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Introduction: Key Texts of the Author on Methodology, Development, Regions, Gender and Environment and the Book Structure Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

14. On Food and Nutrition

Author : Úrsula Oswald Spring

Published in: Úrsula Oswald Spring: Pioneer on Gender, Peace, Development, Environment, Food and Water

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Food serves three basic functions for most living beings. Firstly, food creates energy. Firstly, food creates energy required in the absorption and translocation of nutrients necessary for growth, sustenance, and biological and physical activities of the organism. Secondly, food supplies reducing agents indispensable in synthetic processes inside cells. Thirdly, food purveys the materials – structural and catalytic chemical components of living cells – that are built through anabolism. When one of these functions is absent, living organisms substitute the deficiency with the other functions. Nutrition is the process through which food substances are absorbed and used by living organisms. Commencing with the act of feeding, the process continues with digestion, where proteins are broken down into amino acids. Subsequently, intestines absorb nutrients, which, once integrated, are then distributed throughout the body for assimilation and metabolic transformation within each cell. The last stage is excretion of waste and toxins.

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previous chapter Bridging the Global Divides: The Links Between Latin America and Europe
next chapter Food System and Society: The Mexican Case
Footnotes
1
Oswald Spring, Úrsula (2006). “Food and Nutrition”, in: Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Vol. 2, New York, Routledge, pp. 663–666. This text was fundamentally revised and updated in 2017 and 2018.
 
2
The United Nations Food and Agrictultural Organisation (FAO) (2015) estimates that there are 500 million hungry people in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa alone, and that, due to climate change, over the next two decades this number may increase to between 200 and 600 million. FAO (2016) estimates that an additional investment of 267 billion USD, or 0.3 percent of global GDP until 2030 could eradicate hunger completely. The hunger project (2016) calculates that there are 795 million people – one in nine in the world – who do not have enough to eat and that 98 per cent of these live in developing countries. They estimate that there are 525.6 million hungry people in Asia, 214 million in Sub Saharan Africa and 37 million in Latin America and the Caribbean. The countries with most of hungry people are Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, India, Ghana, Malawi, Mexico, Mozambique, Peru, Senegal and Uganda. Sixty per cent of people with hunger are women (50 per cent pregnant), which, together with lack of maternal care, accounts for 300,000 maternal deaths; one in six babies are born underweight and three million die due to undernourishment and extreme poverty, http://​www.​thp.​org/​knowledge-center/​know-your-world-facts-about-hunger-poverty/​.
 
Literature
Álvarez Enrique; Oswald Spring Úrsula (1993). Desnutrición Crónica o Aguda Materno Infantil y Retardos en el Desarrollo [Acute and chronic maternal-child undernourishment and development delays], Aporte de Investigación, No. 59, Cuernavaca, CRIM-UNAM.
Binswanger, Hans, Ernst Lutz (2000). “Agricultural Trade Barriers, Trade Negotiations, and the Interests of Dev-eloping Countries”, Washington, D.C., World Bank.
CEPAL (2004). Balance Preliminar de la Economía en América Latina, Santiago de Chile, CEPAL.
CEPAL (2015). Balance Preliminar de la Economía en América Latina 2014, Santiago de Chile, CEPAL.
Epstein, Samuel S. (1998 &1999). The Cancer Prevention Coalition, Washington, DC. & Science, January, No. 23, p. 1999.
FAO (2000). A Millennium without Hunger, Rome, FAO.
FAO (2016). Climate change and food security: risks and responses, Rome, FAO.
Gorelick, Steven (2000). “Solution for a Farming Future”, The Ecologist, No. 30, p. 4.
Gregory, P.J., J.S.I. Ingram, M. Brklacich (2005). “Climate change and food security”, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., Vol. 360, No. 1463 (November), pp. 2139–2148.CrossRef
Lappe, Frances M., Joseph Collins, Peter Rosset (1998). World Hunger: Twelve Myths, New York, Grove Press.
Mosley, Henry (1984). “An Analytical Framework for the Study of Child Survival in Developing Countries,” Population and Development Review, No. 10 Suppl., pp. 25–45.CrossRef
Newman, Lucile F. (Ed.) (1990). Hunger in History, Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation, Cambridge - Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
Olweny, C. (1994). “Bioethics in Developing Countries: Ethics of Scarcity and Sacrifice”, Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 169–174.CrossRef
Oswald Spring, Úrsula (1990). Estrategias de Supervivencia en la Ciudad de Mexico [Survival Strategies in Mexico City], Cuernavaca, CRIM-UNAM.
Oswald Spring, Ursula (2001). “Sustainable Development with Peace Building and Human Security,” in EOLSS/UNESCO, Our Fragile World: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development, Encyclopedia on Life Support System (EOLSS), Section 2, Oxford, EOLLS-UNESCO.
Oswald Spring, Úrsula (2009). “Food as a New Human and Livelihood Security Challenge”, in H.G. Brauch, et al. (Eds.), Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts, Berlin - Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 473–502.
Oswald Spring, Úrsula (2011). “Genetically Modified Organisms: A Threat for Food Security and Risk for Food Sovereignty and Survival”, in Hans Günter Brauch, et al. (Eds.) Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks, Berlin - Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 1019–1042.
Secretaría de Salud (2015). Panorama Epidemiológico y Estadístico de la Mortalidad en México 2011, Mexico, D.F., SS.
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Shiva, Vandana, Asfar H. Jafri, Gitanjali Bedi, and Radha Holla-Bhar (1997). The Enclosure of the Commons, Biodiversity, Indigenous Knowledge, and Intellectual Property Rights, New Delhi, Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Ecology.
UNDP (1997–2004). Human Development Report, 1997–2004, New York, UNDP.
Wheeler, Tim, Joachim von Braun (2013). “Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security”, Science, Vol. 341, p. 508.CrossRef
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Metadata
Title
On Food and Nutrition
Author
Úrsula Oswald Spring
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Úrsula Oswald Spring: Pioneer on Gender, Peace, Development, Environment, Food and Water

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94711-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-94712-9

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94712-9_14