Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

33. Norms and Orientations of Political Elites

Author : Bernhard Weßels

Published in: The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Attitudes and orientations of mass publics gain regular public attention in the mass media and social sciences. Much less attention is paid to the orientations and norms of political elites. Research provides quite some evidence that there is interplay between political institutions, the incentives they offer and orientations and norms of political elites. Results show that institutional context gradually influences attitudinal adjustments as shown by transformation studies and that incentives of the electoral system have an impact on how representatives understand their job and how they represent. In addition, the roles political elites take in organizations or political institutions have a socializing effect on norms and behavior. These experiences also contribute to more firm belief systems and stronger ideological conceptualization of politics as part of the professionalization of politics.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Allen, N., & Birch, S. (2012). On Either Side of the Moat? Elite and Mass Attitudes Towards Right and Wrong. European Journal for Political Research, 5, 89–116.CrossRef Allen, N., & Birch, S. (2012). On Either Side of the Moat? Elite and Mass Attitudes Towards Right and Wrong. European Journal for Political Research, 5, 89–116.CrossRef
go back to reference Atkinson, M. M., & Bierling, G. (2005). Politicians, the Public and Political Ethics: Worlds Apart. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 38, 1003–1028.CrossRef Atkinson, M. M., & Bierling, G. (2005). Politicians, the Public and Political Ethics: Worlds Apart. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 38, 1003–1028.CrossRef
go back to reference Bachrach, P. (1962). Elite Consensus and Democracy. The Journal of Politics, 24, 439–452.CrossRef Bachrach, P. (1962). Elite Consensus and Democracy. The Journal of Politics, 24, 439–452.CrossRef
go back to reference Bachrach, P. (1967). The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Boston: Little Brown. Bachrach, P. (1967). The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Boston: Little Brown.
go back to reference Barnum, D. G., & Sullivan, J. L. (1990). The Elusive Foundations of Political Freedom in Britain and the United States. The Journal of Politics, 52, 719–739.CrossRef Barnum, D. G., & Sullivan, J. L. (1990). The Elusive Foundations of Political Freedom in Britain and the United States. The Journal of Politics, 52, 719–739.CrossRef
go back to reference Berle, A. A. (1959). Power Without Property. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. Berle, A. A. (1959). Power Without Property. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
go back to reference Burton, M. G., & Higley, J. (1987). Elite Settlements. American Sociological Review, 52, 295–307.CrossRef Burton, M. G., & Higley, J. (1987). Elite Settlements. American Sociological Review, 52, 295–307.CrossRef
go back to reference Burton, M., Gunther, R., & Higley, J. (1992). Introduction: Elite Transformations and Democratic Regimes. In J. Higley & R. Gunther (Eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (pp. 1–37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burton, M., Gunther, R., & Higley, J. (1992). Introduction: Elite Transformations and Democratic Regimes. In J. Higley & R. Gunther (Eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (pp. 1–37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Converse, P. E., & Pierce, R. (1986). Political Representation in France. Cambridge, MA/London: Belknap Press.CrossRef Converse, P. E., & Pierce, R. (1986). Political Representation in France. Cambridge, MA/London: Belknap Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy. Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press. Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy. Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Esaiasson, P. (2000). How Members of Parliament Define Their Task. In P. Esaiasson & K. Heidar (Eds.), Beyond Westminster and Congress: The Nordic Experience (pp. 51–82). Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Esaiasson, P. (2000). How Members of Parliament Define Their Task. In P. Esaiasson & K. Heidar (Eds.), Beyond Westminster and Congress: The Nordic Experience (pp. 51–82). Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
go back to reference Herrera, R. (1992). The Understanding of Ideological Labels by Political Elites: A Research Note. The Western Political Quarterly, 45, 1021–1035.CrossRef Herrera, R. (1992). The Understanding of Ideological Labels by Political Elites: A Research Note. The Western Political Quarterly, 45, 1021–1035.CrossRef
go back to reference Higley, J., & Gunther, R. (Eds.). (1992). Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Higley, J., & Gunther, R. (Eds.). (1992). Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Holmberg, S. (2000). Issue Agreement. In P. Esaiasson & K. Heidar (Eds.), Beyond Westminster and Congress: The Nordic Experience (pp. 155–179). Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Holmberg, S. (2000). Issue Agreement. In P. Esaiasson & K. Heidar (Eds.), Beyond Westminster and Congress: The Nordic Experience (pp. 155–179). Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
go back to reference Jackson, M., & Smith, R. (1996). Inside Moves and Outside Views: An Australian Case Study of Elite and Public Perceptions of Political Corruption. Governance, 9, 23–42.CrossRef Jackson, M., & Smith, R. (1996). Inside Moves and Outside Views: An Australian Case Study of Elite and Public Perceptions of Political Corruption. Governance, 9, 23–42.CrossRef
go back to reference Katz, R. S., & Weßels, B. (Eds.). (1999). The European Parliament, National Parliaments, and European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Katz, R. S., & Weßels, B. (Eds.). (1999). The European Parliament, National Parliaments, and European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Kitschelt, H., Mansfeldova, Z., Markowski, R., & Tóka, G. (1999). Post-Communist Party Systems. Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Kitschelt, H., Mansfeldova, Z., Markowski, R., & Tóka, G. (1999). Post-Communist Party Systems. Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Kritzer, H. M. (1978). Ideology and American Political Elites. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 484–502.CrossRef Kritzer, H. M. (1978). Ideology and American Political Elites. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 484–502.CrossRef
go back to reference McAllister, I. (1991). Party Elites, Voters and Political Attitudes: Testing Three Explanations for Mass-Elite Differences. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 24, 237–268.CrossRef McAllister, I. (1991). Party Elites, Voters and Political Attitudes: Testing Three Explanations for Mass-Elite Differences. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 24, 237–268.CrossRef
go back to reference McAllister, I. (2000). Keeping Them Honest: Public and Elite Perceptions of Ethical Conduct Among Australian Legislators. Political Studies, 48, 22–37.CrossRef McAllister, I. (2000). Keeping Them Honest: Public and Elite Perceptions of Ethical Conduct Among Australian Legislators. Political Studies, 48, 22–37.CrossRef
go back to reference McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and Ideology in American Politics. The American Political Science Review, 58, 361–382.CrossRef McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and Ideology in American Politics. The American Political Science Review, 58, 361–382.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller, A. H., Hesli, V. L., & Reisinger, W. M. (1995). Comparing Citizen and Elite Belief Systems in Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 1–40.CrossRef Miller, A. H., Hesli, V. L., & Reisinger, W. M. (1995). Comparing Citizen and Elite Belief Systems in Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 1–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller, A. H., Hesli, V. L., & Reisinger, W. M. (1997). Conceptions of Democracy Among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies. British Journal of Political Science, 27, 157–190.CrossRef Miller, A. H., Hesli, V. L., & Reisinger, W. M. (1997). Conceptions of Democracy Among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies. British Journal of Political Science, 27, 157–190.CrossRef
go back to reference Mills, C. W. (1958). Causes of World War Three. New York: Simon and Schuster. Mills, C. W. (1958). Causes of World War Three. New York: Simon and Schuster.
go back to reference Murray, S. K., & Cowden, J. A. (1999). The Role of “Enemy Images” and Ideology in Elite Belief Systems. International Studies Quarterly, 43, 455–481.CrossRef Murray, S. K., & Cowden, J. A. (1999). The Role of “Enemy Images” and Ideology in Elite Belief Systems. International Studies Quarterly, 43, 455–481.CrossRef
go back to reference Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy. Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy. Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Putnam, R. D. (1976). The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Putnam, R. D. (1976). The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
go back to reference Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1979). Attitude Stability Among Italian Elites. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 463–494.CrossRef Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1979). Attitude Stability Among Italian Elites. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 463–494.CrossRef
go back to reference Rohrschneider, R. (1994). Report from the Laboratory: The Influence of Institutions on Political Elites’ Democratic Values in Germany. The American Political Science Review, 88, 927–941.CrossRef Rohrschneider, R. (1994). Report from the Laboratory: The Influence of Institutions on Political Elites’ Democratic Values in Germany. The American Political Science Review, 88, 927–941.CrossRef
go back to reference Rohrschneider, R. (1996). Institutional Learning Versus Value Diffusion: The Evolution of Democratic Values Among Parliamentarians in Eastern and Western Germany. The Journal of Politics, 58, 422–446.CrossRef Rohrschneider, R. (1996). Institutional Learning Versus Value Diffusion: The Evolution of Democratic Values Among Parliamentarians in Eastern and Western Germany. The Journal of Politics, 58, 422–446.CrossRef
go back to reference Sartori, G. (1978). Anti-Elitism Revisited. Government and Opposition, 13, 58–80.CrossRef Sartori, G. (1978). Anti-Elitism Revisited. Government and Opposition, 13, 58–80.CrossRef
go back to reference Sartori, G. (1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham: Chatham House. Sartori, G. (1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham: Chatham House.
go back to reference Schmitt, H., & Thomassen, J. (Eds.). (1999). Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schmitt, H., & Thomassen, J. (Eds.). (1999). Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Shils, E. (1968). The Concept and Function of Ideology. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan. Shils, E. (1968). The Concept and Function of Ideology. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan.
go back to reference Sniderman, P. M., et al. (1991). The Fallacy of Democratic Elitism: Elite Competition and Commitment to Civil Liberties. British Journal of Political Science, 21, 349–370.CrossRef Sniderman, P. M., et al. (1991). The Fallacy of Democratic Elitism: Elite Competition and Commitment to Civil Liberties. British Journal of Political Science, 21, 349–370.CrossRef
go back to reference Sniderman, P. M., et al. (1996). The Clash of Rights. New Haven: Yale University Press. Sniderman, P. M., et al. (1996). The Clash of Rights. New Haven: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Sullivan, J. L., et al. (1993). Why Politicians Are More Tolerant: Selective Recruitment and Socialization Among Political Elites in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 23, 51–76.CrossRef Sullivan, J. L., et al. (1993). Why Politicians Are More Tolerant: Selective Recruitment and Socialization Among Political Elites in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 23, 51–76.CrossRef
go back to reference Truman, D. B. (1959). The American System in Crisis. Political Science Quarterly, 74, 481–497.CrossRef Truman, D. B. (1959). The American System in Crisis. Political Science Quarterly, 74, 481–497.CrossRef
go back to reference Walker, J. L. (1966). A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy. The American Political Science Review, 60, 285–295.CrossRef Walker, J. L. (1966). A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy. The American Political Science Review, 60, 285–295.CrossRef
go back to reference Weßels, B. (1999). Whom to Represent? Role Orientations of Legislators in Europe. In H. Schmitt & J. Thomassen (Eds.), Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union (pp. 209–234). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Weßels, B. (1999). Whom to Represent? Role Orientations of Legislators in Europe. In H. Schmitt & J. Thomassen (Eds.), Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union (pp. 209–234). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Norms and Orientations of Political Elites
Author
Bernhard Weßels
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51904-7_33