Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top

2011 | Book

Definition of Operational Amplifiers Read chapter Read first chapter

Operational Amplifiers

Theory and Design

Author: Johan Huijsing

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

Login to get access
insite
SEARCH

About this book

Operational Amplifiers – Theory and Design, Second Edition presents a systematic circuit design of operational amplifiers. Containing state-of-the-art material as well as the essentials, the book is written to appeal to both the circuit designer and the system designer. It is shown that the topology of all operational amplifiers can be divided into nine main overall configurations. These configurations range from one gain stage up to four or more stages. Many famous designs are evaluated in depth.

Additional chapters included are on systematic design of µV-offset operational amplifiers and precision instrumentation amplifiers by applying chopping, auto-zeroing, and dynamic element-matching techniques. Also, techniques for frequency compensation of amplifiers with high capacitive loads have been added.

Operational Amplifiers – Theory and Design, Second Edition presents high-frequency compensation techniques to HF-stabilize all nine configurations. Special emphasis is placed on low-power low-voltage architectures with rail-to-rail input and output ranges.

In addition to presenting characterization of operational amplifiers by macro models and error matrices, together with measurement techniques for their parameters it also develops the design of fully differential operational amplifiers and operational floating amplifiers.

Operational Amplifiers – Theory and Design, Second Edition is carefully structured and enriched by numerous figures, problems and simulation exercises and is ideal for the purpose of self-study and self-evaluation.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
1. Definition of Operational Amplifiers
Abstract
In 1954 Tellegen introduced the concept of a universal active network element under the name of “ideal amplifier” [1.1]. The name “nullor”, generally accepted now, was given to it by Carlin in 1964 [1.2]. The symbol of a nullor is shown in Fig. 1.1
Johan Huijsing
2. Macromodels
Abstract
The qualities of the universal active devices mentioned in Chap. 1 can be specified by their macromodels or equivalent circuits and by transfer matrices. These representations should contain all elements for quantifying the four qualities of gain, offset, and if applicable, the bias current of input and output ports. Macromodels may also include the HF parameters and non-linear effects.
Johan Huijsing
3. Applications
Abstract
This chapter describes a number of general applications suitable for quantifying the requirements of universal active devices or Operational Amplifiers. The transfer of each example is described by a matrix containing, firstly, one or more nominal values, and secondly, error terms having low values. The nominal values are determined by the circuit configuration and by the gain-setting passive components in the circuit. The error terms are determined by the non-idealities of the active devices as discussed in Chap. 2.
Johan Huijsing
4. Input Stages
Abstract
The input stage of an Operational Amplifier has the task of sensing the differential input voltage. This process is disturbed by interference signals such as: offset, bias, drift, noise and common-mode crosstalk. The modeling of these signals has been given in Chap. 2. The level of these additive interference signals determines the useful sensitivity of the amplifier. The design of the input stage should aim at low values of these interference signals, while the current consumption should be low, and a large portion of the rail-to-rail range should be available for common-mode signals.
Johan Huijsing
5. Output Stages
Abstract
The output stage of an operational amplifier has to provide the load impedance Z L with the desired output voltage V O and current I O , resulting in an output power P O  = V O I O . The main requirements of the output stage are: the ability to deliver negative and positive output currents at a high current efficiency, an output voltage range that efficiently utilizes the range between the negative supply rail voltage and the positive one, a high power efficiency, a low distortion, and good high-frequency (HF) performance.
Johan Huijsing
6. Overall Design
Abstract
The previous chapters dealt with two important stages of OpAmps. With the design of the input stage the aspects of bias, offset, drift, noise, common-mode rejection, and rail-to-rail input range were covered. With the design of the output stage power efficiency, classification of the fully VF, compound VF/GA, and rail-to-rail fully GA output stages with feed forward and feedback class-AB biasing were presented. The remaining attributes of gain, high-frequency response, slew rate, and linearity have to be performed by the whole of the input, intermediate, and output stages. That is the subject of this chapter.
Johan Huijsing
7. Design Examples
Abstract
We have made a classification of Operational Amplifiers in Chap. 6. Nine main topologies have been listed as in a periodic system.
Johan Huijsing
8. Fully Differential Operational Amplifiers
Abstract
As the supply and signal voltages go down to lower values from 30, 12, 5, 3, 2, and finally 1 V, the signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio becomes increasingly worse. An important way to cope with this problem is to use fully differential signal paths. The differential peak-to-peak signal then becomes maximally twice the total supply voltage V S = V SP − V SN . But even more important will be that the influence of substrate interference on the two balanced signals will largely cancel one another. All kinds of amplifiers, filters, sigma-delta converters, and other circuits using fully differential OpAmps may thus be designed in a fully balanced or differential way.
Johan Huijsing
9. Instrumentation Amplifiers and Operational Floating Amplifiers
Abstract
With the definition of universal active devices in Chap. 1 we have seen that the operational floating amplifier (OFA) is the most universal active device, even more universal than the operational voltage amplifier (OVA), abbreviated to OA or OpAmp, because of its most wide usage. The OpAmp provides us with accurate output voltage control. Additionally, the OFA provides us with accurate control of an output current, independently of the output voltage. So, with the OFA we are able to create controlled current sources. These can be used for the transmission of current signals independent of ground or reference voltage differences and for instrumentation amplifier applications mentioned in Sect. 3.4 [9.1].
Johan Huijsing
10. Low Noise and Low Offset Operational and Instrumentation Amplifiers
Abstract
Chapter 10 gives an overview of techniques that achieve low-offset, low-noise, and high accuracy in CMOS operational amplifiers (OA or OpAmp) and instrumentation amplifiers (IA or InstAmp). Auto-zero and chopper techniques are used apart and in combination with each other. Frequency-compensation techniques are described that obtain straight roll-off amplitude characteristics in the multi-path architectures of chopper stabilized amplifiers. Therefore, these amplifiers can be used in standard feedback networks. Offset voltages lower than 1 μV can be achieved.
Johan Huijsing
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Operational Amplifiers
Author
Johan Huijsing
Copyright Year
2011
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-007-0596-8
Print ISBN
978-94-007-0595-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0596-8