Top

Published in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. Organizations Matter: German Schools and Educational Performance Amid Brazilian Coffee Plantations (1840–1940)

Author : Bruno Gabriel Witzel de Souza

Published in: Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Current literature on human capital accumulation has significantly advanced our understanding of the historical origins of current educational outcomes. Historical dependence, however, is not deterministic and shocks can change the levels and trends of educational performance in the short and long run. A particularly important shock refers to immigration, as flows of foreign-born carry stocks of human capital, potential demands for schooling and specific cultural traits. Albeit increasingly convincing in their identification strategies, studies of the historical relationship between immigration and education still present some gaps in terms of transmission channels. After arguing that, on average, immigrants positively affected educational path dependence in Latin America, we are still left with the question of how this happened. This chapter contributes to this question by studying the history of educational organizations founded by a specific group of immigrants in a delimited geographic area, namely German-speaking immigrants in São Paulo, Brazil. Despite being a minority group, German-speakers strongly influenced schooling in the region. By the mid-nineteenth century, these immigrants were mainly laborers in the coffee plantations of São Paulo. Consequently, I first analyze the existence of schools in some of these plantations. I then study the foundation and administration of German schools, which showed a large array of strategies in dealing with the supply of education. These schools varied in size, location, curricula, ideological orientation, financial stability and social interconnections with the local population. Studying these historical components contributes to our understanding of how organizations mattered in molding the institutional path dependence of education.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter The Production of Impoverished but Sophisticated Emigrants: Emigration, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Sweden

next chapter Annexing the World: Education in the USA as Nationalist Policy in a Competitive Global Economy, 1877–1907

Naritomi et al. (2012) show a negative impact of sugar plantations and gold extraction on Brazilian institutions. However, they do not find a direct impact of colonial production on current spending on education.

A seminal contribution with relatively different results is that of Musacchio et al. (2014).

Based on archival research conducted at the Instituto Martius-Staden. See Witzel de Souza (2014).

The extremely rich literature on the transition from slavery in Brazil includes Buarque de Holanda (1941), Dean (1977), Witter (1982), Stolcke and Hall (1983), Lamounier (1986) and Viotti da Costa (1998).

See also Manzel et al. (2012), Chaudhary et al. (2012, 6–7) and Frankema (2009, 366–7).

In an unsettled debate, Dean (1977, 113) defends that poverty had no effect on immigrants’ self-selection to Brazil.

For specific German schools, see Bezerra (2001, 2007), Santos Nobre (2004), Ribeiro (2005) and Gouvêa (2011).

See also the reports by Tschudi translated in Heflinger (2009, 90–105).

O Mercantil (17/08/1850, p. 2).

This Swiss schoolmaster became the leader of an important immigrants’ strike in 1856—the so-called Sharecropper’s Riot—which influenced the decline of contract labor as an immigration policy.

Similar to the rate bill in New England before mass schooling (Engerman et al. 2009).

I could not determine whether these two schools were actually just one.

Valdetaro (1857‐1858), “Mapa Demonstrativo das cinco colônias existente no Município da Limeira […], 25/01/1854”—APESP, Lata C07213—Colônia.

See “Carta de Nicolau de C. Vergueiro […] 06/01/1852,” in Heflinger (2009, 41–2).

See “Johann Jacob von Tschudi, ausserordentlicher […],” Bundesarchiv Bern, E2#2103#101.

Correio Paulistano (20/06/1869, p. 1) and Diário de S. Paulo (01/08/1875, p. 2).

See Witzel de Souza (2019) and references therein as well as Correio Paulistano—1870 (08/02, p. 1; 26/11, p. 2).

Valdetaro (1857‐1858); O Estado de São Paulo (13/04/1934).

As pointed out at the country level by Engerman et al. (2009).

This “historical stock” of schools ignores the disappearance of specific organizations over time.

For case studies on German-speaking rural communities in São Paulo, see Grininger (1991), Bezerra (2001), Alves (2007), Silva (2010) and Varussa (2017). Karastojanov (1998) provides an account of German-speakers in Campinas.

The Brazilian Empire (1822–1889), having Roman Catholicism as the State’s religion, did not allow for the burial of non-Catholics in official cemeteries.

See Ruch (1937), Sommer (1953, VI), Haach (1999, 710), Karastojanov (1998, 51, 91) and Simson (mimeo, p. 5).

I did not carry a systematic research about Sunday schools, but they seem to have been important. See, e.g., the letters of Johannes and Frederico Krähenbühl, Piracicaba (07/09/1872) in Krähenbühl (2007, 43).

This colloquial plural for Germans consolidated in the countryside of São Paulo. The term remains associated with phenotypes, ignoring variations of nationalities and cultures.

School Germania was short-lived and shut down in 1878 (Jahn 1905, 360).

For the relevance of preserving the German language, for instance, see examples in: Instituto Martius-Staden: Fragebogen Deutsche Schule Rio Claro, 1927—Doc. N. 10858; Dr. Paul Kölle—Instituto Kölle Rio Claro (Docs. N. 41007 and 40628) and Kirchdorf (Habermann 1937).

Theoretical discussion in Chaudhary et al. (2012, 4–5) and evidence for German-Brazilians in Seyferth (2013, 585–7).

Grininger (1991, 128–40), however, discusses the shortcomings faced by local politicians associated with Helvetia. For the financial situation of the school in Kirchdorf: Instituto Martius-Staden, II. Einnahme, Kirchdorf, 1929/30.

See similar evidence for colony Riograndense in the 1920s in Silva (2010, 89).

See other cases in Valdetaro (1857‐1858); “Johann Jacob von Tschudi, ausserordentlicher […]”; Peter Krähenbühl (07/09/1872) and João Krähenbühl (31/01/1899) in Krähenbühl (2007, 43, 67).

This discussion complements Carvalho Filho and Colistete (2010, 8–11) and Seyferth (2013, 584–6).

See a similar argument in Engerman et al. (2009) and Wegenast (2010, 110).

Manzel et al. (2012, 958) come to a similar conclusion. Seyferth (2013, footnote 26) points to the same direction in her analysis of German schools in southern Brazil.

Abrantes, Visconde de. Memoria sobre meios de Promover a Colonisação. Berlin: Typographia de Unger Irmãos, 1846.

Abreu, Daniela C. L., and Maria T. Arruda Campos (Eds.). Escolas Municipais de Rio Claro. Rio Claro (SP): Pandix Editora / Arquivo Público e Histórico de Rio Claro ‘Oscar de Arruda Penteado’, 2014.

Acemoglu, Daron, Francisco A. Gallego, and James A. Robinson. “Institutions, Human Capital and Development”. Annual Review of Economics 6 (2014): 875–912.

Alves, Silvane R. L. “A Instrução Pública em Indaiatuba: 1854–1930. Contribuição para a História da Educação Brasileira” (Master Thesis). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2007.

Bassanezi, Maria. S. C. B. (Ed.). São Paulo do Passado. Dados Demográficos. 1920—VI. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas—Núcleo de Estudos de População, 1999.

Bazet, H. “Deutsche Schule in Santos.” In Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie in Staate São Paulo, edited by Adolph Uhle. São Paulo: Typographia Adolpho Uhle, 1905.

Bezerra, Maria C. S. “Imigração, Educação e Religião: um Estudo Histórico-sociológico do Bairro dos Pires de Limeira, uma Comunidade Rural de Maioria Teuto-Brasileira.” Master Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2001.

———. Educação Étnica: a Pluralidade das Propostas Educacionais de Origem Germânica no Estado de São Paulo. PhD Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2007.

Bisan Alves, Eliane. Etnicidade, Nacionalismo e Autoritarismo. A Comunidade Alemã sob a vigilância do DEOPS. São Paulo: Editora Humanitas / FAPESP. Coleção Histórias da Repressão e da Resistência, 2006.

Buarque de Holanda, Sérgio. “Prefácio do Tradutor.” In Memórias de um Colono no Brasil (1850), edited by Thomas Davatz. São Paulo: Editora Martins Fontes, [1858] 1941.

Carvalho Filho, Irineu, and Renato P. Colistete. “Education Performance: Was It All Determined 100 Year Ago? Evidence from São Paulo, Brazil.” MPRA Working Paper no. 24494, 2010.

Carvalho Filho, Irineu, and Leonado M. Monasterio. “Immigration and the Origins of Regional Inequality: Government-sponsored European Migration to Southern Brazil before World War I.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 42, no. 5 (2012): 794–807.

Chaudhary, Latika, Aldo Musacchio, Steven Nafziger, and Se Yan. “Big BRICs, Weak Foundations: The Beginning of Public Elementary Education in Brazil, Russia, India, and China.” Explorations in Economic History 49, no. 2 (2012): 221–240.

Colistete, Renato P. “Iniciativas Locais e Mobilização por Escolas Primárias em São Paulo, 1830–1889.” Revista de História 176 (2017): 1–36.

Davatz, Thomas. Memórias de um Colono no Brasil (1850). São Paulo: Editora. Martins Fontes, [1858] 1941.

Dean, Warren. Rio Claro: Um Sistema Brasileiro de Grande Lavoura, 1820–1920. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Paz e Terra, 1977.

Engerman, Stanley L., Elisa V. Mariscal, and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. “The Evolution of Schooling in the Americas, 1800–1925.” In Human Capital and Institutions: A Long-Run View, edited by David Elits, Frank D. Lewis, and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, 93–142. New York City, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Frankema, Ewout. “The Expansion of Mass Education in Twentieth Century Latin America: A Global Comparative Perspective.” Revista de Historia Económica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 27, no. 3 (2009): 359–396.

Freitas, Sônia M. Vida e Obra do Comendador Montenegro. Um lousanense visionário no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Polo Printer, 2013.

Galor, Oded, Omer Moav, and Dietrich Vollrath. “Inequality in Landownership, the Emergence of Human capital Promoting Institutions, and the Great Divergence.” Review of Economic Studies 76, no. 1 (2009): 143–179.

Glaeser, Edward L., Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. “Do Institutions Cause Growth?” Journal of Economic Growth 9, no. 3 (2004): 271–303.

Gouvêa, Flavia M. “Os Imigrantes Alemães em Rio Claro: Estratégias de Sobrevivência e Redes de Sociabilidades nos Séculos XIX e XX.” Master Thesis. Franca: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2011.

Grininger, Valdemar. “Imigração Suíça em São Paulo: A História da Colônia Helvetia.” Master Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1991.

Haach, Lúcia T. K. “‘Com Deus Inicio o meu Trabalho (Mitt Gott fang ich die Arbeit an)’. Imigrantes de Origem Cultural Germânica e seus Descendentes. Rio Claro—SP”. Anais do II. Encontro Nacional sobre Migração (1999): 705–732.

Heflinger Jr., José E. A Revolta dos Parceiros na Ibicaba [The Rebellion of the Sharecroppers in Ibicaba]. Limeira: Editora Unigráfica, 2009.

Hoch, Adolf G. Aus der Geschichte der deutschen Schule São Paulo. São Paulo: Typographia Hennies Irmãos & Cia. Acervo Instituto Martius-Staden, 1928.

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Anuário Estatístico do Brasil. Ano V—1939/1940. Rio de Janeiro: Conselho Nacional de Estatística, 1941.

Jahn, Theodor. “Campinas: Aus dem Leben der Stadt und ihr deutschpreschenden Kolonie.” In Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie in Staate São Paulo, edited by Adolph Uhle. São Paulo: Typographia Adolpho Uhle, 1905.

Karastojanov, Andrea M. S. “Vir, Viver e Talvez Morrer em Campinas: Um Estudo sobre a Comunidade Alemã Residente na Zona Urbana Durante o II Império.” Master Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1998.

Keller, Johann. Bericht über die gegenwärtige Lage der Landschulen im Innern des Staates São Paulo. Vortrag gehalten am 6. Mai 1919 an der Lehrervereins Versammlung im Klubhaus der ‘Germania’, von J. Keller, Direktor der Deutschen Schule Villa Marianna. São Paulo: Typographia Hennies Irmãos & Cia., 1919.

Klein, Hebert S. “European and Asian Migration to Brazil.” In The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, edited by Robin Cohen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Krähenbühl, René R. Família Krähenbühl, História da Imigração Suíça-Brasil, 1854–1857. Füllinsdorf BL and Campinas: author’s own edition, 2007.

Kreutz, Lúcio. “A Educação de Imigrantes no Brasil.” In 500 Anos de Educação no Brasil, edited by Eliana M. T. Lopes, Luciano M. Faria Filho, and Cynthia G. Veiga. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica Editora, 2000.

_____. “Escolas Étnicas dos Imigrantes Alemães no Brasil.” Martius-Staden-Jahrbuch 52 (2005): 91–106.

Krüger, Eldo, Mauri Kapel, and Darvin Beig. Comunidade Evangélica de Confissão Luterana de Rio Claro—Estado de São Paulo. 125 Anos de História, 1883–2008. Rio Claro (SP): Gráfica Editora, 2008.

Lamounier, Maria L. “Formas de Transição da Escravidão ao Trabalho Livre: a Lei de Locação de Serviços de 1879.” Master Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1986.

Levy, Maria S. F. “O Papel da Imigração Internacional na Evolução da População Brasileira (1872 a 1972).” Revista de Saúde Pública 8, suplemento (1974): 49–90.

Lindert, Peter H. Growing Public. Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century, Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Luné, Antonio J. B., and Paulo D. Fonseca. Almanak da Província de São Paulo para 1873. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado and Arquivo do Estado (fac-simile edition), [1873] 1973.

Manzel, Kerstin, Joerg Baten, and Yvonne Stolz. “Convergence and Divergence of Numeracy: The Development of Age Heaping in Latin America from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century.” The Journal of Economic History 65, no. 3 (2012): 932–960.

Mariscal, Elisa, and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. “Schooling, Suffrage, and the Persistence of Inequality in the Americas, 1800–1945.” In Political Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America. Essays in Policy, History, and Political Economy, edited by Stephen Haber. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2000.

Martins, José de S. “A Imigração Espanhola para o Brasil e a Formação da Força-de-trabalho na Economia Cafeeira: 1880–1930.” Revista de História, no. 121, 2nd semester (1989): 5–26.

Methner, Hans. 1912–1962. Em Comemoração do 50. Aniversário do Sínodo Evangélico do Brasil Central […]. Jubiläums-Festschrift. São Paulo: Herausgegeben vom Präses Martin Begrich, 1962.

Mitchell, Brian R. International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–1988. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; New York: Stockton, 1993.

Musacchio, Aldo, André M. Fritscher, and Martina Viarengo. “Colonial Institutions, Trade Shocks, and the Diffusion of Elementary Education in Brazil, 1889–1930.” The Journal of Economic History 74, no 3 (2014): 730–766.

Naritomi, Joana, Rodrigo R. Soares, and Juliano J. Assunção. “Institutional Development and Colonial Heritage within Brazil.” The Journal of Economic History 72, no. 2 (2012): 393–422.

Perret-Gentil, Charles. A Colônia Senador Vergueiro. Santos: Typographia Imparcial, 1851.

Ribeiro, Maria J. F. A. Memória, Imigração e Educação: Fábrica de Tecidos Carioba, uma Vila Industrial Paulista no Início do Século XX. PhD Thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2005.

Rocha, Rudi, Claudio Ferraz, and Rodrigo R. Soares. “Human Capital Persistence and Development.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, no. 4 (2017): 105–136.

Sánchez-Alonso, Blanca S. “The Other Europeans: Immigration into Latin America and the International Labour Market (1870–1930).” Revista de História Económica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 25, no. 3 (2007): 395–426.

_____. “The Age of Mass Migration in Latin America.” The Economic History Review 72, no. 1 (2019): 3–31.

Santos Nobre, Sonia A. Associação dos Professores Teuto-Brasileiros do Estado de São Paulo: Uma Reconstrução Histórica da Trajetória de um Órgão Associativo Voltado à Educação Étnica no Período de 1916 a 1938 (Master Thesis). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2004.

Seckler, Jorge. Almanach da Província de São Paulo para 1888. Administrativo, Commercial e Industrial. São Paulo: Jorge Seckler & Comp, 1888.

Seyferth, Giralda. “Colonização, Imigração e a Questão Racial no Brasil.” Revista USP 53 (2002): 117–149.

_____. “The Diverse Understandings of Foreign Migration to the South of Brazil (1818–1950).” Vibrant—Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 10, no. 2 (2013): 118–162.

Silva, Flávia. R. A Educação Alemã na Colônia Riograndense: 1922–1938 (Maracaí/Cruzália—SP). Master’s Thesis. Presidente Prudente: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2010.

Simson, Olga R. M. “Diversidade Sócio-Cultural, Reconstituição da Tradição e Globalização: os Teuto-Brasileiros de Friburgo/Campinas.” Working Paper CMU and NEP-CERU (University of Campinas), mimeo.

Siriani, Silvia C. L. Uma São Paulo Alemã: Vida Quotidiana dos Imigrantes Germânicos na Região da Capital (1827–1889). São Paulo: Arquivo do Estado (Coleção Teses e Monografias, Vol. 6), 2003.

_____. “Os Descaminhos da Imigração Alemã para São Paulo no Século XIX—Aspectos Políticos.” Almanack Braziliense 2 (2005): 91–100.

Sommer, Friedrich. “Vergangene Zeiten. Erinnerungen an Rio Claro und an andere Orte in der fruheren Provinz São Paulo.” Articles I-II. In Deutsche Nachrichten (August 11 and 25), 1951.

_____. São Paulo und die Deutschen—Archives of Instituto Martius-Staden: Artigos Deutsche Zeitung, São Paulo (Artigos I-X), 1953.

Stolcke, Verena, and Michael M. Hall. “The Introduction of Free Labour on São Paulo Coffee Plantations.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 10, no. 1 (1983): 170–200.

Stolz, Yvonne, Joerg Baten, and Tarcício Botelho. “Growth Effects of 19th Century Mass Migrations: ‘Fome Zero’ for Brazil?” European Review of Economic History 17, no. 1 (2013): 95–121.

Summerhill, William. R. “Colonial Institutions, Slavery, Inequality, and Development: Evidence from São Paulo, Brazil.” MPRA Working Paper No. 22162, 2010.

Tschudi, Johann J. von. Viagem às Províncias do Rio de Janeiro e S. Paulo. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Livraria Martins Editora, [1866] 1953.

Varussa, Eder. R. Os Imigrantes Alemães no Bairro Rural de Ferraz: Terra, Identidade, Memórias e Patrimônio Cultural (Master Thesis). Rio Claro: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2017.

Viotti da Costa, Emília. Da Senzala à Colônia (4th edition). São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP, 1998.

Wegenast, Tim. “Cana, Café, Cacau: Agrarian Structure and Educational Inequalities in Brazil.” Revista de Historia Económica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 1 (2010): 103–137.

Williamson, Jeffrey G. “World Migration in Historical Perspective: Four Big Issues.” In The Handbook of the Economics of International Migration, Vol. 1A, edited by Barry R. Chiswick, and Paul W. Miller. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015.

Witter, José S. Ibicaba, uma Experiência Pioneira (2nd edition, Vol. 5). São Paulo: Edições Arquivo do Estado Coleção Monografias, 1982.

Witzel de Souza, Bruno G. “Imigração Alemã e Mercado de Trabalho na Cafeicultura Paulista—um Estudo Quantitativo dos Contratos de Parceria.” História Econômica & História de Empresas 15, no. 2 (2012): 81–110.

_____. “The Combined Effect of Institutions and Human Capital for Economic Development: A case Study of German Immigration to São Paulo, Brazil (1840–1920).” Master Thesis. Goettingen: University of Goettingen, 2014.

_____. “Immigration and the Path Dependence of Education: the Case of German-speakers in São Paulo, Brazil (1840–1920).” The Economic History Review 71, no. 2 (2018): 506–539.

_____. “From Bonded Laborers to Educated Citizens? Immigration, Labor Markets, and Human Capital in São Paulo, Brazil (1820–2010).” Master Thesis. Goettingen: University of Goettingen, 2019.

Newspapers

Newspapers available online (at https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/, accessed on April 25 2019): O Mercantil; Correio Paulistano; Diário de S. Paulo.

Newspapers from the Archives of the Instituto Martius-Staden of São Paulo: O Estado de São Paulo (13/04/1934). Article: “Campinas. Collegio ‘Culto á Sciencia’” (Reference G IVh—Nr. 22).

Reports ( mimeos Available Upon Request)

Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo: “Mapa Demonstrativo das cinco colônias existente no Município da Limeira […], 25/01/1854”—Lata C07213—Colônias.

Bundesarchiv Bern: “Johann Jacob von Tschudi, ausserordentlicher Gesandter des Schweizerischen Bundesrates auf die brasilianischen Kolonien, an den Bundesrat. Rio de Janeiro, den. 6. October 1860” (Reference E2#2103#101).

Deutsche Schulen in den Staaten Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, Paraná und São Paulo nach dem Stande vom 1930. Bearbeitet vom Landesverband Deutschbrasilianischer Lehrer. Archives of the Instituto Martius-Staden of São Paulo (Reference No. 979/06).

Gustav Habermann—Questionnaire’s answer—“Fragebogen des Landesverbandes Deutsch-Brasilianischer Lehrer“, Kirchdorf (26/06/1927). Archives of the Instituto Martius-Staden of São Paulo.

Gustav Habermann—Questionnaire’s answer—“Fuer Orte, an denen bereits eine deutsche Schule besteht” Kolonie Kirchdorf (01/03/1937). Archives of the Instituto Martius-Staden of São Paulo.

Ludwig Ruch. Letter—Protocol response. Campinas, March 27 1937 (Reference: G IVh—Nr. 21).

Manuel de Jesus Valdetaro—Report to Marquez de Olinda. “Colonias de S. Paulo”, 07/11/1857; 17/03/1858.

Title: Organizations Matter: German Schools and Educational Performance Amid Brazilian Coffee Plantations (1840–1940)
Author: Bruno Gabriel Witzel de Souza
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25416-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-25417-9

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25417-9_8