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2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Minority Languages in Education in Europe: A Contrasting Exercise of the Cases of the Catalan in Catalonia in Spain and the Sorbian in Germany

Author : Caroline Westphal

Published in: Cultural Heritage and International Law

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The educational system is fundamental concerning the continuity and the development of languages for future generations. Therefore, the education especially in regional and minority languages is crucial for their survival in the future. Concerning regional and minority languages, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, adopted in 1992, entails obligations under Article 8 for education for Germany and Spain. Both countries have found different solutions of implementation of the Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Whereas in the realm of education the Catalan model is very successful in preserving and maintaining Catalan as a regional and minority language, with Sorbian in Germany this is not the same case. Therefore, I am going to contrast the regulations for these two languages. This article shall examine the challenges that different regional and minority languages face in education, as well as which legal frameworks work well to ensure the future of regional and minority languages.

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Footnotes
1

Langham Brown (1967), p. 37.

 
2

Urrutia Libarona (2005), pp. 29–30.

 
3

Generaltiat de Catalunya (2015), p. 6.

 
4

Langenfeld (2011), p. 186.

 
6

Oeter (2017), p. 551.

 
7

Oeter (2017), pp. 551 et seq.; see also idem, in this volume, Sect. 4.

 
8

Dunbar (2009), pp. 155 et seq.

 
9

Oeter (2011), p. 7.

 
10

Council of Europe (1992), p. 2.

 
11

Langenfeld (2011), p. 186.

 
12

Brězan and Nowak (2016), p. 5.

 
13

Oeter (2001), p. 45.

 
14

Kunze (2008), p. 9.

 
15

Kroll (2014), p. 10.

 
16

Budar (2010), p. 173.

 
17

Budar (2010), pp. 175 et seq.

 
18

Budar (2010), p. 176.

 
19

Anweisung zur Regelung der Schulverhältnisse in den sorbischen Siedlungsgebieten des Freistaates Sachsen und des Landes Brandenburg; Budar (2010), p. 176.

 
20

Toivanen (2001), p. 11.

 
21

Scholze (2002), p. 54.

 
22

Pech (2012), p. 249.

 
23

Budar (2010), p. 178.

 
24

Oeter (2001), pp. 46–47.

 
25

Van Dongera et al. (2017), p. 91.

 
26

Kunze (2008), p. 73.

 
27

Van Dongera et al. (2017), p. 91.

 
28

Brězan and Nowak (2016), pp. 11, 25.

 
29

Expert-interview with Ludmila Budar, President of the Sorbian school association, in Bautzen on 10 April 2017.

 
30

Oeter (2001), pp. 36 et seq.

 
31

Brězan and Nowak (2016), p. 16.

 
32

Brězan and Nowak (2016), p. 25.

 
33

Verordnung über die schulischen Bildungsangelegenheiten der Sorben (Wenden) from the 31st of July 2000.

 
34

Oeter (2001), p. 48.

 
35

Oeter (2001), p. 48.

 
36

Budar (2009), p. 29.

 
37

Kunze (2008), p. 74.

 
38

Oeter (2001), p. 47.

 
39

Brězan and Nowak (2016), p. 27.

 
40

Expert-interview with René Jatzwauk, headmaster of the Sorbian Sixth Form School in Bautzen, on 11 April 2017 in Bautzen.

 
41

Expert-interview with Ludmila Budar, President of the Sorbian school association, in Bautzen on 10 April 2017.

 
42

Budar (2009), p. 41.

 
43

Oeter (2001), p. 47.

 
44

Oeter (2001), pp. 49 et seq.

 
45

Department for Sorbian/Wendish Education Development (Arbeitsstelle für sorbische/wendische Bildungsentwicklung Cottbus): http://​www.​schulaemter.​brandenburg.​de/​sixcms/​detail.​php/​685404 (accessed on 25 April 2017).

 
46

Brězan and Nowak (2016), p. 27.

 
47

Budar (2010), p. 180.

 
48

Budar (2010), p. 180.

 
49

Brězan and Nowak (2016), p. 25.

 
50

Budar (2010), p. 180.

 
51

Budar (2010), p. 180.

 
52

Expert-interview with Dr. Beate Brězan, Director of the WITAJ-Language Center in Bautzen on 13 April 2017.

 
53

Areny et al. (2013), p. 5.

 
54

Fourth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter for Spain, English Version, Strasbourg 2014, MIN-LANG (2014) PR 5, p. 5.

 
55

Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalan, Language of Europe. http://​llengua.​gencat.​cat/​permalink/​91192f76-5385-11e4-8f3f-000c29cdf219 (accessed on 26 April 2017).

 
56

Marì i Mayans (2016), pp. 13, 19.

 
57

Guibernau (2000), pp. 55 et seq.

 
58

Desfor Edles (1999), p. 317.

 
59

Pilar Parea and Mesa (2008), p. 562.

 
60

Pons Parera and Vernet I Llobet (2009), p. 147; Marì i Mayans (2016), p. 113.

 
61

Berschin et al. (2012), p. 45.

 
62

Nogué and Vicente (2004), p. 122.

 
63

Generalitat de Catalunya (2015), p. 21.

 
64

Grau Mateu (2014): The Mancomunitat de Catalunya was the first democratically legitimate government organ and modernized the cultural and pedagogic institutions in Catalonia.

 
65

Arbós i Marín (2008), p. 54; Escribano (2014).

 
66

Guibernau (2000), p. 56.

 
67

Dowling (2013), p. 3.

 
68

Generalitat de Catalunya (2015), pp. 25 et seq, 29 et seq.

 
69

Areny et al. (2013), p. 7.

 
70

Hofmann (1992), pp. 56 et seq.

 
71

Siguan (1988), p. 454.

 
72

Spanish Constitutional Court, judgment of 23 December 1994, STC 1994/337, para. 10, p. 53.

 
73

Arzoz (2012), p. 280.

 
75

Areny et al. (2013), p. 11.

 
76

Pons Parera (2006), p. 306.

 
77

Pons Parera and Vernet I Llobet (2009), p. 165.

 
78

Huguet (2004), pp. 412 et seq; Areny et al. (2013), p. 22.

 
79

Fourth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter for Spain, English Version, Strasbourg 2014, MIN-LANG (2014) PR 5, p. 14.

 
80

Council of Europe (2016), p. 4.

 
81

Areny et al. (2013), pp. 16, 22 et seq.

 
82

Fifth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages for the Federal Republic of Germany, English version, Strasbourg 2013, MIN-LANG (2013) PR 02, p. 36.

 
83

Expert-interview with René Jatzwauk, headmaster of the Sorbian Sixth Form School in Bautzen, on 11 April 2017 in Bautzen.

 
84

Galindo et al. (2007), pp. 118 et seq.

 
85

Expert-interview with Ludmila Budar, president of the Sorbian school association, Bautzen on 10 April 2017.

 
86

Castellà Surribas and Strubell (2008), p. 136.

 
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Metadata
Title
Minority Languages in Education in Europe: A Contrasting Exercise of the Cases of the Catalan in Catalonia in Spain and the Sorbian in Germany
Author
Caroline Westphal
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78789-3_3