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Published in:
2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
2. Modular Arithmetic
Author : Lindsay N. Childs
Published in: Cryptology and Error Correction
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
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Abstract
This chapter introduces and studies modular arithmetic, the clock arithmetic of Chap. 1, and introduces congruence as an alternate way of looking at modular arithmetic. An application to the construction of multiplicative Caesar ciphers motivates the ideas of units and zero divisors modulo m. The final section briefly discusses established ways (ASCII, Unicode) in which text is transformed into numbers, and shows how to transform numbers into sequences of bits (numbers in base 2).