Top

Published in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Prototyping Airborne Ultrasonic Arrays

Author : Asier Marzo

Published in: Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics for Touchless Interfaces

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Focused ultrasound is the base mechanism for mid-air tactile feedback generation, acoustic levitation, wireless power transfer, directional audio and other emerging applications. The basic required set-up is an ultrasonic emitter with the capability of focusing its acoustic power at a target point. Ideally, a multi-emitter phased array is used since it is capable of steering and shaping the sound field with millimetre accuracy and a time response in the order of milliseconds. There are compelling commercial products and open designs for this kind of ultrasonic arrays. Here, we review the different elements that compose an ultrasonic array: from the emitters and the driving electronics to the signal generators or algorithms. We review some techniques to simulate the output of ultrasonic arrays or to determine the emission phases for target fields. Also, we provide some suggestions for future challenges related to cost, power and heat reduction.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter The Physical Principles of Arrays for Mid-Air Haptic Applications

next chapter Safety of High-Intensity Ultrasound

Andrade MA, Camargo TS, Marzo A (2018) Automatic contactless injection, transportation, merging, and ejection of droplets with a multifocal point acoustic levitator. Rev Sci Inst 89(12):125105

Andrade MA, Marzo A, Adamowski JC (2020) Acoustic levitation in mid-air: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Appl Phys Lett 116(25):250501

Baggeroer A (2005) Sonar arrays and array processing. AIP Conf Proc Am Inst Phys 760:3–24

Bourland AC, Gorman P, McIntosh J, Marzo A (2018) Project telepathy. Interact 25(5):16, 250501

Brown LF, Mason JL (1996) Disposable PVDF ultrasonic transducers for nondestructive testing applications. IEEE Trans Ultras Ferroelectr Freq Control 43(4):560 (1996)

Carter T, Seah SA, Long B, Drinkwater B, Subramanian S (2013) UltraHaptics: multi-point mid-air haptic feedback for touch surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology, pp 505–514

Fenn AJ, Temme DH, Delaney WP, Courtney WE (2000) The development of phased-array radar technology. Lincoln Lab J 12(2):321

Flamini R, Mazzucco C, Lombardi R, Massagrande C, Morgia F, Milani A (2019) Millimeter-wave phased arrays for 5G: An industry view on current issues and challenges. In: 2019 IEEE international symposium on phased array system and technology (PAST). IEEE, pp 1–2

Foresti D, Nabavi M, Klingauf M, Ferrari A, Poulikakos D (2013) Acoustophoretic contactless transport and handling of matter in air. Proc Nat Acad Sci 110(31):12549, 250501

Franklin A, Marzo A, Malkin R, Drinkwater B (2017) Three-dimensional ultrasonic trapping of micro-particles in water with a simple and compact two-element transducer. Appl Phys Lett 111(9):094101

Gavrilov LR (2008) The possibility of generating focal regions of complex configurations in application to the problems of stimulation of human receptor structures by focused ultrasound. Acoust Phys 54(2):269

Georgiou O, Biscione V, Harwood A, Griffiths D, Giordano M, Long B, Carter T (2017) Haptic in-vehicle gesture controls. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications adjunct, pp 233–238

Georgiou O, Jeffrey C, Chen Z, Tong BX, Chan SH, Yang B, Harwood A, Carter T (2018) Touchless haptic feedback for VR rhythm games. In: 2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR), IEEE, pp 553–554

Giordano F, Mattei G, Parente C, Peluso F, Santamaria R (2016) Integrating sensors into a marine drone for bathymetric 3D surveys in shallow waters. Sens 16(1):41

Guo J, Chen L, Zhang Y, Yang K, Li J, Gao X (2013) Method of ultrasonic phased array imaging based on segment amplitude apodization. In: 2013 far east forum on nondestructive evaluation/testing: new technology and application. IEEE, pp 181–188

Hoshi T, Iwamoto T, Shinoda H (2009) Non-contact tactile sensation synthesized by ultrasound transducers. In: World haptics 2009-third joint euroHaptics conference and symposium on haptic interfaces for virtual environment and teleoperator systems, IEEE, pp 256–260

Introduction to ultrasonic drivers (2019). https://www.piezodrive.com/ultrasonic-drivers/intro-ultrasonic/

Kim JR, Chan S, Huang X, Ng K, Fu LP, Zhao C (2019) Demonstration of Refinity: An interactive holographic signage for new retail shopping experience. In: Extended abstracts of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 1–4

Lilliehorn T, Simu U, Nilsson M, Almqvist M, Stepinski T, Laurell T, Nilsson J, Johansson S (2005) Trapping of microparticles in the near field of an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonics 43(5):293

Long B, Seah SA, Carter T, Subramanian S (2014) Rendering volumetric haptic shapes in mid-air using ultrasound. ACM Trans Graph (TOG) 33(6):1

Marzo A, Drinkwater BW (2019) Holographic acoustic tweezers. Proc Nat Acad Sci 116(1):84

Marzo A, Seah SA, Drinkwater BW, Sahoo DR, Long B, Subramanian S (2015) Holographic acoustic elements for manipulation of levitated objects. Nat Commun 6(1):1

Marzo A, Barnes A, Drinkwater BW (2017) TinyLev: A multi-emitter single-axis acoustic levitator. Rev Sci Inst 88(8):085105

Marzo A, Ghobrial A, Cox L, Caleap M, Croxford A, Drinkwater B (2017) Realization of compact tractor beams using acoustic delay-lines. Appl Phys Lett 110(1):014102

Marzo A, Corkett T, Drinkwater BW (2017) Ultraino: An open phased-array system for narrowband airborne ultrasound transmission. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 65(1):102

Melde K, Mark AG, Qiu T, Fischer P (2016) Holograms for acoustics. Nature 537(7621):518

Memoli G, Caleap M, Asakawa M, Sahoo DR, Drinkwater BW, Subramanian S (2017) Metamaterial bricks and quantization of meta-surfaces. Nat Commun 8(1):1

Morales González R, Marzo A, Freeman E, Frier W, Georgiou O (2021) UltraPower: powering tangible & wearable devices with focused ultrasound. In: proceedings of the fifteenth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction, pp 1–13

Morales R, Ezcurdia I, Irisarri J, Andrade MA, Marzo A (2021) Generating airborne ultrasonic amplitude patterns using an open hardware phased array. Appl Sci 11(7):2981

Morris RH, Dye ER, Docker P, Newton MI (2019) Beyond the Langevin horn: transducer arrays for the acoustic levitation of liquid drops. Phys Fluids 31(10):101301

Norasikin MA, Martinez Plasencia D, Polychronopoulos S, Memoli G, Tokuda Y, Subramanian S (2018) SoundBender: dynamic acoustic control behind obstacles. In: proceedings of the 31st annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology, pp 247–259

Ochiai Y, Hoshi T, Rekimoto J (2014) Pixie dust: graphics generated by levitated and animated objects in computational acoustic-potential field. ACM Trans Graph (TOG) 33(4):1

Ochiai Y, Hoshi T, Suzuki I (2017) Holographic whisper: rendering audible sound spots in three-dimensional space by focusing ultrasonic waves. In: proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 4314–4325

O’Conaill B, Provan J, Schubel J, Hajas D, Obrist M, Corenthy L (2020) Improving immersive experiences for visitors with sensory impairments to the aquarium of the pacific. Extended abstracts of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 1–8

Ohmori T, Abe Y, Fujiwara M, Makino Y, Shinoda H (2021) Remote friction control on 3-dimensional object made of polystyrene foam using airborne ultrasound focus. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451598

O’Neil H (1949) Theory of focusing radiators. J Acoust Soc Am 21(5):516

Open source ultrasonic phased array. https://hackaday.io/project/159467-open-source-ultrasonic-phased-array

Plasencia DM, Hirayama R, Montano-Murillo R, Subramanian S (2020) GS-PAT: high-speed multi-point sound-fields for phased arrays of transducers. ACM Trans Graph (TOG) 39(4):138

Price A, Long B (2018) Fibonacci spiral arranged ultrasound phased array for mid-air haptics. In: 2018 IEEE international ultrasonics symposium (IUS). IEEE, pp 1–4

Rakkolainen I, Sand A, Raisamo R (2019) A survey of mid-air ultrasonic tactile feedback. In: 2019 IEEE international symposium on multimedia (ISM). IEEE, pp 94–944

Ramachandran N(2010) Modeling and control of acoustic levitation for dust control application. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Rathod VT (2019) A review of electric impedance matching techniques for piezoelectric sensors, actuators and transducers. Electron 8(2):169

Rosnitskiy PB, Vysokanov BA, Gavrilov LR, Sapozhnikov OA, Khokhlova VA (2018) Method for designing multielement fully populated random phased arrays for ultrasound surgery applications. In: IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 65(4):630

Schappe RS, Barbosa C (2017) A simple, inexpensive acoustic levitation apparatus. Phys Teach 55(1):6

Seip R, Chen W, Tavakkoli J, Frizzell L, Sanghvi N (2003) High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) phased arrays: Recent developments in transrectal transducers and driving electronics design. In: proceeding 3rd international symposium therapeutic ultrasound, pp 423–428

Svilainis L, Motiejūnas G (2006) Power amplifier for ultrasonic transducer excitation. Ultragarsas/Ultrasound 58(1):30

Topete J, Alvarez-Arenas TG (2014) Annular multifrequency piezoelectric array for enhanced wideband ultrasonic response. SENSORS, 2014 IEEE. IEEE, pp 102–105

Ultrasonic screwdriver in air-angular momentum transfer to matter (2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqe3YvhivYU

Watanabe A, Hasegawa K, Abe Y (2018) Contactless fluid manipulation in air: droplet coalescence and active mixing by acoustic levitation. Sci Rep 8(1):1

Weber J, Rey C, Neuefeind J, Benmore C (2009) Acoustic levitator for structure measurements on low temperature liquid droplets. Rev Sci Inst 80(8):083904

Zehnter S, Ament C (2019) A modular FPGA-based phased array system for ultrasonic levitation with MATLAB. In: 2019 IEEE international ultrasonics symposium (IUS), IEEE, pp 654–658

Title: Prototyping Airborne Ultrasonic Arrays
Author: Asier Marzo
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics for Touchless Interfaces
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-04042-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-04043-6

Copyright Year: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04043-6_15