Skip to main content
Top

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Mixture Models for the Analysis, Edition, and Synthesis of Continuous Time Series

Author : Sylvain Calinon

Published in: Mixture Models and Applications

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of techniques used for the analysis, edition, and synthesis of continuous time series, with a particular emphasis on motion data. The use of mixture models allows the decomposition of time signals as a superposition of basis functions. It provides a compact representation that aims at keeping the essential characteristics of the signals. Various types of basis functions have been proposed, with developments originating from different fields of research, including computer graphics, human motion science, robotics, control, and neuroscience. Examples of applications with radial, Bernstein, and Fourier basis functions are presented, with associated source codes to get familiar with these techniques.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
We will see later that the rescaled form is required for some techniques, but for locally weighted regression, it can be omitted to enforce the independence of the local function approximators.
 
2
In [21], cosine basis functions are employed but the approach can be extended to other basis functions.
 
3
https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq44_HTML.gif , where \(\boldsymbol {H}_{2^D-D+1:2^D,m}\) is a vector composed of the last D elements in the column m of the Hadamard matrix H of size 2D. Alternatively, https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq46_HTML.gif can be constructed with the array m, with m indexing the first dimension of the array https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq47_HTML.gif with https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq48_HTML.gif . In 2D, we have https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq49_HTML.gif , https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq50_HTML.gif , https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq51_HTML.gif and https://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-23876-6_3/476187_1_En_3_IEq52_HTML.gif , see Fig. 3.5d.
 
Literature
1.
go back to reference Abraham, I., Prabhakar, A., Hartmann, M.J., Murphey, T.D.: Ergodic exploration using binary sensing for nonparametric shape estimation. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 2(2), 827–834 (2017)CrossRef Abraham, I., Prabhakar, A., Hartmann, M.J., Murphey, T.D.: Ergodic exploration using binary sensing for nonparametric shape estimation. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 2(2), 827–834 (2017)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Antonsson, E. K., Mann, R.W.: The frequency content of gait. J. Biomech. 18(1), 39–47 (1985)CrossRef Antonsson, E. K., Mann, R.W.: The frequency content of gait. J. Biomech. 18(1), 39–47 (1985)CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Atkeson, C. G.: Using local models to control movement. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 2, pp 316–323 (1989) Atkeson, C. G.: Using local models to control movement. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 2, pp 316–323 (1989)
4.
go back to reference Atkeson, C.G., Moore, A.W., Schaal, S.: Locally weighted learning for control. Artif. Intell. Rev. 11(1–5), 75–113 (1997)CrossRef Atkeson, C.G., Moore, A.W., Schaal, S.: Locally weighted learning for control. Artif. Intell. Rev. 11(1–5), 75–113 (1997)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Berio, D., Calinon, S., Leymarie, F.F.: Generating calligraphic trajectories with model predictive control. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Conference on Graphics Interface, pp 132–139. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo (2017) Berio, D., Calinon, S., Leymarie, F.F.: Generating calligraphic trajectories with model predictive control. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Conference on Graphics Interface, pp 132–139. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo (2017)
6.
go back to reference Bouveyron, C., Brunet, C.: Model-based clustering of high-dimensional data: A review. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 71, 52–78 (2014)MathSciNetCrossRef Bouveyron, C., Brunet, C.: Model-based clustering of high-dimensional data: A review. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 71, 52–78 (2014)MathSciNetCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Calinon, S., Lee, D.: Learning control. In: Vadakkepat, P., Goswami, A. (eds.) Humanoid Robotics: A Reference, pp. 1261–1312. Springer, Berlin (2019)CrossRef Calinon, S., Lee, D.: Learning control. In: Vadakkepat, P., Goswami, A. (eds.) Humanoid Robotics: A Reference, pp. 1261–1312. Springer, Berlin (2019)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Cleveland, W.S.: Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Am. Stat. Assoc. 74(368), 829–836 (1979)MathSciNetCrossRef Cleveland, W.S.: Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Am. Stat. Assoc. 74(368), 829–836 (1979)MathSciNetCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Egerstedt, M., Martin, C.: Control Theoretic Splines: Optimal Control, Statistics, and Path Planning. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2010)MATH Egerstedt, M., Martin, C.: Control Theoretic Splines: Optimal Control, Statistics, and Path Planning. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2010)MATH
10.
go back to reference Falk, T.H., Shatkay, H., Chan, W.Y.: Breast cancer prognosis via Gaussian mixture regression. In: Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 987–990. IEEE, Piscataway (2006) Falk, T.H., Shatkay, H., Chan, W.Y.: Breast cancer prognosis via Gaussian mixture regression. In: Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 987–990. IEEE, Piscataway (2006)
11.
go back to reference Farouki, R.T.: The Bernstein polynomial basis: A centennial retrospective. Comput. Aided Geom. Des. 29(6), 379–419 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef Farouki, R.T.: The Bernstein polynomial basis: A centennial retrospective. Comput. Aided Geom. Des. 29(6), 379–419 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Ghahramani, Z., Jordan, M.I.: Supervised learning from incomplete data via an EM approach. In: Cowan, J.D., Tesauro, G., Alspector, J. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol 6, pp 120–127. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (1994) Ghahramani, Z., Jordan, M.I.: Supervised learning from incomplete data via an EM approach. In: Cowan, J.D., Tesauro, G., Alspector, J. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol 6, pp 120–127. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (1994)
13.
go back to reference Hersch, M., Guenter, F., Calinon, S., Billard, A.: Dynamical system modulation for robot learning via kinesthetic demonstrations. IEEE Trans. Robot. 24(6), 1463–1467 (2008)CrossRef Hersch, M., Guenter, F., Calinon, S., Billard, A.: Dynamical system modulation for robot learning via kinesthetic demonstrations. IEEE Trans. Robot. 24(6), 1463–1467 (2008)CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Huang, Y., Rozo, L., Silvério, J., Caldwell, D.G.: Kernelized movement primitives. Int. J. Robot. Res. 38(7), 833–852 (2019)CrossRef Huang, Y., Rozo, L., Silvério, J., Caldwell, D.G.: Kernelized movement primitives. Int. J. Robot. Res. 38(7), 833–852 (2019)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Hueber, T., Bailly, G.: Statistical conversion of silent articulation into audible speech using full-covariance HMM. Comput. Speech Lang. 36(C), 274–293 (2016)CrossRef Hueber, T., Bailly, G.: Statistical conversion of silent articulation into audible speech using full-covariance HMM. Comput. Speech Lang. 36(C), 274–293 (2016)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Ivan, V., Zarubin, D., Toussaint, M., Komura, T., Vijayakumar, S.: Topology-based representations for motion planning and generalization in dynamic environments with interactions. Int. J. Robot. Res. 32(9–10), 1151–1163 (2013)CrossRef Ivan, V., Zarubin, D., Toussaint, M., Komura, T., Vijayakumar, S.: Topology-based representations for motion planning and generalization in dynamic environments with interactions. Int. J. Robot. Res. 32(9–10), 1151–1163 (2013)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Jaquier, N., Calinon, S.: Gaussian mixture regression on symmetric positive definite matrices manifolds: Application to wrist motion estimation with sEMG. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp 59–64. IEEE, Piscataway (2017) Jaquier, N., Calinon, S.: Gaussian mixture regression on symmetric positive definite matrices manifolds: Application to wrist motion estimation with sEMG. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp 59–64. IEEE, Piscataway (2017)
18.
go back to reference Jaquier, N., Haschke, R., Calinon, S.: Tensor-variate mixture of experts. arXiv:190211104 pp 1–11 (2019) Jaquier, N., Haschke, R., Calinon, S.: Tensor-variate mixture of experts. arXiv:190211104 pp 1–11 (2019)
20.
go back to reference Maeda, G.J., Neumann, G., Ewerton, M., Lioutikov, R., Kroemer, O., Peters, J.: Probabilistic movement primitives for coordination of multiple human-robot collaborative tasks. Auton. Robot. 41(3), 593–612 (2017)CrossRef Maeda, G.J., Neumann, G., Ewerton, M., Lioutikov, R., Kroemer, O., Peters, J.: Probabilistic movement primitives for coordination of multiple human-robot collaborative tasks. Auton. Robot. 41(3), 593–612 (2017)CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Mathew, G., Mezic, I.: Metrics for ergodicity and design of ergodic dynamics for multi-agent systems. Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom. 240(4), 432–442 (2011)CrossRef Mathew, G., Mezic, I.: Metrics for ergodicity and design of ergodic dynamics for multi-agent systems. Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom. 240(4), 432–442 (2011)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Miller, L.M., Silverman, Y., MacIver, M.A., Murphey, T.D.: Ergodic exploration of distributed information. IEEE Trans. Robot. 32(1), 36–52 (2016)CrossRef Miller, L.M., Silverman, Y., MacIver, M.A., Murphey, T.D.: Ergodic exploration of distributed information. IEEE Trans. Robot. 32(1), 36–52 (2016)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A., Giszter, S.F., Bizzi, E.: Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 7534–7538 (1994)CrossRef Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A., Giszter, S.F., Bizzi, E.: Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 7534–7538 (1994)CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Paraschos, A., Daniel, C., Peters, J.R., Neumann, G.: Probabilistic movement primitives. In: Burges, C.J.C., Bottou, L., Welling, M., Ghahramani, Z., Weinberger, K.Q. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp 2616–2624. Curran Associates, Red Hook (2013) Paraschos, A., Daniel, C., Peters, J.R., Neumann, G.: Probabilistic movement primitives. In: Burges, C.J.C., Bottou, L., Welling, M., Ghahramani, Z., Weinberger, K.Q. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp 2616–2624. Curran Associates, Red Hook (2013)
26.
go back to reference Pignat, E., Calinon, S.: Bayesian Gaussian mixture model for robotic policy imitation. arXiv:190410716, pp. 1–7 (2019) Pignat, E., Calinon, S.: Bayesian Gaussian mixture model for robotic policy imitation. arXiv:190410716, pp. 1–7 (2019)
27.
go back to reference Schaal, S., Atkeson, C.G.: Constructive incremental learning from only local information. Neural Comput. 10(8), 2047–2084 (1998)CrossRef Schaal, S., Atkeson, C.G.: Constructive incremental learning from only local information. Neural Comput. 10(8), 2047–2084 (1998)CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Stulp, F., Sigaud, O.: Many regression algorithms, one unified model—a review. Neural Netw. 69, 60–79 (2015)CrossRef Stulp, F., Sigaud, O.: Many regression algorithms, one unified model—a review. Neural Netw. 69, 60–79 (2015)CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Tanwani, A.K., Calinon, S.: Small variance asymptotics for non-parametric online robot learning. Int. J. Rob. Res. 38(1), 3–22 (2019)CrossRef Tanwani, A.K., Calinon, S.: Small variance asymptotics for non-parametric online robot learning. Int. J. Rob. Res. 38(1), 3–22 (2019)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Tian, Y., Sigal, L., De la Torre, F., Jia, Y.: Canonical locality preserving latent variable model for discriminative pose inference. Image Vis. Comput. 31(3), 223–230 (2013)CrossRef Tian, Y., Sigal, L., De la Torre, F., Jia, Y.: Canonical locality preserving latent variable model for discriminative pose inference. Image Vis. Comput. 31(3), 223–230 (2013)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ting, J.A., Kalakrishnan, M., Vijayakumar, S., Schaal, S.: Bayesian kernel shaping for learning control. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp 1673–1680 (2008) Ting, J.A., Kalakrishnan, M., Vijayakumar, S., Schaal, S.: Bayesian kernel shaping for learning control. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp 1673–1680 (2008)
32.
go back to reference Toda, T., Black, A.W., Tokuda, K.: Voice conversion based on maximum-likelihood estimation of spectral parameter trajectory. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 15(8), 2222–2235 (2007)CrossRef Toda, T., Black, A.W., Tokuda, K.: Voice conversion based on maximum-likelihood estimation of spectral parameter trajectory. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 15(8), 2222–2235 (2007)CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Vijayakumar, S., D’souza, A., Schaal, S.: Incremental online learning in high dimensions. Neural Comput. 17(12), 2602–2634 (2005)MathSciNetCrossRef Vijayakumar, S., D’souza, A., Schaal, S.: Incremental online learning in high dimensions. Neural Comput. 17(12), 2602–2634 (2005)MathSciNetCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Mixture Models for the Analysis, Edition, and Synthesis of Continuous Time Series
Author
Sylvain Calinon
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23876-6_3