Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Acta Mechanica
Published in: Acta Mechanica 9/2021

01-07-2021 | Original Paper

Modeling the temperature, crystallization, and residual stress for selective laser sintering of polymeric powder

Authors: Fei Shen, Wei Zhu, Kun Zhou, Liao-Liang Ke

Published in: Acta Mechanica | Issue 9/2021

Login to get access

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

A thermomechanical model is developed to predict the temperature, degree of crystallization, residual stress, and strain in the selective laser sintering process for polymeric powder. Especially, a transient heat transfer model is used to calculate the temperature evolution. An elastic–viscoplastic model is developed to describe the temperature- and time-dependent stress–strain behavior of polymeric materials with crystallization-induced strain being included. A crystallization model is used to predict the relative crystallization degree during the cooling process. The sintering process and cooling process of polyamide 12 are simulated using the developed model. The melt pool depth and the deformation of the printed parts are validated by the experimental results. The evolutions of the temperature, relative degree of crystallization, strain, and stress are evaluated. The effects of the cooling rate on the strain and stress evolutions are discussed.
previous article Effects of the nanofiller addition on the band gap and complex dispersion curve of phononic crystals
next article Variational principle and reciprocity theorem on the temperature-rate-dependent poro-thermoelasticity theory
Literature
1.
Goodridge, R.D., Tuck, C.J., Hague, R.J.M.: Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers. Prog. Mater Sci. 57, 229–267 (2012)CrossRef
2.
Yuan, S., Shen, F., Chua, C.K., Zhou, K.: Polymeric composites for powder-based additive manufacturing: materials and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 91, 141–168 (2019)CrossRef
3.
Valino, A.D., Dizon, J.R.C., Espera, A.H., Chen, Q., Messman, J., Advincula, R.C.: Advances in 3D printing of thermoplastic polymer composites and nanocomposites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 98, 101162 (2019)CrossRef
4.
Tan, L.J., Zhu, W., Zhou, K.: Recent progress on polymer materials for additive manufacturing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(43), 2003062 (2020)CrossRef
5.
Verbelen, L., Dadbakhsh, S., Van den Eynde, M., Kruth, J.-P., Goderis, B., Van Puyvelde, P.: Characterization of polyamide powders for determination of laser sintering processability. Eur. Polym. J. 75, 163–174 (2016)CrossRef
6.
Laumer, T., Stichel, T., Nagulin, K., Schmidt, M.: Optical analysis of polymer powder materials for Selective Laser Sintering. Polym. Testing 56, 207–213 (2016)CrossRef
7.
Caulfield, B., McHugh, P.E., Lohfeld, S.: Dependence of mechanical properties of polyamide components on build parameters in the SLS process. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 182, 477–488 (2007)CrossRef
8.
Peyre, P., Rouchausse, Y., Defauchy, D., Régnier, G.: Experimental and numerical analysis of the selective laser sintering (SLS) of PA12 and PEKK semi-crystalline polymers. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 225, 326–336 (2015)CrossRef
9.
Yuan, S., Bai, J., Chua, C.K., Wei, J., Zhou, K.: Material evaluation and process optimization of CNT-coated polymer powders for selective laser sintering. Polymers (Basel) 8(10), 370 (2016)CrossRef
10.
Yuan, S., Bai, J., Chua, C.K., Wei, J., Zhou, K.: Highly enhanced thermal conductivity of thermoplastic nanocomposites with a low mass fraction of MWCNTs by a facilitated latex approach. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 90, 699–710 (2016)CrossRef
11.
Sachdeva, A., Singh, S., Sharma, V.S.: Investigating surface roughness of parts produced by SLS process. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 64, 1505–1516 (2012)CrossRef
12.
Li, J., Yuan, S., Zhu, J., Li, S., Zhang, W.: numerical model and experimental validation for laser sinterable semi-crystalline polymer: shrinkage and warping. Polymers (Basel) 12(6), 1373 (2020)CrossRef
13.
Wang, R.-J., Wang, L., Zhao, L., Liu, Z.: Influence of process parameters on part shrinkage in SLS. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 33, 498–504 (2006)CrossRef
14.
15.
Shen, F., Yuan, S., Chua, C.K., Zhou, K.: Development of process efficiency maps for selective laser sintering of polymeric composite powders: modeling and experimental testing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 254, 52–59 (2018)CrossRef
16.
Dong, L., Makradi, A., Ahzi, S., Remond, Y.: Three-dimensional transient finite element analysis of the selective laser sintering process. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209, 700–706 (2009)CrossRef
17.
Riedlbauer, D., Drexler, M., Drummer, D., Steinmann, P., Mergheim, J.: Modelling, simulation and experimental validation of heat transfer in selective laser melting of the polymeric material PA12. Comput. Mater. Sci. 93, 239–248 (2014)CrossRef
18.
Balemans, C., Looijmans, S.F.S.P., Grosso, G., Hulsen, M.A., Anderson, P.D.: Numerical analysis of the crystallization kinetics in SLS. Addit. Manuf. 33, 101126 (2020)
19.
Khairallah, S.A., Anderson, A.: Mesoscopic simulation model of selective laser melting of stainless steel powder. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214, 2627–2636 (2014)CrossRef
20.
Yan, W., Ge, W., Qian, Y., Lin, S., Zhou, B., Liu, W.K., et al.: Multi-physics modeling of single/multiple-track defect mechanisms in electron beam selective melting. Acta Mater. 134, 324–333 (2017)CrossRef
21.
Dai, D., Gu, D., Ge, Q., Ma, C., Shi, X., Zhang, H.: Thermodynamics of molten pool predicted by computational fluid dynamics in selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V: surface morphology evolution and densification behavior. Comput. Model. Eng. Sci. 124, 1085–1098 (2020)
22.
Cao, L.: Mesoscopic-scale numerical investigation including the inuence of process parameters on LPBF multi-layer multi-path formation. Comput. Model. Eng. Sci. 126, 5–23 (2021)
23.
Yan, W., Lin, S., Kafka, O.L., Lian, Y., Yu, C., Liu, Z., et al.: Data-driven multi-scale multi-physics models to derive process–structure–property relationships for additive manufacturing. Comput. Mech. 61, 521–541 (2018)MATHCrossRef
24.
Li, J., Jin, R., Yu, H.Z.: Integration of physically-based and data-driven approaches for thermal field prediction in additive manufacturing. Mater. Des. 139, 473–485 (2018)CrossRef
25.
Francis, J., Bian, L.: Deep learning for distortion prediction in laser-based additive manufacturing using big data. Manuf. Lett. 20, 10–14 (2019)CrossRef
26.
Wang, C., Li, S., Zeng, D., Zhu, X.: Quantification and compensation of thermal distortion in additive manufacturing: a computational statistics approach. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 375, 113611 (2021)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
27.
Manshoori Yeganeh, A., Movahhedy, M.R., Khodaygan, S.: An efficient scanning algorithm for improving accuracy based on minimising part warping in selected laser sintering process. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 14, 59–78 (2018)CrossRef
28.
Arruda, E.M., Boyce, M.C., Jayachandran, R.: Effects of strain rate, temperature and thermomechanical coupling on the finite strain deformation of glassy polymers. Mech. Mater. 19, 193–212 (1995)CrossRef
29.
Dupaix, R.B., Boyce, M.C.: Constitutive modeling of the finite strain behavior of amorphous polymers in and above the glass transition. Mech. Mater. 39, 39–52 (2007)CrossRef
30.
Garcia-Gonzalez, D., Zaera, R., Arias, A.: A hyperelastic-thermoviscoplastic constitutive model for semi-crystalline polymers: application to PEEK under dynamic loading conditions. Int. J. Plast. 88, 27–52 (2017)CrossRef
31.
Yu, C., Kang, G., Chen, K.: A hygro-thermo-mechanical coupled cyclic constitutive model for polymers with considering glass transition. Int. J. Plast. 89, 29–65 (2017)CrossRef
32.
Benedetti, L., Brulé, B., Decreamer, N., Evans, K.E., Ghita, O.: Shrinkage behaviour of semi-crystalline polymers in laser sintering: PEKK and PA12. Mater. Des. 181, 107906 (2019)CrossRef
33.
Zhu, W., Yan, C., Shi, Y., Wen, S., Liu, J., Shi, Y.: Investigation into mechanical and microstructural properties of polypropylene manufactured by selective laser sintering in comparison with injection molding counterparts. Mater. Des. 82, 37–45 (2015)CrossRef
34.
Zhao, M., Wudy, K., Drummer, D.: Crystallization kinetics of polyamide 12 during selective laser sintering. Polymers 10(2), 168 (2018)CrossRef
35.
Shen, F., Kang, G., Lam, Y.C., Liu, Y., Zhou, K.: Thermo-elastic-viscoplastic-damage model for self-heating and mechanical behavior of thermoplastic polymers. Int. J. Plast. 121, 227–243 (2019)CrossRef
36.
Maurel-Pantel, A., Baquet, E., Bikard, J., Bouvard, J.L., Billon, N.: A thermo-mechanical large deformation constitutive model for polymers based on material network description: application to a semi-crystalline polyamide 66. Int. J. Plast. 67, 102–126 (2015)CrossRef
37.
Melro, A.R., Camanho, P.P., Andrade Pires, F.M., Pinho, S.T.: Micromechanical analysis of polymer composites reinforced by unidirectional fibres: part I - constitutive modelling. Int. J. Solids Struct. 50, 1897–1905 (2013)CrossRef
38.
Nguyen, V.D., Lani, F., Pardoen, T., Morelle, X.P., Noels, L.: A large strain hyperelastic viscoelastic-viscoplastic-damage constitutive model based on a multi-mechanism non-local damage continuum for amorphous glassy polymers. Int. J. Solids Struct. 96, 192–216 (2016)CrossRef
39.
Zerbe, P., Schneider, B., Moosbrugger, E., Kaliske, M.: A viscoelastic-viscoplastic-damage model for creep and recovery of a semicrystalline thermoplastic. Int. J. Solids Struct. 110–111, 340–350 (2017)CrossRef
40.
Soldner, D., Greiner, S., Burkhardt, C., Drummer, D., Steinmann, P., Mergheim, J.: Numerical and experimental investigation of the isothermal assumption in selective laser sintering of PA12. Addit. Manuf. 37, 101676 (2021)
41.
Nakamura, K., Watanabe, T., Katayama, K., Amano, T.: Some aspects of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. I. Relationship between crystallization temperature, crystallinity, and cooling conditions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 16, 1077–1091 (1972)CrossRef
42.
Nakamura, K., Katayama, K., Amano, T.: Some aspects of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. II. Consideration of the isokinetic condition. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 17, 1031–1041 (1973)CrossRef
43.
Patel, R.M., Spruiell, J.E.: Crystallization kinetics during polymer processing—analysis of available approaches for process modeling. Polym. Eng. Sci. 31, 730–738 (1991)CrossRef
44.
EMS-CHEMIE: Grilamid polyamide 12 technical polymer for highest demands. pp. 1–40 (2017)
Metadata
Title
Modeling the temperature, crystallization, and residual stress for selective laser sintering of polymeric powder
Authors
Fei Shen
Wei Zhu
Kun Zhou
Liao-Liang Ke
Publication date
01-07-2021
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
Acta Mechanica / Issue 9/2021
Print ISSN: 0001-5970
Electronic ISSN: 1619-6937
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-021-03020-6

Other articles of this Issue 9/2021

Acta Mechanica 9/2021 Go to the issue

Original Paper

On the instability of equilibria of mechanical systems in nonpotential force fields in the case of typical degeneracies

Original Paper

A gradient continuous smoothed GFEM for heat transfer and thermoelasticity analyses

Original Paper

Effects of the nanofiller addition on the band gap and complex dispersion curve of phononic crystals

Original Paper

Transient analysis of diffusion-induced stress for hollow cylindrical electrode considering the end bending effect

Original Paper

Transient response of a thermo-diffusive elastic thick circular plate with variable conductivity and diffusivity

Original Paper

Mathematical modeling of physically nonlinear 3D beams and plates made of multimodulus materials

Premium Partners

    Image Credits