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2024 | Book

Problem-solving and Learning for Public Services and Public Management

Theory and Practice

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About this book

In this textbook readers will acquire knowledge of problem-solving and learning to enhance both efficiency and the experience of service users in rapidly changing service environments, that can create new service models. Emphasizing that, above all else, individuals are at the centre of services, the book goes deeply into the nature of public services and their logic-of-practice. By applying learning and problem-solving approaches, the reader gains practical capabilities in addition to an appreciation of the latest research literature. Following a multidisciplinary, international approach, the book suggests a new typology of problem-framing and presents many examples of how new service solutions can be created in any public service context.
The book offers a conceptual toolkit to understand and analyse dynamically changing services and the application of new technologies. Topics covered include pressing issues surrounding public services, such as e-technology, digitalisation, e-services, artificial intelligence, entrepreneurialism, sustainability, climate, inequality, developing economies, and smart cities. Chapters follow a similar structure: issue, problems, what we know, learning framework, worked example, theory and practice conclusions, as well as teacher and learner notes. Addressing advanced undergraduate and graduate students of public administration, public management, political science, sociology, computer science, and information systems, the book will also be a valuable resource for practitioners, i.e. experts and managers in public organizations, professionals in organizations working at the business and public sectors, consultants, and IT suppliers.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
In Monty Python, a British comedy show, an ancient Briton asked, ‘what did the Romans ever do for us’, only to eventually receive a long list including straight roads, aqueducts, and villas? Most people have had a similar conversation about public services: ‘I don’t use any of their services’, only to be reminded about roads, sewers, tap water, traffic signals, and then perhaps schools and social services. This book is for people who want to better understand how local public services improve the value provided for citizens.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 2. Problem-Solving and Public Services
Abstract
Successful human societies and successful humans are good at problem-solving because it brings benefits. In doing so, they deploy socially honed learning faculties (language, cognition, recall memory, consciousness) unique to the human species. Problem-solving is inseparable from progress since solutions to one set of problems give rise to the next set: there is no status in social problem-solving. Humans build on general, transferable theoretical knowledge and craft skills, learned in logic-of-practice, coupled with context-specific knowledge (subjective and emotional), expanding the stock of solved problems and mobilising new capabilities.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 3. Public Value, Values, and Public Services
Abstract
What is a good life? The question has bedevilled philosophers across the ages. For Confucius, the good life is found in relationships and cultivating one’s culture, for Plato in understanding the essence of ideal forms, Aristotle’s good life is one spent reflectively gaining knowledge, whilst for the Christian life after death, the Muslim forbidding evil, reciting and the five duties, and the Hindu Bhagavad Gita emphasises good conduct and character, oneness with nature. Here, we focus on how good public services contribute towards a good life: security, healthy environment, transport, health, and education—Kinder et al. (2022) discuss the wide range of these services. Public service staff must balance citizens’ needs and wants with the resources available—the social and the economic. Overall, the accountability of public services is part of citizens’ assessing if they have a good life; perhaps interpreted as wellbeing, or meaningfulness, fulfilment. All of these are encapsulated in public value (PV) since as we will show, PV is made use of the values (plural) that citizens have, and PV aims to put subjective and objective valuations on the achievement of values-to-value (Vs2V).
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 4. E-Public Services
Abstract
The ‘e’ in the title refers to electronic as in e-commerce and e-Government. Reflecting on our own development, only 25 years ago avant-garde public officials were citing Castells’ (1997) idea that we might be entering a network society and Frances Cairncross (1997) predicted the death of distance.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 5. Local Public Sector Innovation
Abstract
Freeman’s (1982) early, deep study of innovation concluded innovate or die. He was referring to firms competing in markets. Public agencies too need innovation faced with competition from private providers and for budgetary resources from big spending areas such as welfare and defence. Quite rightly, people such as Jansson (2013) call for politicians to justify public services and the taxes needed to properly fund them, calling attention also to the employment opportunities for young people, if offered training, in areas such as health, education, and care services. Citizens, auditors, and national Governments expect efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency here includes continuous improvement designed to maximise outcome from inputs. Effectiveness means adopting the best service models, enabling technologies and the best ways-of-working. In short, efficiency and effectiveness go together and are bundled here under the rubric of innovation.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 6. Organising in Self-Organising Ecosystems
Abstract
This chapter explores issues associated with organising and public services: whereas organisation relates to top-down hierarchy, organising emphasises top-down and bottom-up activity. Our central arguments are firstly that reform and renewal in Europe and building public services in developing countries is best guided by organising rather than organisation: by adopting the sort of problem-solving, processual approach to personalised needs we discussed in Chap. 2. This can be enabled by building on information processes, digitalisation, and information technology (IT) and now artificial intelligence (AI). Secondly, public services are necessarily on-demand and servicing some user who are vulnerable. These are arguments for a public service ethos populating services with highly-qualified and empowered professionals capable of making sense of individual needs and the best integrated service processes. Thirdly, and related to these points, the position of public services in society needs to be based on trust not transactionality as a basis of efficiency (contrasted with expensive market healthcare in the USA), equity, and access. Public services should be one of the bonds binding societies together not a signal of inequality. Finally, we argue that many of the radicals promoting innovative ideas in problem-solving occupy middling roles, without power, in public organisations and instead inspire change by the power of their ideas and unbridled curiosity.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 7. Learners, Teachers, and Leaders
Abstract
If you the reader thought that earlier chapters in this book were iconoclastic, wait till you read this one! Here we look at the changing relationships between top managers, middle-mangers, and staff and their overall changing relations with service users and outside partners. This chapter challenges much of the way management as a function has been thought about in public services.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 8. Entrepreneurial Activity
Abstract
Entrepreneurs are a special type of leader, who in Disraeli’s phrase see the angel in the marble—envisioning a better way of doing things that will increase value output, productivity from an assembled set of inputs, achieving which involves risk of failure. In both the private and the public sector, this enhanced value the entrepreneur creates might be a new product, new process, and new business model, and in both cases the entrepreneur steps outside of previous activity organisation, taking the risk that the new way of marshalling resources may not work, it will lack legitimacy. As we show, some sets of institutions are more supportive of entrepreneurs than others by encouraging curiosity and supporting experimentation.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 9. Knowledge Flows and Services Improvements
Abstract
Capturing knowledge from external sources can have a major effect on public services; we have seen this in the examples of technologically enabled independent living and the robotic, diagnostic and information processing impact of artificial intelligence. Knowledge transfer is also important when public agencies are capital-starved encouraging working smarter, (often simply meaning working faster), as a way of enhancing total factor productivity. Knowledge, from Dewey’s (1927) perspective, is part of pragmatic technology either embedded inside the technology or in the human techniques deployed in ways-of-working. As the early 20th Taylorism showed some knowledge can be captured and codified in rules or today’s computer code and data centres. Control of codified knowledge can be ambiguous. Is the technology used to cut costs and reduce staffing, which we term knowledge management (KM) or is the technology used for the benefit of society to enable more person-to-person service contact, which we term socialised knowledge? As ICT-rich countries move from the era of digitalisation and networked information technology (IT) into the era of artificial intelligence (AI) in what direction is the control of bytes exercised? For other countries, digitalising data is the first challenge, and should not be underestimated: digital records and payment systems can be low-hanging fruit, quickly enhancing service quality and lowering costs.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 10. Governances and Sustainability Dialectics
Abstract
Taking governance arrangements for sustainability as an example, this chapter shows how a dialectical perspective can help understand what is going on and frame problem-solving in new ways. The external partnership arrangements we considered in Chap. 8 are overseen (led and managed) using governance arrangements of each organisation or network. In this chapter we dig more deeply into governances. As Schattschneider (1975: 71) says, all forms of political organisation have a bias in favour of the exploitation of some kinds of conflict and the suppression of others, because organisation is the mobilisation of bias. Another way of looking at governances is through the lens of trust as Six (2005) does, which invites investigation of personal relations that willingly accept vulnerability to the actions of others. Below, we also explore governance from the viewpoint of stability and change: sufficient stability to deliver reliable services, whilst having sufficient flexibility to respond to external events that demand alterations to governances. One of the big questions in relation to de-carbonising global economic activity is whether market governances or non-market governances offer the most appropriate transition instruments. Posed in this way, the governance issues closely relate to the mutuality boundary discussed in Chaps. 2 and 3.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 11. Inequality, Climate, and Dialectical Problem-Solving
Abstract
We left Chap. 10 with upward delegation of governance, intended to address major strategic issues populated by organisations such as the WTO, WB, IMF, and UN; organisations beyond the control of individual countries (perhaps excepting the USA) and in the minds of many analysts failing to adequately address social problems being far removed from being influenced by local practice in public services. While this entire book has been about problem-solving in public services and often mentioned the dialectical approach, for example Chap. 2, this current chapter steps outward from service systems and closely examines why and how dialectics is a suitable approach to analysing strategic policy issues.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Chapter 12. Conclusions
Abstract
With the end of our journey in sight this final chapter draws conclusions, reflecting on the problem-solving toolkit this book brought together, the theoretical conclusions flowing from this work, suggestions for practice, selected policy proposals in the book, comment on future research in public services and summarises how the book can be used for learning and teaching alongside the online repository of resources.
Tony Kinder, Jari Stenvall
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Problem-solving and Learning for Public Services and Public Management
Authors
Tony Kinder
Jari Stenvall
Copyright Year
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-43230-9
Print ISBN
978-3-031-43229-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43230-9