Skip to main content
Top

2008 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Norms: Social Influences on Human Thoughts About Wildlife

Author : Michael J Manfredo

Published in: Who Cares About Wildlife?

Publisher: Springer US

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Excerpt

During the mid-1990s I moved from the suburbs of Fort Collins, Colorado, to a subdivided farm just outside of town. The small development had a dozen, 10-acre lots on ground that was previously grazed by livestock. I soon realized that most residents in this community disagreed on what was the appropriate treatment of wildlife. …

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Aberle, D. F., Cohen, A. K., Davis, A. K., Levy, M. J., & Sutton, F. X. (1950). The functional prerequisites of a society. Ethics, 60(2), 100–111.CrossRef Aberle, D. F., Cohen, A. K., Davis, A. K., Levy, M. J., & Sutton, F. X. (1950). The functional prerequisites of a society. Ethics, 60(2), 100–111.CrossRef
go back to reference Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: Cross cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers’ turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(10), 1027–1039.CrossRef Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: Cross cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers’ turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(10), 1027–1039.CrossRef
go back to reference Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 170–211.CrossRef Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 170–211.CrossRef
go back to reference Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
go back to reference Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471–499.CrossRef Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471–499.CrossRef
go back to reference Astrom, A., & Rise, J. (2001). Young adults’ intention to eat healthy food: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Psychology and Health, 16(2), 223–237.CrossRef Astrom, A., & Rise, J. (2001). Young adults’ intention to eat healthy food: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Psychology and Health, 16(2), 223–237.CrossRef
go back to reference Barro, S. C., & Manfredo, M. J. (1996). Constraints, psychological investment, and hunting participation: Development and testing of a model. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1(3), 42–61.CrossRef Barro, S. C., & Manfredo, M. J. (1996). Constraints, psychological investment, and hunting participation: Development and testing of a model. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1(3), 42–61.CrossRef
go back to reference Biddle, B., Bank, B., & Slavings, R. (1987). Norms, preferences, identities and retention decisions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50(4), 322–337.CrossRef Biddle, B., Bank, B., & Slavings, R. (1987). Norms, preferences, identities and retention decisions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50(4), 322–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Bratt, C. (1999). The impact of norms and assumed consequences on recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 31(5), 630–656.CrossRef Bratt, C. (1999). The impact of norms and assumed consequences on recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 31(5), 630–656.CrossRef
go back to reference Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–444.CrossRef Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–444.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, T. J. (1999). Antecedents of culturally significant tourist behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 676–700.CrossRef Brown, T. J. (1999). Antecedents of culturally significant tourist behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 676–700.CrossRef
go back to reference Charng, H. W., Piliavin, J. A., & Callero, P. L. (1988). Role identity and reasoned action in the prediction of repeated behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(4), 303–317.CrossRef Charng, H. W., Piliavin, J. A., & Callero, P. L. (1988). Role identity and reasoned action in the prediction of repeated behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(4), 303–317.CrossRef
go back to reference Cheng, A. S., Kruger, L. E., & Daniels, S. E. (2003). “Place” as an integrating concept in natural resource politics: Propositions for a social science research agenda. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 87–104.CrossRef Cheng, A. S., Kruger, L. E., & Daniels, S. E. (2003). “Place” as an integrating concept in natural resource politics: Propositions for a social science research agenda. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 87–104.CrossRef
go back to reference Christian, J., & Armitage, C. J. (2002). Attitudes and intentions of homeless persons toward service provision in South Wales. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 219–231.CrossRef Christian, J., & Armitage, C. J. (2002). Attitudes and intentions of homeless persons toward service provision in South Wales. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 219–231.CrossRef
go back to reference Christian, J., & Abrams, D. (2003). The effects of social identification, norms and attitudes on use of outreach services by homeless people. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 138–157.CrossRef Christian, J., & Abrams, D. (2003). The effects of social identification, norms and attitudes on use of outreach services by homeless people. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 138–157.CrossRef
go back to reference Christensen, P. N., Rothgerber, H., Wood, W., & Matz, D. C. (2004). Social norms and identity relevance: A motivational approach to normative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(10), 1295–1309.CrossRef Christensen, P. N., Rothgerber, H., Wood, W., & Matz, D. C. (2004). Social norms and identity relevance: A motivational approach to normative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(10), 1295–1309.CrossRef
go back to reference Christian, J., Armitage, C. J., & Abrams, D. (2003). Predicting uptake of housing services: The role of self categorization in the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22(3), 206–217.CrossRef Christian, J., Armitage, C. J., & Abrams, D. (2003). Predicting uptake of housing services: The role of self categorization in the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22(3), 206–217.CrossRef
go back to reference Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015–1026.CrossRef Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015–1026.CrossRef
go back to reference Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In D.T. Gilbert, & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, (4th ed., pp. 151–192). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In D.T. Gilbert, & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, (4th ed., pp. 151–192). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and operational definition. In S. Clayton, & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45–65). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and operational definition. In S. Clayton, & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45–65). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
go back to reference Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Conner, M., & McMillan, B. (1999). Interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour: Studying cannabis use. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 195–222.CrossRef Conner, M., & McMillan, B. (1999). Interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour: Studying cannabis use. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 195–222.CrossRef
go back to reference Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1970). Norms and normative behavior: Field studies of social interdependence. In J. Macaulay, & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 83–102). New York: Academic Press. Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1970). Norms and normative behavior: Field studies of social interdependence. In J. Macaulay, & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 83–102). New York: Academic Press.
go back to reference Deaux, K. (1996). Social identification. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 777–797). New York: Guilford Press. Deaux, K. (1996). Social identification. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 777–797). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference DeVries, H., Backbier, E., Kok, G., & Dijkstra, M. (1995). The impact of social influences in the context of attitude, self efficacy, intention, and previous behavior as predictors of smoking onset. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 237–257.CrossRef DeVries, H., Backbier, E., Kok, G., & Dijkstra, M. (1995). The impact of social influences in the context of attitude, self efficacy, intention, and previous behavior as predictors of smoking onset. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 237–257.CrossRef
go back to reference Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Whitaker, D., & Shelby, B. (2000). Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research. Environmental Management, 25(4), 403–414.CrossRef Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Whitaker, D., & Shelby, B. (2000). Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research. Environmental Management, 25(4), 403–414.CrossRef
go back to reference Elster, J. (1989). The cement of society: A study of social order. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Elster, J. (1989). The cement of society: A study of social order. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Elster, J. (2003). Coleman on social norms. Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 44(2), 297–304.CrossRef Elster, J. (2003). Coleman on social norms. Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 44(2), 297–304.CrossRef
go back to reference Eriksen, T. H. (1995). Small places, large issues: An introduction to social and cultural anthropology (2 nd ed.). London: Pluto Press. Eriksen, T. H. (1995). Small places, large issues: An introduction to social and cultural anthropology (2 nd ed.). London: Pluto Press.
go back to reference Farley, J. U., Lehmann, D. R., & Ryan, M. J. (1981). Generalizing from “imperfect” replication. Journal of Business, 54(4), 597–610.CrossRef Farley, J. U., Lehmann, D. R., & Ryan, M. J. (1981). Generalizing from “imperfect” replication. Journal of Business, 54(4), 597–610.CrossRef
go back to reference Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Social norms and human cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 185–190.CrossRef Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Social norms and human cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 185–190.CrossRef
go back to reference Fekadu, Z., & Kraft, P. (2002). Expanding the theory of planned behavior: The role of social norms and group identification. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(1), 33–43.CrossRef Fekadu, Z., & Kraft, P. (2002). Expanding the theory of planned behavior: The role of social norms and group identification. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(1), 33–43.CrossRef
go back to reference Fine, G. A. (2001). Enacting norms: mushrooming and the culture of expectations and explanations. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms (pp. 139–164). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Fine, G. A. (2001). Enacting norms: mushrooming and the culture of expectations and explanations. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms (pp. 139–164). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
go back to reference Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
go back to reference Forgas, J. P., & Williams, K. D. (2001). Social influence: Introduction and overview. In J. P. Forgas, & K. D. Williams (Eds.), Social Influence: Direct and indirect processes (pp. 3–24). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Forgas, J. P., & Williams, K. D. (2001). Social influence: Introduction and overview. In J. P. Forgas, & K. D. Williams (Eds.), Social Influence: Direct and indirect processes (pp. 3–24). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
go back to reference Fulton, D. C., Pate, J., & Manfredo, M. J. (1995). Colorado resident’s attitudes toward trapping in Colorado. (Project Report No. 23). Project report for the Colorado Division of Wildlife. Fort Collins: Colorado State University, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit. Fulton, D. C., Pate, J., & Manfredo, M. J. (1995). Colorado resident’s attitudes toward trapping in Colorado. (Project Report No. 23). Project report for the Colorado Division of Wildlife. Fort Collins: Colorado State University, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit.
go back to reference Gintis, H. (2003). Solving the puzzle of prosociality. Rationality and Society, 15(2), 155–187.CrossRef Gintis, H. (2003). Solving the puzzle of prosociality. Rationality and Society, 15(2), 155–187.CrossRef
go back to reference Granberg, D., & Holmberg, S. (1990). The intention-behavior relationship among U.S. and Swedish voters. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 44–54.CrossRef Granberg, D., & Holmberg, S. (1990). The intention-behavior relationship among U.S. and Swedish voters. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 44–54.CrossRef
go back to reference Grube, J. W., Morgan, M., & McGree, S. T. (1986). Attitudes and normative beliefs as predictors of smoking intentions and behaviours: A test of three models. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 81–93.CrossRef Grube, J. W., Morgan, M., & McGree, S. T. (1986). Attitudes and normative beliefs as predictors of smoking intentions and behaviours: A test of three models. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 81–93.CrossRef
go back to reference Hall, T. E., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (2002). Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences, 24, 325–337.CrossRef Hall, T. E., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (2002). Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences, 24, 325–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Heberlein, T. A. (1972). The land ethic realized: Some social psychological explanations for changing environmental attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 28(4), 79–87.CrossRef Heberlein, T. A. (1972). The land ethic realized: Some social psychological explanations for changing environmental attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 28(4), 79–87.CrossRef
go back to reference Heberlein, T. (1977). Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacities. Proceedings: River Recreation Management and Research Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical report NC-28, 67–76. Heberlein, T. (1977). Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacities. Proceedings: River Recreation Management and Research Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical report NC-28, 67–76.
go back to reference Hechter, M. (1987). Principles of group solidarity. Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Hechter, M. (1987). Principles of group solidarity. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
go back to reference Hecter, M., & Opp, K. D. (2001). What have we learned about the emergence of social norms? In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms (pp. 394–415). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Hecter, M., & Opp, K. D. (2001). What have we learned about the emergence of social norms? In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms (pp. 394–415). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
go back to reference Heywood, J. L. (1996). Convention, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 18, 355–363.CrossRef Heywood, J. L. (1996). Convention, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 18, 355–363.CrossRef
go back to reference Heywood, J. L. (2000). Current approaches to norm research. In D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borie, & J. O’Loughlin (Comps.), Wilderness science in a time of change – Volume 4: Wilderness visitors, experiences, and visitor management (pp. 260–264). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-Vol-4, Odgen, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Heywood, J. L. (2000). Current approaches to norm research. In D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borie, & J. O’Loughlin (Comps.), Wilderness science in a time of change – Volume 4: Wilderness visitors, experiences, and visitor management (pp. 260–264). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-Vol-4, Odgen, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
go back to reference Hopper, J. R., & Nielsen, J. M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior: Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behavior, 23(2), 195–220.CrossRef Hopper, J. R., & Nielsen, J. M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior: Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behavior, 23(2), 195–220.CrossRef
go back to reference Horne, C. (2001a). Sociological perspectives on the emergence of norms. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 3–34). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Horne, C. (2001a). Sociological perspectives on the emergence of norms. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 3–34). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
go back to reference Horne, C. (2001b). Sex and sanctioning: Evaluating two theories of norm emergence. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 305–324). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Horne, C. (2001b). Sex and sanctioning: Evaluating two theories of norm emergence. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 305–324). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
go back to reference Hrubes, D., Ajzen, I., & Daigle, J. (2001). Predicting hunting intentions and behavior: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 23, 165–178.CrossRef Hrubes, D., Ajzen, I., & Daigle, J. (2001). Predicting hunting intentions and behavior: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 23, 165–178.CrossRef
go back to reference Jackson, J. (1965). Structural characteristics of norms. In I. D. Steiner, & M. J. Fishbein (Eds.), Current studies in social psychology (pp. 301–309). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Jackson, J. (1965). Structural characteristics of norms. In I. D. Steiner, & M. J. Fishbein (Eds.), Current studies in social psychology (pp. 301–309). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
go back to reference Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). ‘We’re all individuals’: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 189–207.CrossRef Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). ‘We’re all individuals’: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 189–207.CrossRef
go back to reference Kenrick, D., Ackerman, J., & Ledlow, S. (2003). Evolutionary social psychology: Adaptive predispositions and human culture. In J. Delamater (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 103–122). New York: Kluwer. Kenrick, D., Ackerman, J., & Ledlow, S. (2003). Evolutionary social psychology: Adaptive predispositions and human culture. In J. Delamater (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 103–122). New York: Kluwer.
go back to reference Krebs, D. L., & Miller, D. T. (1985). Altruism and aggression. In G. Lindzey, & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2., pp. 1–71). New York: Random House. Krebs, D. L., & Miller, D. T. (1985). Altruism and aggression. In G. Lindzey, & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2., pp. 1–71). New York: Random House.
go back to reference Manning, R. E. (2007). Parks and carrying capacity: Commons without tragedy. Washington, DC: Island Press. Manning, R. E. (2007). Parks and carrying capacity: Commons without tragedy. Washington, DC: Island Press.
go back to reference McCall, G., & Simmons, J. L. (1978). Identities and interactions: An examination of human associations in everyday life (Revised edition). New York: The Free Press. McCall, G., & Simmons, J. L. (1978). Identities and interactions: An examination of human associations in everyday life (Revised edition). New York: The Free Press.
go back to reference Martinson, K. S., & Shelby, B. (1992). Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12(3), 559–567.CrossRef Martinson, K. S., & Shelby, B. (1992). Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12(3), 559–567.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1996). The construction of social norms and standards. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 799–829). New York: Guilford Press. Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1996). The construction of social norms and standards. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 799–829). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Opp, K. D. (2001). Social networks and the emergence of protest norms. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 234–273). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Opp, K. D. (2001). Social networks and the emergence of protest norms. In M. Hecter, & K. D. Opp (Eds.), Social norms (pp. 234–273). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
go back to reference Monroe, M., Newman, P., Pilcher, E., Manning, R., & Stack, 10. (2007). Now hear this. Legacy, 18(1), 18–25. Monroe, M., Newman, P., Pilcher, E., Manning, R., & Stack, 10. (2007). Now hear this. Legacy, 18(1), 18–25.
go back to reference Robbins, J. M., & Krueger, J. I. (2005). Social projection to ingroups and outgroups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(1), 32–47.CrossRef Robbins, J. M., & Krueger, J. I. (2005). Social projection to ingroups and outgroups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(1), 32–47.CrossRef
go back to reference Roggenbuck, J. W., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P., & Dean, D.J. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(2), 133–153. Roggenbuck, J. W., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P., & Dean, D.J. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(2), 133–153.
go back to reference Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Ruddell, E. J., & Gramann, J. H. (1994). Goal orientation, norms and noise-induced conflict among recreation area users. Leisure Sciences, 16(2), 93–104.CrossRef Ruddell, E. J., & Gramann, J. H. (1994). Goal orientation, norms and noise-induced conflict among recreation area users. Leisure Sciences, 16(2), 93–104.CrossRef
go back to reference Schwartz, S. H. (1968). Awareness of consequences and the influence of moral norms on interpersonal behavior. Sociometry, 31(4), 355–369.CrossRef Schwartz, S. H. (1968). Awareness of consequences and the influence of moral norms on interpersonal behavior. Sociometry, 31(4), 355–369.CrossRef
go back to reference Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkoowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). New York: Academic Press. Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkoowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). New York: Academic Press.
go back to reference Schwartz, S. H., & Howard, J. A. (1982). Helping and cooperation: A self-based motivational model. In V. J. Derlega, & J. Grezlak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior: Theories and Research (pp. 327–353). New York: Academic Press. Schwartz, S. H., & Howard, J. A. (1982). Helping and cooperation: A self-based motivational model. In V. J. Derlega, & J. Grezlak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior: Theories and Research (pp. 327–353). New York: Academic Press.
go back to reference Schofield, P. E., Pattison, P. E., Hill, D. J., & Borland, R. (2001). The influence of group identification on the adoption of peer group smoking norms. Psychology and Health, 16, 1–16.CrossRef Schofield, P. E., Pattison, P. E., Hill, D. J., & Borland, R. (2001). The influence of group identification on the adoption of peer group smoking norms. Psychology and Health, 16, 1–16.CrossRef
go back to reference Shelby, B. (1981). Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 129–138. Shelby, B. (1981). Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 129–138.
go back to reference Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
go back to reference Shelby, B., & Vaske, J. J. (1991). Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173–187. Shelby, B., & Vaske, J. J. (1991). Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173–187.
go back to reference Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Donnelly, M. P. (1996). Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences, 18, 103–123.CrossRef Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Donnelly, M. P. (1996). Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences, 18, 103–123.CrossRef
go back to reference Shepherd, G. J., & O’Keefe, D. J. (1984). Separability of attitudinal and normative influences on behavioral intentions in the Fishbein-Ajzen model. Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 287–288.CrossRef Shepherd, G. J., & O’Keefe, D. J. (1984). Separability of attitudinal and normative influences on behavioral intentions in the Fishbein-Ajzen model. Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 287–288.CrossRef
go back to reference Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A socio-structural version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings. Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A socio-structural version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
go back to reference Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. England: Cambridge University Press. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. England: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(8), 776–793.CrossRef Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(8), 776–793.CrossRef
go back to reference Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: Self-identity, social identity, and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(3), 225–244.CrossRef Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: Self-identity, social identity, and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(3), 225–244.CrossRef
go back to reference Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (2000). Attitude-behavior relations: Social identity and group membership. In D. J. Terry, & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership (pp. 67–93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (2000). Attitude-behavior relations: Social identity and group membership. In D. J. Terry, & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership (pp. 67–93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference Theodorakis, Y. (1994). Planned behavior, attitude strength, role identity and the prediction of exercise behavior. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 149–165. Theodorakis, Y. (1994). Planned behavior, attitude strength, role identity and the prediction of exercise behavior. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 149–165.
go back to reference Trafimow, D., & Finlay, K. (1996). The importance of subjective norms for a minority of people: Between-participants and within participants analyses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 820–828.CrossRef Trafimow, D., & Finlay, K. (1996). The importance of subjective norms for a minority of people: Between-participants and within participants analyses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 820–828.CrossRef
go back to reference Trafimow, D., & Fishbein, M. (1994). The moderating effect of behavior type on the subjective norm-behavior relationship. Journal of Social Psychology, 134(6), 755–763.CrossRef Trafimow, D., & Fishbein, M. (1994). The moderating effect of behavior type on the subjective norm-behavior relationship. Journal of Social Psychology, 134(6), 755–763.CrossRef
go back to reference Turner, R. H. (1978). The role and the person. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1–23.CrossRef Turner, R. H. (1978). The role and the person. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1–23.CrossRef
go back to reference Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
go back to reference Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Deshaies, P., Cuerrier, J. P., & Mongeau, C. (1992). Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action as applied to moral behavior: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 98–109.CrossRef Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Deshaies, P., Cuerrier, J. P., & Mongeau, C. (1992). Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action as applied to moral behavior: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 98–109.CrossRef
go back to reference Vaske, J. J, Shelby, B. B., Graef, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–153. Vaske, J. J, Shelby, B. B., Graef, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–153.
go back to reference Vaske, J. J., & Whittaker, D. (2004). Normative approaches to natural resources. In M. J. Manfredo, J. J. Vaske, B. L. Bruyere, D. R. Field, & P. J. Brown (Eds.), Society and Natural Resources: A summary of knowledge prepared for the 10th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resources (pp. 283–294). Jefferson, MO: Modern Litho. Vaske, J. J., & Whittaker, D. (2004). Normative approaches to natural resources. In M. J. Manfredo, J. J. Vaske, B. L. Bruyere, D. R. Field, & P. J. Brown (Eds.), Society and Natural Resources: A summary of knowledge prepared for the 10th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resources (pp. 283–294). Jefferson, MO: Modern Litho.
go back to reference Wagar, A. J. (1964). The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation. Forest Science Monograph, 7. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. Wagar, A. J. (1964). The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation. Forest Science Monograph, 7. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters.
go back to reference Williams, D. R., Roggenbuck, J. W., Patterson, M. E., & Watson, A. E. (1992). The variability of user-based social impact standards for wilderness management. Forest Science, 38(4), 738–756. Williams, D. R., Roggenbuck, J. W., Patterson, M. E., & Watson, A. E. (1992). The variability of user-based social impact standards for wilderness management. Forest Science, 38(4), 738–756.
go back to reference Ybarra, O., & Trafimow, D. (1998). How priming the private self or collective self affects relative weights of attitudes and subjective norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(4), 362–370.CrossRef Ybarra, O., & Trafimow, D. (1998). How priming the private self or collective self affects relative weights of attitudes and subjective norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(4), 362–370.CrossRef
go back to reference Young, R. A., & Kent, A. T. (1985). Using the theory of reasoned action to improve the understanding of recreation behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(2), 90–106. Young, R. A., & Kent, A. T. (1985). Using the theory of reasoned action to improve the understanding of recreation behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(2), 90–106.
go back to reference Zinn, H. C., Manfredo, M. J., Vaske, J. J., & Wittmann, K. (1998). Using normative beliefs to determine the acceptability of wildlife management actions. Society and Natural Resources, 11, 649–662.CrossRef Zinn, H. C., Manfredo, M. J., Vaske, J. J., & Wittmann, K. (1998). Using normative beliefs to determine the acceptability of wildlife management actions. Society and Natural Resources, 11, 649–662.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Norms: Social Influences on Human Thoughts About Wildlife
Author
Michael J Manfredo
Copyright Year
2008
Publisher
Springer US
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77040-6_5