Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderation effects of gender on the relationships between the athletes’ perception of coach’s leadership (CL) and athletes’ basic psychological needs (BPN) and the moderation effect of types of sports in relation to their sport motivation (AM) level among university athletes. A total of 350 university athletes, consisting of 199 males and 151 females from 9 contact sports and 14 noncontact sports participated in this study. The measurement model was first tested for internal reliability, construct reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity for all constructs. The results of structural model showed that athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership was significantly related with athletes’ basic psychological needs, and subsequently, athletes’ basic psychological needs were significantly related with athletes’ motivation. PLS-MGA results indicated that there was a significant moderation effect of gender on relationship between athletes’ perception of coach leadership and athletes’ psychological needs. Similarly, the types of sports significantly moderated the relationship between athletes’ psychological needs and athletes’ motivation. As a conclusion, coaches’ leadership style has an influence on the psychological needs satisfaction of the athletes, and this subsequently affects athletes’ motivation. However, these relationships were being moderated by gender and types of sports, respectively. Hence, coaches must take into consideration the gender factor and the types of sports when training the athletes.

The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between agility and power to single-sprint performance and repeated-sprint ability. Thirty soccer players, aged between 19 and 25, participated in this study. Four tests were conducted: T-test, vertical jump test, 30 m sprint test and Bangsbo sprint test. The finding showed that there is a significant correlation between agility and single-sprint performance (r = .46, p < .05). A significant correlation also exists between agility and repeated-sprint ability (r = .72, p < .05). This study also found that there is a correlation between power and single-sprint performance (r = −.70, p < .05), and between power and repeated-sprint ability (r = −.56, p < .05). In conclusion, higher agility and power will result in better single-sprint performance and repeated-sprint ability.

Our aim was to analyze backhand strokes performed among three different levels of playing in squash (professional elite, intermediate, and beginners). Thirty-five matches from three different tournaments, performed by 15 players divided equally for each group, were analyzed via hand notational analysis. Results indicated that the professional elite had recorded the greatest number of backhand shots [n = 2382 followed by the intermediate (n = 2027) and the beginners (n = 1017)]. Further analysis has shown that the frequencies were significantly differed between groups (F = 8.39, p ≤ 0.005). The notational analyses have identified the drive as the most shots performed (BHDV) (40.9% of 5426 shots). Only three types of shots were frequently performed by all three groups which are BHDV (2220 of 5426 shots), the backhand crosscourt drive (BHXCDV) (853 shots), and the drop (BHDP) (595 shots). In addition, three backhand shots have marked significant difference between groups, which are BHDV (F = 16.235, p ≤ 0.000), the backhand volley drive (BHVDV) (F = 14.902, p ≤ 0.001), and BHXCDV (F = 5.793, p ≤ 0.017). Even though different levels of playing execute different number of shots per game, it was evident that all three groups had performed same type of shots as their most frequently performed, and it was mainly at the back of the court (BHDV). These findings could give practical implication to assist coaches and players to enhance their playing strategy performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a concurrent, strength, and endurance training program on metabolic syndrome risk factors among obese females. Fifty-two obese females (mean ± SD: age 22.71 ± 1.53 years; body mass index 33.96 ± 3.36 kg m⁻²) were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 13; concurrent (CE), endurance exercise (EE), resistance exercise (RE) programs, and control (C). All the intervention groups completed an 8-week intervention period that consisted of either an endurance exercise (EE: aerobic exercise intensity level started at 40% of training heart rate at week 1 and increased to 60% of training heart rate at week 8), resistance exercise (six to eight resistance exercises using machine at 50–70% of predicted 1RM), or concurrent exercise (CE: 25-min running plus six to eight resistance exercises at 50–70% of predicted 1RM). Resistance exercise was focused on upper body, lower body, and abdominal muscles. Before and after the intervention, subjects completed an incremental treadmill run and maximal isometric strength tests. The baseline values for waist circumference, TRI, HDL, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure were identical in all groups. Significant interaction (time x intervention) were found in WC, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose, but not in TRI and HDL. However, no significant differences were found between the groups in all outcome measures. The results suggest no significant difference in benefits of an 8-week of endurance, resistance and concurrent exercises on WC, TRI, HDL, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure among obese female adults maybe because of an insufficient sample size or a short intervention period.

Rugby union is a full-contact sport that the rate of injuries is higher. Multiple studies discovered rate and type of injuries occurred in rugby union influences by many factors. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the type of injury occur in rugby union and identify the comparison of approach on leading to injury. In addition, the study is also able to ascertain injury rate based on player position. Therefore, the study was conducted by systemic review on previous articles and journals, then the data will analyze by meta-analysis method. The result shown probability of injury occurs as high as 57.2% per 1000 player-hours. The results also showed that most of the injuries were soft muscle injuries and position of player did not influence the injuries rate and type.

Purpose: This study was to justify the preferred coaching behaviors of Malaysian youth athletes. Method: It was a descriptive and inferential research designed using the Leadership Scale of Sports (LSS, Chelladurai [Journal of sport Psychology, 6(1), 27–41, 1994, 2]) questionnaire to conduct and elaborate the related information with self-administration. The samples were purposively selected. The estimated population was about 2500 Malaysian youth athletes in KARISMA 2015 tournament. Referred to Baumgartner and Hensley [Conducting & Reading Research in Kineaiology, McGraw Hill, 2004,1], the appropriate samples size came to 342 samples. The adopted questionnaire (r = 0.89) consisted of two sections. Section A: Demographic data of samples which consisted of gender, type of sports, and past experience involvement and achievement in particular sports. Section B was questions perceived that preferred coaching behavior of selected samples. LSS was inclusive dimensions of training and instruction, autocratic, democratic, social support, and positive feedback of coaches’ behavior. Results: Descriptive statistic showed the highest coaching behavior preferred by overall Malaysian youth athletes was democratic behavior with a mean score of M = 4.43, SD = 0.29. Inferentially independent t-Test to compare preferred coaching behavior between gender showed less performed sport female youth preferred autocratic where else, higher performed youths from various sports preferred democratic coaches. ANOVA and Spearman Rho were used to compare the preferred coaching behavior between various sports. It was statistically shown that there was significant difference between sports and coaching behavioral precisely with ranking of overall Malaysian youth athletes preferred democratic coaching in training process. However, it showed that different sequence ranks were preferred between higher performed sports’ youth athletes and lower performed sports youth athletes with respect to democratic, social support, positive feedback and on the other hand, autocratic, social support, and positive feedback were preferred. Conclusion: Malaysian youth athletes preferred training and instruction with democratic of their coaches but lower performed sports youth athletes preferred autocratic rather than democratic comparatively and the rest were sequencing similar. Contribution: Results were in line with the past studies and contributed to the coaching science, the body of knowledge.

Resistance training using one’s own body weight has a pivotal role in lessen the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One of the typical resistance training exercises is traditional calisthenics, frequently included in rehabilitation or physical therapy program. Likewise, passive stretching is beneficial in improving glycemic control and physical fitness. To date, however, the effect of calisthenics exercises and passive stretching that could improve the risk factors in the population are not well understood. The propose study therefore, sets out to assess the effectiveness of the supervised calisthenics exercise and passive stretching on glycemic controls, body composition, risk factors that associate with cardiovascular disease, and some fitness parameters. Adult patients who are registered in the Health Centre, UTM, Skudai and meet some inclusion criterion will be randomly chosen for this study. A total of 66 type 2 diabetics will be randomised into three experimental groups (i.e. calisthenics (CS) and passive stretching (PS) and also combined exercise (CP) and will receive treatment for 12 weeks of study duration. All parameters will be measured at baseline and post measurement. We are aiming for an improvement in physical measurement and blood biomarkers in subjects, besides investigating the effectiveness of intervention exercises on fitness parameters thereby improving their quality of life.

Obesity is the excess of body fat, often resulting in impaired health. For many years, people have suspected that stress and obesity are linked but since lack of research, it is not easy to determine the relationship. The aim of this research was to identify the level of stress between obese and nonobese Malaysians. The sample of this study consisted of 121, obese (N = 65) and nonobese (N = 56) Malaysians residing Shah Alam, Selangor. The sample was differentiated between obese and nonobese based on their Body Mass Index (BMI) result. BMI of 30 kg or more are classified as obese. The instrument used in this study comprised of a 73-item Stress Indicator Questionnaire (SIQ). The result showed that the level of stress on obese higher than nonobese, t (121) = 13.3120, p < .01. Besides that, all the symptoms of stress including Physical (x̄ = 20.7343), Sleep (x̄ = 19.2987), Behavioural (x̄ = 21.5171), Emotional (x̄ = 23.3312), and Personal Habits (x̄ = 15.4591) were higher on obese compared to nonobese respondents. Even though the present study showed that food most probably perceived as a source to reduce stress but obese population should use other strategies to reduce their stress level than depending solely on food.

Service is an important move in the sepak takraw sport. A study to observe the relationship between the service ball’s launch angle and ball distribution in the opponent’s area in real sepak takraw match situations was carried out. Video analyses were performed on 10 experienced national university level servers (age = 21.61 ± 2.0 years; height = 1.71 ± 0.04 m; mass = 73.70 ± 10.17 kg). All videos were recorded during an inter-university sports tournament, starting from the group match, until the final match of the competition. The analyses focused only on the ‘Kuda Kick’ service technique. In order to analyze ball distribution during serve, the serve’s receiving side of the court was categorized into nine zones (zone A–I). A high definition video camera was utilized to record the entire two-sided court area from a sagittal plane view. The serve launch angles were then obtained from video analysis. It was identified that there were 7 ranges of launch angles during service. The results indicated that the highest ball distribution is in zone F (26.6%), followed by zone B (24.8%) and zone E (17.8%); whereas the lowest ball distribution is in zone G (1.0%). In terms of the serve launch angle, the highest distribution is at a range of 1–10°(42.2%), and 11–20°(36.0%). Based on these 2 launch angle ranges, range 1–10° recorded 31.27% ball distribution in zone B, and 24.17% in zone F. The launch angle of 11–20° was mostly distributed in zone F (32.22%), followed by zone B 20.56%. The results indicated that high ball distribution area created a ‘T-Zone’ in the court area. This study also shows that there was a moderate correlation between serve launch angle and ball distribution area (r = 0.374; p < 0.05).

Match congestion in elite soccer results in muscle fatigue and underperformance on the next coming game. Recently, researchers are proposing on monitoring soccer players using technology to overcome this problem. Existing monitoring systems that utilizes Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is lacking. Most of the current monitoring systems use Global Positioning System (GPS); GPS is not accurate to use for indoor purposes. Therefore, in this work, WLAN monitoring system is proposed to be used for indoor soccer training. Each player has a sensor and the sensor is connected wirelessly to the Access Point (AP) for real-time data transmission. Data transmission for four scenarios which are standing, walking, jogging and running will be investigated in terms of packet delay and packet loss.

This study aims to investigate the differences in selected performance indicators among the top four and bottom four teams who participate in MASUM 2015 Rugby 7s tournament. The data was collected from eight teams, namely the top four and bottom four teams, which are competed in the stages of grouping, quarterfinal, semifinal, and final, for this tournament. A total of 15 performance indicators were selected as the variables for this study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data. The results show that there exists a significant difference among the top four and bottom four teams for the performance indicators of (tackles missed, p = 0.02; conversion kick in, p = 0.02; conversion kick out, p = 0.02; try, p = 0.03; and maul, p = 0.03). The others performance indicators in this study show no significant difference among the top four and bottom four teams. The results presented in this study might be useful as a reference for coaches in designing training programs for the next MASUM Rugby Sevens tournament.

This study aimed to review the public sports facilities maintenance management practice managed by the Local Authority (LA) and the Stadium Corporation (SC) in Malaysia. This study is also intended to explore differences in the practice of the public sports facilities maintenance management based on respondents and facilities background as well as comparing two models of public sports facility management organizations. The study is based on the maintenance effectiveness model developed by Cholasuke, Ramnik Bhardwa and Jiju Antony (2004). The sample consists of 105 maintenance management staffs from 13 LA and 7 SC in Malaysia. The purposive sampling technique was used for sample selection of this study. A Likert scale questionnaire was adapted and used for the study and after that, it underwent a process of validity and reliability within the local context. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study by using frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Meanwhile, nonparametric test such as Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Wilcoxon T-test were used for inferential analysis. From the data analysis, it showed that the LA is more effective than the SC in terms of maintenance management for public sports facilities as a whole. The result for each effectiveness maintenance success factors showed that LA is more effective in the management of public sports facilities maintenance compared to the SC in Malaysia based on the factors such as organizational structure maintenance, planning and scheduling maintenance, maintenance information management, human resource management, and maintenance contract management. However, SC is only effective in continuous improvement factor. This study is expected to provide important information to help sports administrators understand related issues in the maintenance management of sports facilities, thus helping to improve the quality of sports facility maintenance management in Malaysia.

Inertial sensors are commonly found in commercial products such as smartphones and sports bands. When these sensors are stationary, the variation in the recorded signal (noise level) is very small (approaching 0.1% of the gravitational acceleration). In many sports applications, the recorded acceleration has noise spikes related to the sensor itself and impulsive body movements. The wrist acceleration (100 samples/s) from a boxing jab (posterior–anterior) to a stationary bag using five subjects demonstrated that following the impact, the sensor oscillated in a manner dependent on the sensor weight. Mathematically, the integrated acceleration at the end point of the jab should be zero. This was used to remove the vibration artefacts and verified using a high-speed camera (2014 fps). A male participant with a rotator cuff shoulder reconstruction was asked to raise his arms (front lateral raise) individually from rest (vertical) to above the horizontal position carrying several different weights. The shoulder instability of the participant was evident in the accelerometer record as significantly larger anterior–posterior vibration at 9 Hz. This was not evident in the opposite shoulder which had no reported injury. This technique might prove a useful tool in quantifying shoulder instability over long periods of time.

This study is focussing on the biomechanics analysis of the Sepak Takraw Tekong pre-serve motion. To date, most biomechanics analysis in sports is using standard three-dimensional video camera recording as the motion capture system . In this project, an in-house marker-less three-dimensional (3D) Depth Camera motion capture system is introduced. Kinect for Xbox 360 is chosen as the 3D Depth Camera motion capture sensor. Two sensors are used for duplex motion capture system arrangement since a recent study has proven that duplex system provides better results as compared to single Kinect motion capture system. These sensors have the capability to capture motions at 30 fps and categorized as marker-less skeleton tracking system. A server or known as Tekong in Sepak Takraw sport was chosen as test subject and his motion during performing the pre-serve motion was analysed. The serves motion of Tekong was captured during training session. Total serves attempt captured were 15 attempts. Data collected from the Kinect was then analysed using Matrix Laboratory software. The parameters analysed were foot-to-foot distance and both knee relative angle at pre-serve phase. The mean value and standard deviation for foot-to-foot distance in this study are 0.58 and 0.19 m. For the biomechanics analysis on the sample chosen, the mean value for relative angle for right knee was 148.72° whereas left knee relative angle was 160.89°. Speed of the ball being served also recorded in this study. From the statistical analysis, the result shows that the foot-to-foot distance and relative angle of the knee during pre-serve phase have an effect on the speed of the ball being served. From the outcomes of the study, it is suggested to use Kinect as the motion capture system since it can provide marker-less which is unable to comfort the subject to be examined, and also it can provide data in three dimensional. But, improvement in the specification of Kinect sensor used was highly recommended.

The aim of this pilot study is to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and putting performance of the golfers. Hundred and twenty-two male golfers participated in this study in three different selected golf clubs. The online version of golf putting self-efficacy was developed in this study based on the written version created by the previous study. The 3 m distance was used as a measure in this study. To achieve the objective of this study, the golfers were required to rate their belief right before the putting test. The results showed no significant relationship between self-efficacy and putting performance from the 3 m distance. Contrary to the previous research where golfers perceived shorter distance is the hardest to perform psychologically. Future research should compare between short- and long-distance putting, if there is any association between distance and self-efficacy of the golfers.

The concept of brand equity is often used to analyze how a brand can add value to a product or service. Brand researchers have developed several conceptualizations of brands equity in understanding consumer behavior in different industry. However, there is a paucity of research utilizing the brand equity concepts in comprehending sports consumer in supporting successful sports team. Thus, the present study aims to examine the relationship of brand association and brand awareness with the attendance of Selangor football fans, utilizing the Spectator-Based Brands Equity (SBBE) model. Convenience sampling technique was used to involve 150 Selangor football fans attending football matches in Stadium Shah Alam, as respondents. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaire. In brand association, three dimensions with the highest mean are team history (M = 5.99), followed by commitment (M = 5.81), and team success (M = 5.68). As for brands awareness, identification (M = 5.78) has a higher mean than internalization (M = 5.37). Both brand awareness (r = 0.638, p < 0.001), and brand association (r = 0.572, p < 0.001) are significantly related to attendance of fans. In conclusion, brands awareness plays a more important role in influencing the attendance of Selangor Football fans. Several suggestions are discussed and recommended for Selangor FA to attract more supporters and sustain fans attendance.

Motivation and satisfaction have a big impact towards the motorsport event industry, but it depends on the spectator Furthermore, the local motorsport event has become an important industry in Malaysia but untapped market for scientific research. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between motivation and satisfaction of spectator of local Motorsport events. This study used the scale of Facet of motivation (SPEED) as a motivation factor. SPEED facets of motivation were comprised of socialization, performance, excitement, esteem, and diversion. For this study, an event intercept method was used with a total of 290 respondents. A valid questionnaire was analysed using Pearson Correlation. The results of the Pearson Correlation analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between SPEED facet of motivation and satisfaction. In addition, it was found that all hypotheses are accepted. Thus, this finding will be used as important information for future research and organizer.

The aim of the current study is to provide the review of Silat Tempur since it was introduced 2 years ago in Malaysia. Silat Tempur is a mini silat olahraga sports that focused to the children aged between 7 and 13 years old. The purpose of this combat sports is to improve the martial arts techniques for young exponents particularly to those who is still new in competition. The scoring points and rounds of a match is similiar as Silat Olahraga. The techniques used are punch, kick, catch, block and topple down which less than those reported by Shapie et al. (Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts 4:81–86, 2013 [1]) in Silat Olahraga. The high intensity and intermittent nature in Silat Olahraga (Shapie et al. in Performance analysis of sport VIII. Magdeburg, Germany, pp. 667–672, 2008 [2]) suggested that the competition is not appropriate to children. The arena of Silat Olahraga is big (9 × 9 m) compared to one straight line (4 × 9 m) for Silat Tempur. The arena of Silat Tempur is similar with fencing platform which aimed to ease the exponents to perform the simple silat techniques such as punching and kicking in competition. Moreover, the movements of both silat exponents can be controlled to four consecutive strikes for each exponent to avoid injury. This competition is in line with the national Seni Silat Malaysia curriculum (Shapie and Elias in Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on Health and Martial Arts in Interdisciplinary Approach, HMA 2015, p. 213, 2015 [3]) which emphasized on blocks, punches and kicks for the first two levels (lower phase; white to blue belt and blue to brown belt).

This study aims to analyze and investigate the differences in goal scoring characteristics among winning and losing teams in the AFF Futsal Tournament, 2014. The independent variable (IV) represents the two separated groups, winning and losing teams; while the dependent variable (DV) represents the variable goal scoring characteristic. The sample is divided into two groups that consist of 24 samples (matches). In this study, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test or nonparametric test was used to make a comparison between the two sets of scores that come from the same participants, which are winning teams and losing teams, which come from the same group. The purposive sampling technique was used to obtain a sample from the target population of the study. The subjects were all selected from the AFF Futsal Tournaments, 2014. The analysis results show that there is a significant difference in terms of goal scoring characteristics based on open play (p < 0.05, for seven out of eight variables) and set play (p < 0.05, for two out of five variables) situation when compared between the winning and the losing team. Due to these results, teams in the winning group have a better gameplay, good game technicals, and tacticals. Meanwhile, the teams in the losing group do not have good tacticals and need to give more attention to their weaknesses.

Motion capture and motion analysis are employed in animation development and modeling of body movements in various fields. A typical motion capture system requires markers to identify the movement performed by objects in motion that is being tracked. A passive marker is built from light-reflecting materials, and the motion capture systems require lighting during the motion capture. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of colors and sizes of markers on its reflection rate index (RRI). This study involved the RRI of 12 different markers with various sizes (10, 14, and 18 mm) and colors (blue, red, gold, and silver). Based on the RRI value, the type and level of reflection and light distribution from each marker were identified. The results reveal that silver marker has an RRI value above 1, while blue, red, and gold markers have an RRI value below 1. Based on this study, we can categorize each marker’s light reflection rate based on the calculated RRI. This is helpful to users in deciding what type of marker needs to be used in each respective area.