Introduction
MFO and decision tree
Multifactorial optimization
Decision tree
ID | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sunny | Hot | High | F | N |
2 | Sunny | Hot | High | T | N |
3 | Overcast | Hot | High | F | Y |
4 | Rainy | Mild | High | F | Y |
5 | Rainy | Cool | Normal | F | Y |
6 | Rainy | Cool | Normal | T | N |
7 | Overcast | Cool | Normal | T | Y |
8 | Sunny | Mild | High | F | N |
9 | Sunny | Cool | Normal | F | Y |
10 | Rainy | Mild | Normal | F | Y |
11 | Sunny | Mild | Normal | F | Y |
12 | Overcast | Mild | High | T | Y |
13 | Overcast | Hot | Normal | F | Y |
14 | Rainy | Mild | High | T | N |
Proposed method
Motivations
Definition of transfer ability
Transferred individual | Associated subset | Transfer amount | Transfer ability | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ti | \({\Phi }_{i}\) | \({\lambda }_{i,1}\) | \({\lambda }_{i,2}\) | \(\upomega \left({\mathbf{t}}_{i}\right)\) |
t1 | \(\{{\mathbf{y}}_{1}\}\) | 1 | / | 1 |
t2 | \(\{{\mathbf{y}}_{2},{\mathbf{y}}_{4}\}\) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
t3 | \(\{{\mathbf{y}}_{1},{\mathbf{y}}_{4}\}\) | 1 | 1 | 2 |
t4 | \(\{{\mathbf{y}}_{2},{\mathbf{y}}_{3}\}\) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
t5 | \(\{{\mathbf{y}}_{3}\}\) | 0 | / | 0 |
Construction of decision tree
dis | 0.6 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f | 21 | 3 | 7 | 18 | 12 | 16 | 9 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 19 | 4 | 2 |
\(\varphi \) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Search strategy
The proposed EMT-ADT
Complexity analysis
Comparative studies of experiments
Parameter settings
Intersection degree | Problem | Task group | Similarity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | |||
Complete | CI + HS | Griewank | Rastrigin | High (1.0000) |
CI + MS | Ackley | Rastrigin | Medium (0.2261) | |
CI + LS | Ackley | Schwefel | Low (0.0002) | |
Partial | PI + HS | Rastrigin | Sphere | High (0.8670) |
PI + MS | Ackley | Rosenbrock | Medium (0.2154) | |
PI + LS | Ackley | Weierstrass | Low (0.0725) | |
No | NI + HS | Rosenbrock | Rastrigin | High (0.9434) |
NI + MS | Griewank | Weierstrass | Medium (0.3669) | |
NI + LS | Rastrigin | Schwefel | Low (0.0016) |
Algorithm | N | rmp | Parameter |
---|---|---|---|
MFEA | 100 | 0.3 | mu = 2; mum = 5 |
MFEARR | 100 | 0.3 | mu = 2; mum = 5; ε = 0.01 |
MFDE | 100 | 0.3 | F = 0.5; CR = 0.9; |
AT-MFEA | 100 | 0.3 | pc = 1; ηc = 15; pm = 0.02; ηm = 15; α = 0.5 |
SREMTO | 100 | 0.3 | Pα = 0.7; Pβ = 1.0 |
MFMP | 200 | / | θ = 0.2; c = 0.3; α = 0.25 |
TLTLA | 100 | 0.3 | mu = 2; mum = 5 |
MTEA-AD | 100 | 0.1 | pc = 1; ηc = 2; pm = 0.02; ηm = 5; α = 0.25 |
EMT-ADT | 200 | / | n = 10; γ = 0.001 |
Experiments on CEC2017 multitask problems
Algorithm | Index | CI-HS | CI-MS | CI-LS | Summary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | †/≈/– | ||
MFEA | Mean | 8.84E−02† | 1.63E + 02† | 4.79E + 00† | 1.95E + 02† | 2.01E + 01† | 2.97E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.90E−02 | 5.59E + 01 | 8.96E−01 | 5.27E + 01 | 4.58E−02 | 4.05E + 02 | ||
MFEARR | Mean | 6.57E−02† | 4.40E + 02† | 1.46E + 01† | 4.58E + 02† | 2.01E + 01† | 2.64E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.39E−02 | 8.63E + 01 | 7.82E + 00 | 7.20E + 01 | 8.66E−02 | 4.28E + 02 | ||
AT-MFEA | Mean | 7.10E−03† | 3.65E + 01† | 2.58E + 00† | 1.03E + 02† | 2.06E + 01† | 2.68E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 9.60E−03 | 5.22E + 01 | 5.22E−01 | 3.31E + 01 | 5.40E−01 | 4.09E + 02 | ||
MTEA-AD | Mean | 1.38E−02† | 9.27E + 01† | 3.10E + 00† | 1.66E + 02† | 2.04E + 01† | 2.52E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.16E−02 | 1.03E + 02 | 7.07E−01 | 5.27E + 01 | 5.20E−01 | 4.94E + 02 | ||
MFDE | Mean | 7.55E−16† | 7.35E−13† | 3.06E−08† | 7.33E−12† | 2.11E + 01† | 7.13E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 2.81E−15 | 3.42E−12 | 1.13E−07 | 2.89E−11 | 2.20E−01 | 1.73E + 03 | ||
TLTLA | Mean | 5.84E−06† | 9.30E−03† | 4.50E−03† | 1.59E−02† | 1.48E + 01† | 9.94E + 02† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.18E−05 | 1.84E−02 | 2.60E−03 | 2.01E−02 | 9.21E + 00 | 5.19E + 02 | ||
SREMTO | Mean | 8.30E−03† | 5.39E + 01† | 1.09E + 01† | 3.97E + 02† | 1.58E + 01† | 1.15E + 04† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.05E−02 | 7.52E + 01 | 6.48E + 00 | 1.98E + 02 | 3.03E + 00 | 2.18E + 03 | ||
MFMP | Mean | 0.00E + 00≈ | 4.74E−15≈ | 2.66E−15† | 0.00E + 00≈ | 1.82E + 01† | 2.37E + 01† | 3/3/0 |
Std | 0.00E + 00 | 1.84E−14 | 3.46E−15 | 0.00E + 00 | 6.77E + 00 | 6.52E + 01 | ||
EMT-ADT | Mean | 0.00E + 00 | 0.00E + 00 | 8.88E−16 | 0.00E + 00 | 3.36E−03 | 6.36E−04 | / |
Std | 0.00E + 00 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.04E−31 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.50E−03 | 0.00E + 00 |
Algorithm | Index | PI-HS | PI-MS | PI-LS | Summary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | †/≈/– | ||
MFEA | Mean | 5.43E + 02† | 3.55E−01† | 3.13E + 00† | 2.27E + 02† | 1.94E + 01† | 1.92E + 01† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.15E + 02 | 9.85E−02 | 7.31E−01 | 5.92E + 01 | 2.96E + 00 | 4.06E + 00 | ||
MFEARR | Mean | 4.39E + 02† | 1.40E−01† | 1.68E + 01† | 7.67E + 02† | 1.29E + 01† | 1.80E + 01† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 5.88E + 01 | 3.61E−02 | 6.43E + 00 | 1.23E + 03 | 8.20E + 00 | 2.59E + 00 | ||
AT-MFEA | Mean | 2.47E + 02† | 2.00E−03† | 2.57E + 00† | 1.37E + 02† | 2.75E + 00† | 3.09E + 00† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 5.00E + 01 | 1.20E−03 | 5.03E−01 | 3.42E + 01 | 4.64E−01 | 9.89E−01 | ||
MTEA-AD | Mean | 3.29E + 02† | 2.27E−02† | 2.84E + 00† | 1.41E + 02† | 3.11E + 00† | 3.86E + 00† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 6.18E + 01 | 1.61E−02 | 4.71E−01 | 3.35E + 01 | 4.33E−01 | 9.52E−01 | ||
MFDE | Mean | 7.67E + 01≈ | 2.66E−15† | 9.52E−07† | 6.84E + 01† | 1.47E−03† | 4.76E−04† | 5/1/0 |
Std | 1.98E + 01 | 1.34E−14 | 3.64E−06 | 1.99E + 01 | 4.70E−03 | 1.40E−03 | ||
TLTLA | Mean | 1.77E + 01 − | 4.17E−02† | 1.99E + 00† | 4.80E + 01† | 9.58E−02† | 2.40E−03† | 5/0/1 |
Std | 5.49E + 01 | 1.62E−02 | 3.78E−01 | 2.20E + 01 | 4.08E−02 | 6.20E−03 | ||
SREMTO | Mean | 4.25E + 02† | 3.11E−05† | 7.88E + 00† | 2.48E + 02† | 1.43E + 01† | 1.00E + 01† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.48E + 02 | 6.78E−05 | 5.10E + 00 | 1.92E + 02 | 7.19E + 00 | 4.49E + 00 | ||
MFMP | Mean | 1.16E + 02† | 7.47E−28† | 1.27E−14† | 1.92E + 01† | 1.84E−15† | 1.99E−18≈ | 5/1/0 |
Std | 1.30E + 01 | 6.94E−28 | 4.41E−15 | 1.59E + 01 | 3.09E−15 | 0.00E + 00 | ||
EMT-ADT | Mean | 7.72E + 01 | 0.00E + 00 | 7.99E−15 | 4.63E + 00 | 8.88E−16 | 1.99E−18 | / |
Std | 1.28E + 01 | 7.23E−28 | 5.75E−15 | 4.40E + 00 | 1.42E−31 | 0.00E + 00 |
Algorithm | Index | NI-HS | NI-MS | NI-LS | Summary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | †/≈/– | ||
MFEA | Mean | 2.48E + 02† | 2.18E + 02† | 1.03E−01† | 2.68E + 01† | 5.78E + 02† | 2.85E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 6.71E + 01 | 5.40E + 01 | 2.24E−02 | 2.47E + 00 | 1.22E + 02 | 4.17E + 02 | ||
MFEARR | Mean | 5.89E + 02† | 4.30E + 02† | 6.78E−02† | 4.59E + 01† | 4.38E + 02† | 2.84E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.22E + 03 | 7.46E + 01 | 1.70E−02 | 3.82E + 00 | 9.83E + 01 | 4.88E + 02 | ||
AT-MFEA | Mean | 1.42E + 02† | 1.76E + 02† | 1.01E−02† | 2.22E + 01† | 2.52E + 02† | 2.54E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 3.71E + 01 | 5.72E + 01 | 6.90E−03 | 4.04E + 00 | 5.17E + 01 | 4.37E + 02 | ||
MTEA-AD | Mean | 1.60E + 02† | 2.45E + 02† | 1.90E−02† | 2.38E + 01† | 3.03E + 02† | 2.76E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 4.98E + 01 | 5.10E + 01 | 9.40E−03 | 4.16E + 00 | 5.01E + 01 | 3.43E + 02 | ||
MFDE | Mean | 6.80E + 01† | 2.42E + 01† | 9.86E−04† | 3.21E + 00† | 9.11E + 01† | 4.01E + 03† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 3.06E + 01 | 1.37E + 01 | 3.20E−03 | 9.61E−01 | 2.34E + 01 | 7.60E + 02 | ||
TLTLA | Mean | 4.53E + 01† | 1.28E−01† | 1.72E−04† | 2.43E−01 − | 3.69E−01 − | 7.87E + 02† | 4/0/2 |
Std | 6.70E + 00 | 4.48E−01 | 2.20E−04 | 1.17E−01 | 5.77E−01 | 4.92E + 02 | ||
SREMTO | Mean | 6.42E + 02† | 3.26E + 02† | 1.42E−01† | 2.75E + 01† | 5.31E + 02† | 1.19E + 04† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.07E + 03 | 2.47E + 02 | 7.33E−01 | 4.20E + 00 | 2.14E + 02 | 5.55E−12 | ||
MFMP | Mean | 1.71E + 01† | 1.33E−14† | 1.34E−15† | 1.84E + 00† | 1.09E + 02† | 4.34E + 01† | 6/0/0 |
Std | 1.13E + 01 | 2.77E−14 | 8.91E−16 | 6.92E−01 | 1.85E + 01 | 6.59E + 01 | ||
EMT-ADT | Mean | 3.88E + 00 | 0.00E + 00 | 5.26E−16 | 3.10E−01 | 4.87E + 01 | 6.36E−04 | / |
Std | 3.38E + 00 | 0.00E + 00 | 2.89E−16 | 4.89E−01 | 1.05E + 01 | 2.93E−12 |
Comparisons on complete intersection problems
Comparisons on partial intersection problems
Comparisons on no intersection problems
Adaptive knowledge transfer analysis
Comparisons on WCCI20-MSTO
Problem | Task | MFEA | MFEARR | AT-MFEA | MTEA-AD | EMT_ADT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | T1 | 6.57E + 02† | 6.39E + 02† | 6.28E + 02† | 6.32E + 02† | 6.00E + 02 |
T2 | 6.55E + 02† | 6.38E + 02† | 6.25E + 02† | 6.32E + 02† | 6.00E + 02 | |
P2 | T1 | 7.01E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.00E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.00E + 02 |
T2 | 7.01E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.00E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.00E + 02 | |
P3 | T1 | 1.57E + 06† | 1.53E + 06† | 9.67E + 05† | 1.37E + 06† | 4.97E + 03 |
T2 | 1.57E + 06† | 3.27E + 06† | 1.12E + 06† | 1.31E + 06† | 4.72E + 03 | |
P4 | T1 | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03 |
T2 | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03 | |
P5 | T1 | 1.53E + 03† | 1.56E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.51E + 03 |
T2 | 1.53E + 03† | 1.55E + 03† | 1.51E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.51E + 03 | |
P6 | T1 | 1.28E + 06† | 1.06E + 06† | 7.66E + 05† | 7.17E + 05† | 4.85E + 03 |
T2 | 7.53E + 05† | 1.14E + 06† | 4.58E + 05† | 6.33E + 05† | 5.90E + 03 | |
P7 | T1 | 2.74E + 03† | 3.04E + 03† | 2.61E + 03† | 2.72E + 03† | 2.25E + 03 |
T2 | 2.95E + 03† | 3.09E + 03† | 2.89E + 03† | 2.89E + 03† | 2.38E + 03 | |
P8 | T1 | 5.20E + 02– | 5.20E + 02– | 5.21E + 02† | 5.20E + 02– | 5.21E + 02 |
T2 | 5.20E + 02– | 5.20E + 02– | 5.21E + 02† | 5.20E + 02– | 5.21E + 02 | |
P9 | T1 | 7.89E + 03† | 8.58E + 03† | 6.64E + 03≈ | 6.91E + 03† | 6.42E + 03 |
T2 | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03 | |
P10 | T1 | 1.23E + 04† | 2.45E + 04† | 1.69E + 04† | 1.78E + 04† | 2.20E + 03 |
T2 | 1.09E + 06† | 5.90E + 05† | 1.18E + 06† | 9.17E + 05† | 6.62E + 03 | |
†/≈/– | 18/0/2 | 18/0/2 | 19/1/0 | 18/0/2 | / |
Problem | Task | MFDE | TLTLA | SREMTO | MFMP | EMT_ADT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | T1 | 6.24E + 02† | 6.17E + 02† | 6.30E + 02† | 6.01E + 02† | 6.00E + 02 |
T2 | 6.25E + 02† | 6.19E + 02† | 6.30E + 02† | 6.01E + 02† | 6.00E + 02 | |
P2 | T1 | 7.00E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.00E + 02† | 7.00E + 02 |
T2 | 7.00E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 7.00E + 02≈ | 7.00E + 02 | |
P3 | T1 | 5.28E + 07† | 1.57E + 06† | 1.14E + 06† | 7.02E + 03† | 4.97E + 03 |
T2 | 5.29E + 07† | 1.89E + 06† | 8.81E + 05† | 6.50E + 03† | 4.72E + 03 | |
P4 | T1 | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03 |
T2 | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03 | |
P5 | T1 | 1.54E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.51E + 03† | 1.51E + 03 |
T2 | 1.54E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | 1.51E + 03† | 1.51E + 03 | |
P6 | T1 | 2.12E + 07† | 7.72E + 05† | 5.92E + 05† | 8.17E + 03† | 4.85E + 03 |
T2 | 2.05E + 07† | 6.86E + 05† | 5.22E + 05† | 7.28E + 03† | 5.90E + 03 | |
P7 | T1 | 4.49E + 03† | 2.64E + 03† | 2.63E + 03† | 2.38E + 03† | 2.25E + 03 |
T2 | 4.61E + 03† | 2.81E + 03† | 2.79E + 03† | 2.54E + 03† | 2.38E + 03 | |
P8 | T1 | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02 |
T2 | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02 | |
P9 | T1 | 1.46E + 04† | 6.65E + 03≈ | 6.37E + 03≈ | 7.10E + 03† | 6.42E + 03 |
T2 | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03 | |
P10 | T1 | 7.37E + 04† | 2.18E + 04† | 1.84E + 04† | 2.25E + 03† | 2.20E + 03 |
T2 | 2.17E + 07† | 1.13E + 06† | 6.78E + 05† | 1.10E + 04† | 6.62E + 03 | |
†/≈/– | 20/0/0 | 19/1/0 | 19/1/0 | 19/1/0 | / |
Comparisons on WCCI20-MaTSO
Problem | Task | MFEA | MFEARR | AT-MFEA | MTEA-AD | MFDE | TLTLA | SREMTO | MFMP | EMT-ADT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | T1 | 1.19E + 02† | 1.59E + 02† | 3.06E−01† | 2.28E + 02† | 2.18E + 01† | 1.15E + 02† | 4.65E + 02† | 8.36E−17† | 8.35E−20 |
T2 | 1.10E + 02† | 1.52E + 02† | 3.22E−01† | 2.31E + 02† | 1.67E + 01† | 1.14E + 02† | 4.87E + 02† | 4.50E−17† | 2.58E−19 | |
T3 | 1.29E + 02† | 1.74E + 02† | 3.38E−01† | 2.35E + 02† | 1.95E + 01† | 1.26E + 02† | 4.94E + 02† | 1.10E−16† | 6.49E−18 | |
T4 | 1.49E + 02† | 1.85E + 02† | 3.69E−01† | 2.67E + 02† | 1.66E + 01† | 1.32E + 02† | 5.03E + 02† | 2.13E−16† | 2.30E−20 | |
T5 | 1.29E + 02† | 1.59E + 02† | 3.58E−01† | 2.38E + 02† | 1.98E + 01† | 1.21E + 02† | 4.74E + 02† | 8.61E−17† | 1.14E−20 | |
T6 | 1.26E + 02† | 1.76E + 02† | 3.10E−01† | 2.46E + 02† | 2.34E + 01† | 1.26E + 02† | 4.58E + 02† | 7.86E−17† | 1.16E−18 | |
T7 | 1.32E + 02† | 1.59E + 02† | 3.48E−01† | 2.49E + 02† | 2.00E + 01† | 1.38E + 02† | 5.20E + 02† | 6.02E−17† | 1.26E−17 | |
T8 | 1.37E + 02† | 1.75E + 02† | 3.18E−01† | 2.81E + 02† | 2.01E + 01† | 1.31E + 02† | 5.30E + 02† | 2.14E−16† | 4.37E−18 | |
T9 | 1.10E + 02† | 1.62E + 02† | 3.10E−01† | 2.81E + 02† | 1.83E + 01† | 1.18E + 02† | 5.16E + 02† | 6.78E−17† | 4.47E−20 | |
T10 | 1.20E + 02† | 1.62E + 02† | 3.28E−01† | 2.28E + 02† | 2.03E + 01† | 1.26E + 02† | 5.11E + 02† | 1.08E−16† | 6.54E−18 | |
P2 | T1 | 8.58E + 04† | 5.06E + 04† | 3.63E + 02† | 9.51E + 04† | 2.73E + 04† | 3.17E + 04† | 3.11E + 05† | 4.42E + 01† | 4.10E + 01 |
T2 | 5.76E + 04† | 3.42E + 04† | 2.15E + 02† | 8.94E + 04† | 1.14E + 04† | 1.78E + 04† | 2.23E + 05† | 8.85E + 01† | 3.95E + 01 | |
T3 | 9.75E + 04† | 4.40E + 04† | 1.76E + 02† | 1.09E + 05† | 1.75E + 04† | 3.15E + 04† | 3.01E + 05† | 5.34E + 01† | 4.28E + 01 | |
T4 | 9.09E + 04† | 3.89E + 04† | 2.02E + 02† | 1.02E + 05† | 2.40E + 04† | 2.56E + 04† | 2.99E + 05† | 4.52E + 01† | 4.24E + 01 | |
T5 | 7.01E + 04† | 4.93E + 04† | 3.66E + 02† | 8.89E + 04† | 1.08E + 04† | 1.92E + 04† | 2.92E + 05† | 6.83E + 01† | 4.33E + 01 | |
T6 | 1.28E + 05† | 4.07E + 04† | 2.43E + 02† | 1.35E + 05† | 1.32E + 04† | 2.13E + 04† | 2.83E + 05† | 4.56E + 01† | 4.34E + 01 | |
T7 | 6.82E + 04† | 5.15E + 04† | 8.09E + 01† | 1.10E + 05† | 1.13E + 04† | 2.95E + 04† | 2.87E + 05† | 4.72E + 01† | 4.41E + 01 | |
T8 | 1.07E + 05† | 4.36E + 04† | 1.45E + 02† | 1.04E + 05† | 1.50E + 04† | 2.92E + 04† | 3.00E + 05† | 5.09E + 01† | 4.16E + 01 | |
T9 | 6.18E + 04† | 4.72E + 04† | 1.25E + 03† | 8.24E + 04† | 8.64E + 03† | 2.06E + 04† | 2.61E + 05† | 4.52E + 01† | 4.30E + 01 | |
T10 | 8.50E + 04† | 5.78E + 04† | 1.74E + 02† | 1.32E + 05† | 1.34E + 04† | 3.02E + 04† | 2.83E + 05† | 4.47E + 01† | 3.78E + 01 | |
P3 | T1 | 6.09E + 02† | 5.72E + 02† | 3.99E + 02† | 5.36E + 02† | 4.42E + 02† | 5.89E + 02† | 8.09E + 02† | 1.54E + 02† | 1.30E + 02 |
T2 | 5.67E + 02† | 5.74E + 02† | 3.83E + 02† | 5.40E + 02† | 4.57E + 02† | 5.53E + 02† | 7.34E + 02† | 1.54E + 02† | 1.34E + 02 | |
T3 | 5.96E + 02† | 5.93E + 02† | 4.00E + 02† | 5.75E + 02† | 4.44E + 02† | 5.67E + 02† | 7.76E + 02† | 1.53E + 02† | 1.33E + 02 | |
T4 | 6.21E + 02† | 6.61E + 02† | 4.02E + 02† | 5.32E + 02† | 4.48E + 02† | 5.84E + 02† | 8.10E + 02† | 1.59E + 02† | 1.34E + 02 | |
T5 | 6.07E + 02† | 6.04E + 02† | 3.92E + 02† | 5.19E + 02† | 4.43E + 02† | 6.31E + 02† | 7.73E + 02† | 1.58E + 02† | 1.33E + 02 | |
T6 | 5.81E + 02† | 5.90E + 02† | 3.52E + 02† | 5.30E + 02† | 4.60E + 02† | 6.23E + 02† | 7.88E + 02† | 1.53E + 02† | 1.22E + 02 | |
T7 | 6.03E + 02† | 6.17E + 02† | 4.07E + 02† | 5.04E + 02† | 4.57E + 02† | 5.98E + 02† | 8.19E + 02† | 1.60E + 02† | 1.21E + 02 | |
T8 | 6.13E + 02† | 5.89E + 02† | 4.04E + 02† | 5.50E + 02† | 4.59E + 02† | 6.69E + 02† | 7.38E + 02† | 1.57E + 02† | 1.34E + 02 | |
T9 | 6.20E + 02† | 5.76E + 02† | 3.87E + 02† | 5.51E + 02† | 4.61E + 02† | 6.19E + 02† | 7.54E + 02† | 1.55E + 02† | 1.32E + 02 | |
T10 | 6.22E + 02† | 5.91E + 02† | 4.17E + 02† | 5.50E + 02† | 4.57E + 02† | 6.45E + 02† | 7.67E + 02† | 1.48E + 02† | 1.11E + 02 | |
P4 | T1 | 2.09E + 02† | 3.24E + 02† | 2.06E−01† | 7.23E + 02† | 2.16E + 01† | 1.79E + 02† | 5.09E + 02† | 1.19E−16† | 3.26E−18 |
T2 | 1.49E + 05† | 1.36E + 05† | 9.91E + 01† | 5.45E + 05† | 1.45E + 04† | 1.14E + 05† | 2.48E + 05† | 5.17E + 01† | 3.97E + 01 | |
T3 | 6.31E + 00† | 7.19E + 00† | 4.70E−01† | 8.88E + 00† | 3.59E + 00† | 6.26E + 00† | 8.15E + 00† | 2.89E−10† | 1.82E−11 | |
T4 | 1.75E + 02† | 3.26E + 02† | 2.86E−01† | 7.52E + 02† | 1.61E + 01† | 1.79E + 02† | 5.63E + 02† | 3.58E−16† | 1.96E−17 | |
T5 | 1.65E + 05† | 1.55E + 05† | 1.04E + 02† | 3.45E + 05† | 3.53E + 03† | 8.74E + 04† | 2.28E + 05† | 6.22E + 01† | 4.28E + 01 | |
T6 | 6.30E + 00† | 6.96E + 00† | 5.30E−01† | 8.51E + 00† | 3.58E + 00† | 5.95E + 00† | 8.43E + 00† | 2.62E−09† | 3.01E−11 | |
T7 | 1.80E + 02† | 3.33E + 02† | 3.69E−01† | 7.84E + 02† | 1.76E + 01† | 1.88E + 02† | 5.69E + 02† | 1.74E−16† | 2.05E−17 | |
T8 | 8.88E + 04† | 1.55E + 05† | 9.12E + 01† | 4.12E + 05† | 2.72E + 04† | 5.20E + 04† | 2.92E + 05† | 4.49E + 01† | 4.01E + 01 | |
T9 | 6.30E + 00† | 6.97E + 00† | 4.29E−01† | 8.17E + 00† | 3.44E + 00† | 5.97E + 00† | 8.20E + 00† | 8.28E−10† | 2.30E−11 | |
T10 | 1.85E + 02† | 3.38E + 02† | 3.91E−01† | 7.92E + 02† | 1.72E + 01† | 1.87E + 02† | 5.73E + 02† | 1.37E−16† | 1.18E−20 | |
P5 | T1 | 6.66E + 02† | 7.34E + 02† | 4.14E + 02† | 6.94E + 02† | 4.46E + 02† | 6.80E + 02† | 8.57E + 02† | 1.60E + 02† | 1.33E + 02 |
T2 | 1.04E + 00† | 1.09E + 00† | 5.82E−02† | 1.22E + 00† | 5.33E−01† | 1.04E + 00† | 1.15E + 00† | 7.81E−13† | 4.66E−15 | |
T3 | 4.17E + 01† | 4.42E + 01† | 6.15E + 00† | 3.86E + 01† | 1.70E + 01† | 3.63E + 01† | 4.28E + 01† | 1.71E + 00† | 1.11E + 00 | |
T4 | 7.42E + 02† | 6.82E + 02† | 4.00E + 02† | 7.10E + 02† | 4.52E + 02† | 6.91E + 02† | 8.06E + 02† | 1.59E + 02† | 1.24E + 02 | |
T5 | 1.05E + 00† | 1.08E + 00† | 7.60E−02† | 1.23E + 00† | 5.33E−01† | 1.04E + 00† | 1.14E + 00† | 7.40E−04† | 5.11E−15 | |
T6 | 4.53E + 01† | 4.42E + 01† | 4.50E + 00† | 3.77E + 01† | 1.77E + 01† | 3.57E + 01† | 4.07E + 01† | 1.55E + 00† | 9.76E−01 | |
T7 | 7.12E + 02† | 7.73E + 02† | 4.04E + 02† | 7.14E + 02† | 4.44E + 02† | 7.02E + 02† | 8.30E + 02† | 1.61E + 02† | 1.43E + 02 | |
T8 | 1.04E + 00† | 1.08E + 00† | 9.07E−02† | 1.20E + 00† | 5.42E−01† | 1.04E + 00† | 1.15E + 00† | 1.27E−12† | 3.11E−15 | |
T9 | 4.14E + 01† | 4.44E + 01† | 3.57E + 00† | 3.84E + 01† | 1.79E + 01† | 3.40E + 01† | 4.16E + 01† | 1.96E + 00† | 1.13E + 00 | |
T10 | 7.31E + 02† | 7.02E + 02† | 4.11E + 02† | 7.07E + 02† | 4.49E + 02† | 7.09E + 02† | 8.05E + 02† | 1.72E + 02† | 1.47E + 02 | |
P6 | T1 | 9.88E + 04† | 1.50E + 05† | 1.91E + 02† | 6.13E + 05† | 1.64E + 04† | 6.44E + 04† | 2.03E + 05† | 4.47E + 01† | 4.22E + 01 |
T2 | 1.04E + 00† | 1.10E + 00† | 4.89E−02† | 1.23E + 00† | 5.36E−01† | 1.05E + 00† | 1.14E + 00† | 8.90E−06† | 1.82E−14 | |
T3 | 7.91E + 03– | 8.26E + 03– | 9.74E + 03† | 6.65E + 03– | 1.33E + 04† | 7.88E + 03– | 8.14E + 03– | 9.88E + 03† | 9.42E + 03 | |
T4 | 1.69E + 05† | 3.05E + 05† | 2.82E + 02† | 6.23E + 05† | 4.76E + 04† | 1.29E + 05† | 3.20E + 05† | 5.89E + 01† | 3.45E + 01 | |
T5 | 1.04E + 00† | 1.09E + 00† | 5.16E−02† | 1.22E + 00† | 5.17E−01† | 1.05E + 00† | 1.15E + 00† | 3.20E−12† | 2.66E−15 | |
T6 | 7.79E + 03– | 7.98E + 03– | 6.89E + 03– | 7.33E + 03– | 1.35E + 04† | 8.15E + 03– | 7.77E + 03– | 9.87E + 03† | 9.40E + 03 | |
T7 | 1.10E + 05† | 1.73E + 05† | 2.22E + 02† | 6.19E + 05† | 6.93E + 03† | 1.33E + 05† | 3.12E + 05† | 4.40E + 01† | 4.10E + 01 | |
T8 | 1.04E + 00† | 1.10E + 00† | 7.83E−02† | 1.23E + 00† | 5.06E−01† | 1.05E + 00† | 1.14E + 00† | 2.82E−12† | 1.67E−15 | |
T9 | 8.03E + 03– | 8.06E + 03– | 6.42E + 03– | 7.44E + 03– | 1.30E + 04† | 7.81E + 03– | 8.47E + 03≈ | 1.00E + 04† | 8.76E + 03 | |
T10 | 4.87E + 04† | 1.39E + 05† | 3.82E + 03† | 7.58E + 05† | 2.53E + 03† | 7.75E + 04† | 3.76E + 05† | 5.52E + 01† | 4.29E + 01 | |
P7 | T1 | 6.72E + 00† | 7.23E + 00† | 4.25E−01† | 8.86E + 00† | 3.84E + 00† | 5.96E + 00† | 9.49E + 00† | 6.21E−10† | 1.12E−11 |
T2 | 7.05E + 02† | 7.47E + 02† | 4.05E + 02† | 6.91E + 02† | 4.60E + 02† | 7.40E + 02† | 8.30E + 02† | 1.66E + 02† | 1.42E + 02 | |
T3 | 4.39E + 01† | 4.74E + 01† | 4.03E + 00† | 3.79E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 4.11E + 01† | 4.57E + 01† | 1.91E + 00† | 5.85E−01 | |
T4 | 6.54E + 00† | 7.39E + 00† | 3.75E−01† | 8.75E + 00† | 3.80E + 00† | 6.21E + 00† | 9.58E + 00† | 6.59E−09† | 3.51E−11 | |
T5 | 7.15E + 02† | 6.72E + 02† | 4.14E + 02† | 6.77E + 02† | 4.57E + 02† | 6.73E + 02† | 7.65E + 02† | 1.66E + 02† | 1.45E + 02 | |
T6 | 4.14E + 01† | 4.35E + 01† | 3.63E + 00† | 3.91E + 01† | 1.80E + 01† | 3.81E + 01† | 4.42E + 01† | 2.37E + 00† | 1.13E + 00 | |
T7 | 6.52E + 00† | 7.06E + 00† | 3.25E−01† | 8.76E + 00† | 3.95E + 00† | 6.14E + 00† | 9.62E + 00† | 8.79E−02† | 2.10E−11 | |
T8 | 7.15E + 02† | 7.51E + 02† | 4.03E + 02† | 6.57E + 02† | 4.45E + 02† | 6.79E + 02† | 7.71E + 02† | 1.60E + 02† | 1.19E + 02 | |
T9 | 4.17E + 01† | 4.04E + 01† | 4.97E + 00† | 3.76E + 01† | 1.83E + 01† | 3.45E + 01† | 4.19E + 01† | 1.68E + 00† | 5.20E−01 | |
T10 | 6.53E + 00† | 7.25E + 00† | 3.47E−01† | 8.74E + 00† | 3.68E + 00† | 6.12E + 00† | 9.18E + 00† | 2.80E−09† | 1.37E−11 | |
P8 | T1 | 1.07E + 05† | 2.65E + 05† | 5.98E + 01† | 4.98E + 05† | 2.25E + 04† | 1.30E + 05† | 3.99E + 05† | 4.49E + 01† | 4.06E + 01 |
T2 | 2.03E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 5.55E−01† | 1.38E + 01† | 1.28E + 01† | 2.02E + 01† | 2.05E + 01† | 7.15E−10† | 5.07E−11 | |
T3 | 7.53E + 02† | 7.89E + 02† | 4.06E + 02† | 7.38E + 02† | 4.44E + 02† | 7.64E + 02† | 8.15E + 02† | 1.60E + 02† | 1.14E + 02 | |
T4 | 1.05E + 00† | 1.12E + 00† | 6.07E−02† | 1.23E + 00† | 4.86E−01† | 1.06E + 00† | 1.23E + 00† | 7.40E−04† | 8.22E−15 | |
T5 | 5.18E + 01† | 5.02E + 01† | 5.10E + 00† | 4.28E + 01† | 3.69E + 01† | 4.96E + 01† | 5.23E + 01† | 4.17E + 00† | 1.93E + 00 | |
T6 | 1.08E + 05† | 3.01E + 05† | 2.36E + 02† | 8.46E + 05† | 1.11E + 04† | 8.51E + 04† | 8.33E + 05† | 5.68E + 01† | 4.29E + 01 | |
T7 | 2.03E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 5.12E−01† | 1.39E + 01† | 9.35E + 00† | 1.50E + 01† | 2.05E + 01† | 1.82E−08† | 6.67E−11 | |
T8 | 7.21E + 02† | 7.72E + 02† | 3.81E + 02† | 7.01E + 02† | 4.48E + 02† | 7.71E + 02† | 9.14E + 02† | 1.69E + 02† | 1.46E + 02 | |
T9 | 1.06E + 00† | 1.12E + 00† | 5.13E−02† | 1.20E + 00† | 4.96E−01† | 1.06E + 00† | 1.23E + 00† | 2.01E−12† | 3.55E−15 | |
T10 | 4.98E + 01† | 4.81E + 01† | 1.12E + 01† | 4.04E + 01† | 3.65E + 01† | 5.00E + 01† | 5.58E + 01† | 5.03E + 00† | 1.70E + 00 | |
P9 | T1 | 1.01E + 05† | 2.54E + 05† | 3.22E + 02† | 9.15E + 05† | 1.52E + 04† | 6.92E + 04† | 5.73E + 05† | 1.34E + 02† | 4.20E + 01 |
T2 | 2.03E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 5.13E−01† | 1.09E + 01† | 8.26E + 00† | 1.62E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 4.03E−09† | 3.86E−11 | |
T3 | 7.24E + 02† | 8.00E + 02† | 3.66E + 02† | 7.31E + 02† | 4.50E + 02† | 7.65E + 02† | 8.26E + 02† | 1.76E + 02† | 1.61E + 02 | |
T4 | 1.06E + 00† | 1.11E + 00† | 7.90E−02† | 1.28E + 00† | 4.60E−01† | 1.06E + 00† | 1.18E + 00† | 4.13E−14† | 2.11E−15 | |
T5 | 5.36E + 01† | 5.16E + 01† | 3.05E + 01† | 4.03E + 01† | 3.23E + 01† | 5.31E + 01† | 5.43E + 01† | 3.81E + 00† | 9.24E−01 | |
T6 | 6.61E + 03– | 5.98E + 03– | 3.54E + 03– | 5.80E + 03– | 1.27E + 04† | 6.50E + 03– | 6.21E + 03– | 8.44E + 03† | 7.66E + 03 | |
T7 | 1.16E + 05† | 3.88E + 05† | 2.92E + 02† | 8.82E + 05† | 1.23E + 04† | 2.52E + 05† | 7.28E + 05† | 5.28E + 01† | 4.21E + 01 | |
T8 | 2.03E + 01† | 1.91E + 01† | 4.82E−01† | 1.08E + 01† | 5.64E + 00† | 2.02E + 01† | 2.03E + 01† | 1.87E−10† | 3.31E−11 | |
T9 | 7.15E + 02† | 8.05E + 02† | 3.87E + 02† | 7.48E + 02† | 4.58E + 02† | 6.93E + 02† | 8.83E + 02† | 1.63E + 02† | 1.44E + 02 | |
T10 | 1.05E + 00† | 1.11E + 00† | 5.64E−02† | 1.30E + 00† | 4.62E−01† | 1.06E + 00† | 1.22E + 00† | 4.79E−12† | 1.67E−15 | |
P10 | T1 | 2.03E + 01† | 2.03E + 01† | 3.07E−01† | 1.29E + 01† | 1.35E + 01† | 1.87E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 2.52E−10† | 3.64E−11 |
T2 | 7.35E + 02† | 8.17E + 02† | 2.46E + 02† | 7.33E + 02† | 4.37E + 02† | 7.43E + 02† | 7.80E + 02† | 1.64E + 02† | 1.44E + 02 | |
T3 | 1.06E + 00† | 1.11E + 00† | 5.79E−02† | 1.28E + 00† | 5.01E−01† | 1.06E + 00† | 1.24E + 00† | 7.40E−04† | 2.66E−15 | |
T4 | 5.16E + 01† | 5.06E + 01† | 7.92E + 00† | 3.97E + 01† | 3.60E + 01† | 5.13E + 01† | 5.57E + 01† | 4.20E + 00† | 1.97E + 00 | |
T5 | 6.30E + 03– | 6.42E + 03– | 4.25E + 03– | 5.80E + 03– | 1.22E + 04† | 6.75E + 03– | 6.76E + 03≈ | 8.55E + 03† | 7.94E + 03 | |
T6 | 2.03E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 2.34E−01† | 1.22E + 01† | 1.05E + 01† | 2.00E + 01† | 2.04E + 01† | 5.14E−10† | 1.31E−10 | |
T7 | 7.42E + 02† | 9.04E + 02† | 4.10E + 02† | 7.63E + 02† | 4.44E + 02† | 7.43E + 02† | 8.01E + 02† | 1.74E + 02† | 1.40E + 02 | |
T8 | 1.06E + 00† | 1.11E + 00† | 5.04E−02† | 1.24E + 00† | 4.93E−01† | 1.06E + 00† | 1.20E + 00† | 5.80E−13† | 4.33E−15 | |
T9 | 5.02E + 01† | 5.17E + 01† | 1.78E + 01† | 4.01E + 01† | 3.59E + 01† | 4.90E + 01† | 5.43E + 01† | 4.05E + 00† | 2.35E + 00 | |
T10 | 6.91E + 03– | 6.62E + 03– | 5.67E + 03– | 6.14E + 03– | 1.24E + 04† | 6.53E + 03– | 6.79E + 03– | 8.77E + 03† | 7.64E + 03 | |
†/≈/– | 94/0/6 | 94/0/6 | 95/0/5 | 94/0/6 | 100/0/0 | 94/0/6 | 94/2/4 | 100/0/0 | / |
Comparisons with single-task algorithms
Problem | Task | EMT-ADT | SHADE | LSHADE |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | T1 | 0.00E + 00 | 2.99E−13† | 0.00E + 00≈ |
T2 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.59E + 02† | 1.16E + 02† | |
P2 | T1 | 8.88E−16 | 4.07E−01† | 3.00E−14† |
T2 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.58E + 02† | 1.11E + 02† | |
P3 | T1 | 3.36E−03 | 2.09E + 01† | 2.07E + 01† |
T2 | 6.36E−04 | 4.60E + 03† | 2.42E + 01† | |
P4 | T1 | 7.72E + 01 | 1.61E + 02† | 1.08E + 02† |
T2 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.24E−20† | 1.13E−27† | |
P5 | T1 | 7.99E−15 | 1.91E−01† | 2.65E−14† |
T2 | 4.63E + 00 | 5.69E + 01† | 3.13E + 01† | |
P6 | T1 | 8.88E−16 | 1.16E−01† | 1.58E−14† |
T2 | 1.99E−18 | 6.18E−03† | 1.99E−18≈ | |
P7 | T1 | 3.88E + 00 | 4.77E + 01† | 3.87E + 01† |
T2 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.58E + 02† | 1.11E + 02† | |
P8 | T1 | 5.26E−16 | 1.74E−13† | 0.00E + 00– |
T2 | 3.10E−01 | 3.17E + 00† | 5.66E−01≈ | |
P9 | T1 | 4.87E + 01 | 1.62E + 02† | 1.14E + 02† |
T2 | 6.36E−04 | 4.49E + 03† | 3.61E + 01† | |
†/≈/– | / | 18/0/0 | 14/3/1 |
Problem | Task | EMT-ADT | SHADE | LSHADE |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | T1 | 6.00E + 02 | 6.03E + 02† | 6.00E + 02≈ |
T2 | 6.00E + 02 | 6.03E + 02† | 6.01E + 02≈ | |
P2 | T1 | 7.00E + 02 | 7.00E + 02† | 7.00E + 02≈ |
T2 | 7.00E + 02 | 7.00E + 02† | 7.00E + 02† | |
P3 | T1 | 4.97E + 03 | 7.95E + 03† | 6.10E + 03≈ |
T2 | 4.72E + 03 | 7.64E + 03† | 5.80E + 03† | |
P4 | T1 | 1.30E + 03 | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† |
T2 | 1.30E + 03 | 1.30E + 03† | 1.30E + 03† | |
P5 | T1 | 1.51E + 03 | 1.52E + 03† | 1.51E + 03† |
T2 | 1.51E + 03 | 1.52E + 03† | 1.52E + 03† | |
P6 | T1 | 4.85E + 03 | 1.04E + 04† | 6.77E + 03† |
T2 | 5.90E + 03 | 7.84E + 03† | 5.85E + 03≈ | |
P7 | T1 | 2.25E + 03 | 2.35E + 03† | 2.43E + 03† |
T2 | 2.38E + 03 | 2.51E + 03† | 2.54E + 03† | |
P8 | T1 | 5.21E + 02 | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† |
T2 | 5.21E + 02 | 5.21E + 02† | 5.21E + 02† | |
P9 | T1 | 6.42E + 03 | 9.87E + 03† | 8.17E + 03† |
T2 | 1.62E + 03 | 1.62E + 03† | 1.62E + 03† | |
P10 | T1 | 2.20E + 03 | 2.31E + 03† | 2.18E + 03– |
T2 | 6.62E + 03 | 8.09E + 03≈ | 5.74E + 03– | |
†/≈/– | / | 19/1/0 | 13/5/2 |
Statistical analysis
Functions | CI + HS & MS & LS | PI + HS & MS & LS | NI + HS & MS & LS | All functions | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VS | R+ | R– | p value | R+ | R– | p value | R+ | R– | p value | R+ | R– | p value |
MFEA | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 171.0 | 0.0 | 0.00018 |
MFEARR | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 171.0 | 0.0 | 0.00018 |
AT-MFEA | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 171.0 | 0.0 | 0.00018 |
MTEA-AD | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 171.0 | 0.0 | 0.00018 |
MFDE | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 16.0 | 5.0 | 0.208413 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 161.0 | 10.0 | 0.000934 |
TLTLA | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 15.0 | 6.0 | 0.294507 | 14.0 | 7.0 | 0.401678 | 132.0 | 39.0 | 0.040671 |
SREMTO | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 171.0 | 10.0 | 0.00018 |
MFMP | 19.5 | 1.5 | 0.046399 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 0.030971 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.021098 | 151.5 | 1.5 | 0.000352 |
Functions | CI + HS & MS & LS | PI + HS & MS & LS | NI + HS & MS & LS | All functions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algorithm | Ave. rank | Overall rank | Ave. rank | Overall rank | Ave. rank | Overall rank | Ave. rank | Overall rank |
MFEA | 7.25 | 8 | 8.3333 | 9 | 7.3333 | 7 | 7.6389 | 8 |
MFEARR | 7.5833 | 9 | 8.1667 | 8 | 7.6667 | 8 | 7.8056 | 9 |
AT-MFEA | 5.6667 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4.8333 | 5 | 5.1667 | 5 |
MTEA-AD | 6.1667 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6.0556 | 6 |
MFDE | 4.5 | 4 | 2.8333 | 3 | 4.5 | 4 | 3.9444 | 4 |
TLTLA | 3.5 | 3 | 3.8333 | 4 | 2.3333 | 2 | 3.2222 | 3 |
SREMTO | 6.6667 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8.5 | 9 | 7.3889 | 7 |
MFMP | 2.1667 | 2 | 2.0833 | 2 | 2.3333 | 2 | 2.1944 | 2 |
EMT-ADT | 1.5 | 1 | 1.75 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5833 | 1 |
Population size sensitivity analysis
γ | CI + MS | PI + MS | NI + MS | Ave. rank | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | ||
γ = 0.0005 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.17 |
γ = 0.001 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2.17 |
γ = 0.005 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4.50 |
γ = 0.01 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2.67 |
γ = 0.015 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2.50 |
Results on real-world problems
Instances | Task | EMT_ADT | MFDE | MFPSO | MFMP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
berlin52 | TSP | 159.3643486 | 229.1462823 | 283.4451226 | 312.347257 |
TRP | 8656.916011 | 9869.060957 | 11,966.12081 | 10,557.00903 | |
ch130 | TSP | 498.7551751 | 508.8042919 | 670.930163 | 614.6604992 |
TRP | 62,197.5479 | 66,509.4319 | 83,890.50617 | 73,100.84403 | |
eil51 | TSP | 9.862641757 | 11.74736244 | 18.21326348 | 16.6438674 |
TRP | 5358.397389 | 5482.648334 | 6088.072607 | 5412.303255 | |
eil76 | TSP | 20.46134622 | 17.0673391 | 34.26721908 | 32.03857071 |
TRP | 11,206.43997 | 11,596.42367 | 13,366.81866 | 11,439.34994 | |
eil101 | TSP | 25.56555029 | 25.95953947 | 37.96147829 | 44.53472604 |
TRP | 19,772.36955 | 20,877.96223 | 25,110.20341 | 19,964.23559 | |
kroA100 | TSP | 956.0707501 | 984.8757903 | 2435.276189 | 1294.539043 |
TRP | 62,854.12605 | 67,639.09777 | 139,053.2715 | 104,441.4754 | |
kroB100 | TSP | 832.8762773 | 952.0612095 | 2317.943192 | 2060.514439 |
TRP | 62,024.19728 | 67,160.81999 | 134,719.4472 | 113,395.1831 | |
pr76 | TSP | 2832.830837 | 3430.747388 | 5108.208294 | 7206.661393 |
TRP | 103,938.6386 | 123,705.6655 | 201,965.7336 | 215,881.814 | |
rat99 | TSP | 59.56985418 | 61.30108744 | 41.23388859 | 102.4018896 |
TRP | 21,927.70112 | 23,856.41117 | 24,195.14046 | 22,098.80504 | |
rd100 | TSP | 269.5498536 | 383.716592 | 769.9456139 | 703.420969 |
TRP | 34,068.40246 | 41,033.41973 | 61,720.5967 | 52,389.24794 |