Introduction
Literature review
Cat swarm optimization
Proposed methodology
Reinforcement cat swarm optimization
Improved seeking phase
Improved tracing mode
Optimal visual words using RCSO
Feature representation using new weighted Gaussian mixture modelling
Classification
Algorithm | Parameter | Values |
---|---|---|
RCSO | Num-RUN | 10 |
NUM-cat | 100 | |
Mortality rate | 2 | |
Seeking memory pool (MP) | 5 | |
Seeking range of the selected dimension (SRD) | 20 | |
Number of dimension | 10 | |
v-max | 1 | |
Max-iterations | [50,100,500,1000] |
Experimental results
Algorithm | Parameter | Values |
---|---|---|
SVM | Kernel | Rbf |
Max iteration | 200 | |
Tolerance | 0.001 | |
Train: Test set | 7:3 | |
ANN | Layers | 2 |
Activation function | relu, Softmax | |
Learning rate | 0.001 | |
Max iterations | 200 | |
Solver | Adam | |
Train: Test set | 7:3 |
Function | Fitness | PSO | WOA | CSO | LOA | RCSO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f1 | Best | 0.000257 | 28.8036 | 5.724712 | 2389.402 | 1.97E-07 |
Mean | 232.0884 | 15828931 | 1.445219 | 2389.402 | 0.0053 | |
f2 | Best | 2.00E-05 | 69266.55 | 5.76E-09 | 156758.2 | 2.03E-12 |
Mean | 0.693179 | 87154.71 | 1.72E-06 | 186758.2 | 0.070179 | |
f3 | Best | 5.28E-24 | 7.79E-07 | 2.66E-07 | 3.85E-18 | 9.05E-07 |
Mean | 0.001469 | 7105.738 | 9.24E-05 | 0.062526 | 1.52E-06 | |
f4 | Best | 0.000213 | 5.61E-07 | 3.19E-06 | 5.61E-07 | 1.52E-17 |
Mean | 0.000931 | 1380.82 | 0.000214 | 2768.104 | 7.67016 | |
f5 | Best | 0.000951 | 0.005127 | 4.27E-12 | 0.488691 | 7.34E-10 |
Mean | 0.009545 | 0.133818 | 1.55E-06 | 0.481997 | 1.68E-09 | |
f6 | Best | 4.9748 | 0.49031 | 1671.331 | 142.3428 | 1.63E-10 |
Mean | 10.16213 | 969.6008 | 1278.424 | 160.3428 | 0.644486 | |
f7 | Best | 5.9698 | 0.00483 | 4.76E-05 | 158.2046 | 0.438245 |
Mean | 0.99 | 0.064074 | 0.000319 | 142526.3 | 1.45349 | |
f8 | Best | 1.50E-32 | 8.56E-11 | 5.17E-08 | 9.92E-16 | 5.30E-09 |
Mean | 0.00013 | 0.213897 | 0.765501 | 2.96E-15 | 5.52E-08 | |
f9 | Best | 4150.376 | 10660.44 | 5.28E-13 | 9891.05 | 8.39E-15 |
Mean | 4150.491 | 10670.4 | 6.40E-09 | 9991.05 | 2.49E-11 | |
f10 | Best | 3.5883 | 28.936 | 0.396124 | 10101720 | 4.11E-05 |
Mean | 161.8155 | 0.01676 | 0.396175 | 1798847 | 0.765501 | |
f11 | Best | 1249.101 | 5471.709 | 251.3923 | 3861.069 | 5.44E-03 |
Mean | 1249.396 | 6042.879 | 251.9111 | 38412.14 | 0.024879 | |
f12 | Best | 2.6905 | 8.696111 | 0.767908 | 2002.179 | 9.67E-07 |
Mean | 71.71807 | 5.89E+08 | 0.709621 | 2865.179 | 0.161264 | |
f13 | Best | 888.6588 | 4206.628 | 26.56559 | 3890.199 | 7.32E-12 |
Mean | 891.2101 | 5501.522 | 29.16359 | 93440.34 | 7.193768 | |
f14 | Best | 1.7953 | 5798 | 0.502111 | 582.7025 | 0.016868 |
Mean | 31.38415 | 4456.6 | 3.036299 | 650.7025 | 0.072822 | |
f15 | Best | 2507.651 | 6290.522 | 0.18462 | 6327.491 | 0.589084 |
Mean | 2542.758 | 3.22E+08 | 1.118485 | 68757.49 | 0.953863 | |
f16 | Best | 1256.867 | 3782.438 | 88.32081 | 3911.25 | 2.71E-07 |
Mean | 1359.026 | 2.08E+08 | 88.39092 | 6.23E+10 | 0.003276 | |
f17 | Best | 4192.371 | 2513.897 | 0.10199 | 2617.617 | 4.14E-10 |
Mean | 4199.564 | 3020.211 | 0.771033 | 32675.35 | 0.00325 | |
f18 | Best | 1678.621 | 5036.485 | 0.291636 | 5855.046 | 1.608229 |
Mean | 1723.669 | 8.54E+08 | 0.235164 | 59850.46 | 7.89E-07 | |
f19 | Best | 980.5494 | 2522.591 | 86.31045 | 2640.288 | 1.323525 |
Mean | 897.4945 | 1.09E+09 | 86.31326 | 28802.88 | 1.07676 | |
f20 | Best | 1.21E-05 | 2.42E-05 | 300.1 | 1.58E-05 | 1.92E-06 |
Mean | 0.35965 | 2.96E-05 | 300.1419 | 1.95E-05 | 1.38E-06 | |
f21 | BEST | 890.7466 | 2563.897 | 425.808 | 2590.398 | 2.24E-13 |
Mean | 891.9347 | 3416.514 | 425.808 | 45305.3 | 1.190651 | |
f22 | Best | 1441.107 | 3113.897 | 731.9426 | 3252.172 | 0.022183 |
Mean | 1442.706 | 3770.202 | 732.0286 | 35707.58 | 0.007548 | |
f23 | Best | 1.42E-06 | 2.82E-05 | 1000.673 | 0.000238 | 15.73895 |
Mean | 5.42E-06 | 0.00057 | 1001.521 | 0.000598 | 18.75235 | |
f24 | Best | 1.92E-07 | 4.50E-06 | 1089.914 | 2.29E-05 | 392.2971 |
Mean | 2.02E-07 | 8.38E-06 | 1090.244 | 2.89E-05 | 910.2065 | |
f25 | Best | 1.51E-07 | 1.05E-05 | 0.003866 | 1.67E-06 | 0.433073 |
Mean | 2.55E-07 | 9.48E-05 | 0.00517 | 1.80E-06 | 0.002625 | |
f26 | Best | 1.84E-08 | 3.32E-05 | 1501.362 | 8.29E-06 | 14.51019 |
Mean | 1.93E-08 | 1.16E-05 | 1501.982 | 9.09E-06 | 132.6079 | |
f27 | Best | 5.76E-11 | 3.52E-08 | 300.1401 | 1.11E-07 | 2.25E-15 |
Mean | 2.03E-11 | 4.21E-08 | 301.2577 | 4.53E-07 | 1.93E-14 | |
f28 | Best | 3.45E-08 | 2.22E+08 | 2.87E-08 | 2.38E-06 | 4.88E-12 |
Mean | 3.45E-08 | 8.76E-08 | 3.01E-08 | 1.48E-07 | 3.75E-12 | |
f29 | Best | 4.78E+10 | 6.43E+08 | 1951.485 | 3.25E+10 | 490.3112 |
Mean | 5762783 | 4.80E+10 | 1891.485 | 3.29E+10 | 403.1123 |
Performance evaluation of RCSO
Performance analysis of NBOF method
Algorithm A | Algorithm B | Fitness | Statistics | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
RCSO | PSO | Best | 81.0 |
0.003
|
Mean | 71.0 |
0.001
| ||
WOA | Best | 57.0 |
0.000
| |
Mean | 49.0 |
0.000
| ||
CSO | Best | 74.0 |
0.001
| |
Mean | 58.0 |
0.000
| ||
LOA | Best | 44.0 |
0.000
| |
Mean | 35.0 |
0.000
|
Algorithm A | Algorithm B | Fitness | Statistics | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
RCSO | PSO | Best | 6.386 |
0.011
|
Mean | 4.910 |
0.026
| ||
WOA | Best | 13.298 |
0.000
| |
Mean | 10.312 |
0.001
| ||
CSO | Best | 7.196 |
0.007
| |
Mean | 4.539 |
0.033
| ||
LOA | Best | 13.073 |
0.000
| |
Mean | 10.312 |
0.001
|
Algorithm | Mean value rank | Best value rank |
---|---|---|
RCSO | 1.758621 | 1.931034 |
PSO | 2.689655 | 2.724138 |
WOA | 2.724138 | 3.62069 |
CSO | 3.827586 | 2.724138 |
LOA | 4 | 3.965517 |
Category | Parameters | PSO-BOF [63] | WOA-BOF [23] | CSO-BOF [22] | LOA-BOF [25] | RCSO-BOF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lung | Recall | 0.91 | 0.38 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.95 |
Precision | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.68 | |
F1-measure | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.77 | |
Accuracy | 0.56 | 0.633 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.73 | |
Kidney | Recall | 0.69 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.74 |
Precision | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.74 | |
F1-measure | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.74 | |
Accuracy | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.75 | |
Breast | Recall | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 |
Precision | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.71 | |
F1-measure | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.71 | |
Accuracy | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.70 | |
Spleen | Recall | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.71 |
Precision | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.71 | |
F1-measure | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.63 | |
Accuracy | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.62 | |
Average | Recall | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 |
Precision | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.71 | |
F1-measure | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.71 | |
Accuracy | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.70 |
Category | Parameters | PSO-BOF [63] | WOA-BOF [23] | CSO-BOF [22] | LOA-BOF [25] | RCSO-BOF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lung | Recall | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.80 |
Precision | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.79 | |
F1-measure | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.79 | |
Accuracy | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.63 | 0.80 | |
Kidney | Recall | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.76 |
Precision | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.75 | |
F1-measure | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.75 | |
Accuracy | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.77 | |
Breast | Recall | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.79 |
Precision | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.77 | |
F1-measure | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.77 | |
Accuracy | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.75 | |
Spleen | Recall | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.80 |
Precision | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.77 | |
F1-measure | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.76 | |
Accuracy | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.70 | |
Average | Recall | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.79 |
Precision | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.77 | |
F1-measure | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.77 | |
Accuracy | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.75 |
Classifiers | Class | Lung | Kidney | Method | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benign | Malignant | Benign | Malignant | |||
SVM | Benign | 0.40 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.20 | PSO-BOF |
0.60 | 0.26 | 0.66 | 0.33 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.40 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.40 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.73 | 0.33 | 1.0 | 0.33 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 0.60 | PSO-BOF | |
0.46 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.46 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.40 | 0.73 | 0.33 | 0.64 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.33 | 0.60 | 0.26 | 0.66 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.20 | 0.73 | 0.13 | 0.70 | RCSO-BOF | ||
MLP | Benign | 0.86 | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.26 | PSO-BOF |
0.40 | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.26 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.26 | 0.73 | 0.20 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.73 | 0.33 | 0.80 | 0.13 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.93 | 0.13 | 1.0 | 0.26 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.73 | PSO-BOF | |
0.13 | 0.60 | 0.26 | 0.80 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.33 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.73 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.40 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.46 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.26 | 0.66 | 0.20 | 0.89 | RCSO-BOF |
Classifiers | Class | Spleen | Breast | Method | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benign | Malignant | Benign | Malignant | |||
SVM | Benign | 0.93 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.57 | PSO-BOF |
0.86 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.37 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.66 | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.33 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.93 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.51 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.96 | 0.53 | 0.80 | 0.40 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.42 | 0.68 | PSO-BOF | |
0.55 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.62 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.33 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.71 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.50 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 0.66 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.26 | 0.76 | 0.20 | 0.75 | RCSO-BOF | ||
MLP | Benign | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.60 | PSO-BOF |
0.53 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.4 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.33 | 0.64 | 0.46 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.40 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.55 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.80 | 0.53 | 0.84 | 0.40 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.13 | 0.93 | 0.31 | 0.80 | PSO-BOF | |
0.93 | 0.80 | 0.44 | 0.86 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.46 | 0.91 | 0.40 | 0.75 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.06 | 0.94 | 0.31 | 0.82 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.53 | 0.98 | 0.33 | 0.88 | RCSO-BOF |
Algorithm | Average time in s |
---|---|
PSO | 195.61 |
WOA | 186.35 |
CSO | 170.11 |
LOA | 186.24 |
RCSO | 140.12 |
Lung | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classifiers | Class | Recall | Accuracy | Specificity | Precision | Negative predictive value | Method |
SVM | Benign | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.86 | 0.48 | PSO-BOF |
0.69 | 0.60 | 0.41 | 0.56 | 0.71 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.69 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 0.73 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.56 | 0.60 | 0.36 | 0.64 | 0.56 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.79 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.88 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.91 | 0.51 | PSO-BOF | |
0.73 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 0.76 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.73 | 0.64 | 0.37 | 0.64 | 0.78 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.64 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.60 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.83 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.93 | RCSO-BOF | ||
MLP | Benign | 0.72 | 0.87 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 0.31 | PSO-BOF |
0.46 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.47 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.69 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.41 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.69 | 0.74 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.47 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.88 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 0.90 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.76 | 0.92 | 0.46 | 0.13 | 0.33 | PSO-BOF | |
0.49 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.82 | 0.50 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.73 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.43 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.73 | 0.78 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.50 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.93 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.96 | RCSO-BOF |
Kidney | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classifiers | Class | Recall | Accuracy | Specificity | Precision | Negative predictive value | Method |
SVM | Benign | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.75 | PSO-BOF |
0.67 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.58 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.57 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.62 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.65 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.63 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.75 | 0.95 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.74 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.72 | PSO-BOF | |
0.64 | 0.64 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.56 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.55 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.59 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.62 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.60 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.72 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.71 | RCSO-BOF | ||
MLP | Benign | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.58 | 0.55 | PSO-BOF |
0.73 | 0.74 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 0.63 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.79 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.53 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.86 | 0.80 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.41 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.89 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 0.88 | 0.82 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 0.53 | PSO-BOF | |
0.70 | 0.71 | 0.26 | 0.66 | 0.61 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.75 | 0.71 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.51 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.82 | 0.77 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.40 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.86 | 0.95 | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.79 | RCSO-BOF |
Spleen | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classifiers | Class | Recall | Accuracy | Specificity | Precision | Negative predictive value | Method |
SVM | Benign | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.50 | PSO-BOF |
0.62 | 0.87 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.58 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.67 | 0.67 | 0.36 | 0.67 | 0.64 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.58 | 0.94 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.52 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.77 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.90 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.59 | 0.99 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.53 | PSO-BOF | |
0.65 | 0.92 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.61 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.70 | 0.71 | 0.38 | 0.70 | 0.68 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.61 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 0.69 | 0.55 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.82 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.94 | RCSO-BOF | ||
MLP | Benign | 0.48 | 0.95 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.51 | PSO-BOF |
0.53 | 0.89 | 0.44 | 0.62 | 0.59 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.64 | 0.68 | 0.36 | 0.68 | 0.66 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.39 | 0.95 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.53 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.80 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.92 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.51 | 0.97 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.54 | PSO-BOF | |
0.56 | 0.93 | 0.46 | 0.66 | 0.62 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.68 | 0.72 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.69 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.41 | 0.98 | 0.44 | 0.70 | 0.56 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.84 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.96 | RCSO-BOF |
Breast | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classifiers | Class | Recall | Accuracy | specificity | precision | negative predictive value | Method |
SVM | Benign | 0.55 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.54 | PSO-BOF |
0.65 | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.62 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.69 | 0.74 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.68 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.57 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.67 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.65 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.49 | PSO-BOF | |
0.59 | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.56 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.62 | 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.61 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.54 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.51 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.60 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.59 | RCSO-BOF | ||
MLP | Benign | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.54 | PSO-BOF |
0.63 | 0.69 | 0.37 | 0.61 | 0.58 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.58 | 0.65 | 0.33 | 0.61 | 0.52 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.56 | 0.71 | 0.26 | 0.60 | 0.55 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.79 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 0.80 | RCSO-BOF | ||
Malignant | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.52 | 0.48 | PSO-BOF | |
0.57 | 0.62 | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.52 | WOA-BOF | ||
0.52 | 0.58 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.46 | CSO-BOF | ||
0.51 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 0.54 | 0.50 | LOA-BOF | ||
0.71 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.72 | RCSO-BOF |