performance. Employing an environment that gives performance, reliability and fault tolerance is required by all organizations. Cloud Computing has created a niche for itself when performance, resiliency, availability, and a cost effective solution is required. Modern technologies are employing Cloud Computing to gain benefits as the Cloud enables the ubiquitous availability of resources in a cost effective yet competent manner [1‐6]. The Cloud has made resources like infrastructure, platform, and software available to the end user without any management efforts. The Cloud offers everything as a service including emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) or Big Data [3]. Various organizations are offering cloud based solutions for handling Big Data as is shown in [7]. Elasticity in a cloud environment having multi-tier structure is achieved by scaling the quantity of physical resources [8, 9]. Resources can be scaled in two ways, either by horizontal scaling i.e. by adding more (VMs) virtual machines [10], or through vertical scaling by adding more resources to the deployed VMs [11]. Both of the methods require additional time, suffer from latency issues, and may incur additional cost. To expedite the processes and optimizing the cost of application development, different paradigms and architectures have been studied and evaluated.
Containerization is one of the cloud based techniques which is gaining popularity because of features like being lightweight, scalability, and availability when compared to virtual machines. Containers are best suited for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) workflows. Docker [12], an open source project, is a widely used container-based virtualization tool assisting in the development, execution, and deployment of applications in containerized environments. Docker can manage workloads dynamically in real time due to portability and its lightweight nature. Applications executed in a Docker container remain isolated from the underlying host environment.
Docker can prove beneficial to deploy big data applications. Applications can be deployed in containers to serve massive workloads. It is a challenging task to manage numerous containers for a single application. Docker thankfully comes with a cluster management tool called Docker Swarm to handle multiple clusters. Docker Swarm provides clustering and an orchestration mechanism and thus can deploy several containers across different host machines. Docker Swarm also provides a fault tolerance mechanism not only by detecting failed containers on a host machine, but also redeploying the same container on another host machine [13]. Big data applications suffer from some of the major issues like conventional data analysis methods not adjusting to input data i.e. on-the-fly or real time streaming data. Methods used may also pose computational and speed-up overhead. Moreover, there is no theoretical derivation of parallelization speed-up factors. Machine Learning (ML) programs may exhibit skewed distribution if the load on each machine is not balanced, as they still lack methods to synchronize during waiting times for the exchange of parameter updates. As such, synchronization is another open challenge to handle big data using ML algorithms. Singh et al. [14] proposed a container based microservice architecture to handle monolithic design challenges like scalability, integration, and throughput. However, the focus was not on handling big data based applications which requires massive effort and deployment issues. Another issue which needs to be addressed is how to assign containers in real time accurately to manage service loads. In [15], a container scheduling approach employing ML is proposed by the authors by analyzing data sets using Random Forest (RF).
Most of the current research fails to contribute the cause and effect of decrease in service execution performance due to an increase in load on the nodes. Another area of concern is how to assign service load dynamically at run time in terms of big data applications.
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This research aims to distribute big data applications implemented as a microservice inside the Docker Swarm according to resource utilization for respective host machines and service discovery, both of which are important for microservice architectures. The main focus of this research is on memory utilization according to given memory limits. In this paper, we propose a Docker Swarm based mechanism to observe consumption of memory by each host machine and then look to assign the load to a given host machine based on memory usage using microservices for big data applications. Performance of the work is evaluated based on the load assignment according to memory utilization. Contributions of the work focuses on improving performance during higher workloads that may occur due to big data processing and scaling the services to improve the efficiency.
Big data applications require extensive set of resources like storage, processing power, and communication channels due to their inherent characteristics. To handle this gigantic pile of data, it is common that techniques, frameworks, environments, and methodologies are continuously reviewed, analyzed and developed. This section explores the work done for big data analytics using Cloud computing and the use of Docker as well as Docker Swarm for the purpose of managing and orchestrating clusters for load balancing.
A Microservice based architecture for big data knowledge discovery which aims to acknowledge scalability and efficiency issues in processing is proposed by Singh et al. [16]. Naik et al. [17], have demonstrated the in workings of a model based on big data processing centered on Docker containers in multiple clouds by automatic assignment of big data clusters using Hadoop and Pachyderm. In the development phase, the environment used ensures the accurate working of code but it may fail during the testing or production phase due to environmental changes and/or differences. Containerization comes into play to handle this issue. Hardikar et al. [18] explored several facets of Containerization like automation, deployment, scaling, and load balancing with a focus on Docker as the runtime environment and Kubernetes is deployed for orchestration. The focus is mainly on containerization, but handling the big data microservice is not focused on directly in the study. In microservices, based on neighbourhood divison, a container scheduling approach called CSBND was proposed in [19] to optimize the system performance using response time and load balancing. The research did not handle big data and microservice based applications to be deployed on containers.
Big data analytics
Big Data Analytics deals with discovering knowledge from large datasets popularly known as big data for strategic planning, decision making, and prediction purposes [20]. To analyze these colossal datasets, dynamic environments are required which need to be scalable enough to manage varying workloads as conventional methods often fail to process these large sizes of data. Big Data Analytics is an assortment of tools, technologies, methodologies combined in a system/platform or framework to perform knowledge discovery through processes like data gathering, cleaning, modelling, and visualization [21]. Techniques like machine learning and deep neural networks are utilized to perform the analysis process.
The authors in [20, 22] provide an insight into various machine learning and deep learning algorithms which prove to be beneficial in Big Data Analytics. These processes require sophisticated architecture for storage, processing, and visualization. Cloud computing is considered to be an effective solution for it. The authors illustrated the affinity of Big Data with cloud with respect to its characteristics [23]. A web server load balancing mechanism focused on memory exploitation using Docker Swarm was proposed by Bella et al. [24]. This work focused on web server load balancing, however the service discovery part is not considered in the paper. Big data applications requires extensive use of resources and resource utilization for big data is also not discussed.
Containerization using Docker
To increase the efficiency of methods and optimize development as well as the deployment cost of applications over the cloud, there have been numerous architectures, frameworks, environments, and paradigms examined in the literature extensively. Docker, which is an open source containerization tool, is fast emerging as an alternative for application deployment over any cloud based architecture. Container centric virtualization is a substitute for virtualization done using hypervisor where containers share all resources like hardware, operating system and supporting libraries while maintaining abstraction and isolation [25]. Docker is a well-known lightweight tool providing prompt development and relocation with improved efficiency and flexibility in resource provision [26].
A distinct host can be used to create numerous containers in multiple user spaces, which is unlike VMs [27]. Container-based applications fabricated using Microservice architecture require traffic management and load balancing at high workloads. This issue is handled through container load balancing. A load balancer for a container results in higher availability and scalability of applications for client requests. This ensures seamless performance of Microservice applications running in containers. Tools like Docker Swarm as well as Kuberbnetes provide support to manage and deploy containers. Figure 1 gives an illustration of a distributing application client load to containerized microservices using a load balancer.
Fig. 1
Container load balancing
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Docker Swarm
Management of containers is an important and crucial aspect of containerization. Load Balancing is required to handle requests dynamically. To manage Docker clusters, Docker Swarm, a cluster administration and orchestration tool is used that links and controls all Docker nodes [28]. Docker Swarm offers features like reliability, security, availability, scalability, and maintainability. It helps in the balanced distribution of any load and checks host machines for failed containers. If any failed containers are found, Docker Swarm redeploys it [23]. It is an enhancement of Docker.
Docker Swarm is made up of two types of nodes, manager and worker nodes. All membership and allocation processes are handled by the manager node while worker nodes execute swarm based services in Docker Swarm. The Manager node uses its own IP address and port to expose swarm services to all clients. Requests from clients are channelled to a chosen worker node by the swarm manager's internal load balancing mechanism so that requests are evenly distributed [29]. Although the Docker Swarm load balancing process distributes the load, the ability to monitor resource utilization according to available limits is not provided. This can lead to uneven load distribution making any Big Data Microservice prone to collapse. In this study, we will distribute Microservice based loads in Docker Swarm by checking resource consumption of host machines creating an even load distribution mandated by available limits.
Microservice architecture
Monolithic architectures are the most common conventional architectures used to deploy applications. These architectures work on more or less three basic layers i.e. presentation, business, and data logic in order to handle simple to complex tasks. The architecture is simple and easy to use since everything is under one autonomous deployment unit. However, the architecture may limit the application to scale and make updates a difficult task when a complex task needs to be managed. Microservice architectures aim to minimize the issues that exist in monolithic architectures by dividing the entire application into lightweight and loosely coupled components [30, 31]. Every component has its individual code repository and can be updated independently, making any complex application far more scalable, resilient and efficient. Service Discovery and Load Balancing are two critical as well as fundamental aspects of Microservices. Service Discovery can be defined as a registry of running instances for one or many services. It is required by Microservices to collaborate. Systems’ scalability, throughput, execution time, response time, and performance is largely influenced by load balancing [32].
Container-based virtualization and Microservices make a perfect association as containers provide a decentralized environment and are lightweight in nature. Today, Docker is used to build modules called Microservices [33], to decentralize packages and distribute jobs into distinct, stand alone applications that collaborate with each other. Microservices can be considered as small applications that must be deployed in their individual VM instances to have discrete environments. But to dedicate an entire VM [34] instance to just a part of an application is not an efficient approach. Docker containers require less computing resources when compared to virtual machines, therefore deploying hundreds and thousands of Microservices on Docker containers will reduce performance overhead and will increase the overall efficiency of the applications [35]. In this study, we will distribute the load of Big Data applications inside a Docker Swarm by utilizing resources of host machines. The main objective is to balance the load by checking memory consumption of all host machines based on known memory limits. This research aims at service discovery and server-side load balancing for Big Data applications based on Microservices using Docker Swarm.
Architectural design of Docker based load balancing and service discovery scheme for microservice based big data application
A fault tolerant and decentralized architecture is provided by Docker Swarm. A set of Docker hosts can be combined into a swarm using swarm mode. Services can be created and scaled with health checks along with built in load balancing and service discovery features. Big Data Applications require an extensive set of resources which are required to be properly load balanced. A Docker based Load Balancing and Service Discovery system is used for Big Data applications. Figure 2 provides a look at the Microservices stack in use for a big data application.
Fig. 2
Microservices stack of a big data application
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We containerize our application using Docker as Microservices. We used Docker Swarm for orchestration, service discovery, and load balancing.
The Big Data application stack will provide the given functionality in the form of Microservices:
Extraction of links from the input URL using front end PHP application using Apache server.
Interaction of the Web application with API server (Python) to manage link extraction and return JSON response.
An image of Redis cache (used by API server) to check for already scraped pages and evading repeated fetch.
The experimental setup is made up of four Swarm nodes – a master node and three worker nodes as given in Table 1 and Fig. 3, respectively. The master node is implemented using NGINX service where the Swarm commands are run. Swarm itself is responsible for scheduling, Domain Name Service (DNS) service discovery, scaling, and container load balancing on all nodes. This Docker Swarm load balancer will run on every node and will balance load requests as required.
Table 1
Docker Swarm services for big data application
Type
Container
Port
Load Balancer
NGINX
80
Front End PHP service
Apache
8080
API server (Python)
Python
5000
API server (Redis)
Redis
6379
Fig. 3
Service Discovery for the Containers
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Four services are created within the Docker Swarm. A Master Load Balancer service to enable load balancing and the three other services are Microservices for the implemented scenario for a Big Data application. These three worker nodes are namely the PHP front end Microservice, python API Microservice, and Redis cache Microservice, respectively. The port number and respective containers of the services are listed in Table 1. For example, to run the load balancer service, it is required to open port number http://192.168.0.23:80 and to access the web server, http://192.168.0.24:8080 is used to acquire the services of the Apache web server. Docker Swarm is responsible to supervise and distribute the containers running these services routinely.
The proposed algorithm for the entire process is discussed in Algorithm 1. Load balancing methodologies are covered in Algorithm 2.
Step 1: Automate installation of requirements using Docker file and build an isolated image (Container 1).
Step 2: Use Microservice for Big Data Application:
a.
Creating full path URLs of extracted path
b.
Extracting anchor and link texts
c.
Return object, move main logic to function
Step 3:
a.
Run Server
b.
Map host and container ports
c.
Expose link extraction (from step 2) as web service API in second python file (Microservice).
Step 4:
a.
Create independent image of all the code
b.
Create front end using PHP in different folder
c.
Services are integrated using docker-compose.yml
Step 5: Create second container for front end PHP application.
Step 6: Create third container for Redis for caching purpose.
Algorithm 2: load balancing
Step 1: Create NGINX service for load balancing.
Step 2: Run memory monitoring service in each worker node.
Step 3: Check for load and service discovery and redirect load if a worker node fails, to active worker node.
Service discovery is managed by applying Docker Remote API from the services to extract service and instance information. It is a built in service discovery mechanism of the orchestrator. In order to test the load balancing aspect of Docker Swarm, our “linkextractor” Microservice is scaled to run multiple instances using Docker API: docker service scale linkextractor = 4.
This will create 4 replicas of our Microservice and if it is curled a few times, it will get different IP addresses. The calls were done using round-robin over the four instances. This load-balancing mechanism of container orchestrator implemented by Docker Swarm “service” abstraction removes the complexity of client-side based load-balancing. The effect on latency and CPU/memory usage is monitored using Docker API: docker stats, which provides container runtime metrics like CPU usage, Memory usage and limits, and network I/O metrics.
We will consider the following parameters for each scenario (container) implemented:
CPU usage
Memory usage and limits
Network throughput
Result and discussion
Using Remote Docker API, service discovery is first performed as it is one of the crucial elements of any Microservice architecture, so that Microservices can discover and collaborate with each other as shown in Fig. 3. Service discovery helps to allocate and assign nodes with lesser nodes and helps in automatic and continuous integration. Containers are assigned based on workloads once service discovery is performed.
Once all the container images are discovered and loaded, our application is executed to check its working in the containerized environment i.e. to extract links from the given URL. Figure 4 shows the links extracted from a test URL.
Fig. 4
Links extracted from a given URL
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Once our application is tested, it is scaled from one to four instances to check the effect on latencies and CPU/memory usage with respect to memory limits.
Results achieved in Table 2 and Fig. 5, respectively, show that all four container instances are comparatively sharing similar workloads. Therefore, based on these results, it is concluded that containerized microservices for big data applications based on the proposed architecture can be effectively managed on Docker Swarm. More instances can be added to scale up and handle the deployment and continuous integration process in a much better way.
Table 2
Resource utilization by container instances (4)
Container
CPU %
Memory Usage (MB) / Limit (GB)
Net I/O
linkextractor.3.8j1ink3r57nfi1q6a2xf5gkc
10.59%
9.306 / 1.955
1.209 KB/ 578 B
linkextractor.2.ap3adb28c79c8ax3age8ah1qp
11.08%
9.114 / 1.955
1.312 KB/ 630 B
inkextractor.4.2kilgzglenbb0wew9hdme4z7t
11.32%
9.288 / 1.955
1.101 KB/ 528 B
linkextractor.1.y3yojmtxcvva3wa1q9nrh9asb
10.17%
21.26 / 1.955
1.266 KB/ 600 B
Fig. 5
Memory and CPU usage of four containers in Swarm
×
Monolithic applications suffer from scalability and integration issues making it challenging to handle big data applications which can be easily managed by the proposed architecture.
The given case study illustrates the requirement of containerization for applications working on Big Data. The following section illustrates both the merits and demerits of the strategy as proposed:
Merits
Containers are well suited for complex applications deployed as microservices and thus can help the efficient balancing of loads across servers as compared to VMs (Virtual Machines)
According to the requirements of a given application, functionality can be scaled by deploying more containers which can be managed effectively using Docker Swarm. This process is difficult to address using virtualized environments
Containers can be very easily duplicated or deleted according to requirements and the Swarm can handle this aspect in an efficient manner.
Demerits
Containers provide scalability, however portability can be affected by placing dependencies on containers.
Containers are susceptible to attacks as they share the OS kernel. This can affect service discovery and load balancing across servers in case of an attack or any malicious activities.
Though Containers can be duplicated at an amazing speed, they consume a huge amount of resources making them a costlier strategy as compared to other techniques like virtualization.
Conclusion
It is often a difficult and time consuming process to manage Big Data applications because of their predominant characteristics. Microservices are considered to be a better option to provide a scalable and fault tolerant approach to Big Data application management. Service discovery and load balancing are both important aspects of Microservices that need to be addressed in modern systems. In this study, the benefits of containerization on Microservice based Big Data applications was illustrated. The load balancing and service discovery facets of Microservices are properly handled by a Docker container and its attached orchestration tool called Docker Swarm.
This proposed concept shows the usefulness of the Docker tools suite in orchestrating a multi-service stack like is needed for Big Data Applications. This technique can be utilized to avoid a single point of failure in Big Data applications, as such making applications more scalable, resilient, and portable. In the future, the computational complexity and cost efficiency of the proposed work needs to be examined and addressed. The given techniques as presented can also be developed and implemented for Big Data applications in multi-cloud scenarios.
Acknowledgments
Not applicable.
Code availability
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Declarations
Competing interests
Not Applicable.
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