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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

17. R als Programmiersprache

Author : Daniel Wollschläger

Published in: Grundlagen der Datenanalyse mit R

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Zusammenfassung

R bietet nicht nur Mittel zur numerischen und grafischen Datenanalyse, sondern ist gleichzeitig eine Programmiersprache, die dieselbe Syntax wie die bisher behandelten Auswertungen verwendet. Das sehr umfangreiche Thema der Programmierung mit R soll in den folgenden Abschnitten nur soweit angedeutet werden, dass nützliche Sprachkonstrukte wie z. B. Kontrollstrukturen verwendet sowie einfache Funktionen selbst erstellt und analysiert werden können. Eine ausführliche Behandlung sei der hierauf spezialisierten Literatur überlassen (Chambers, 2008; Ligges, 2016; Wickham, 2014). Die Entwicklung eigener R-Pakete behandeln R Core Team (2016d) und Wickham (2015).

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previous chapter Numerische Methoden

Für Hilfe zu diesem Thema vgl. ?Control.

Mit if(FALSE) { 〈Befehle〉 } können damit schnell viele Befehlszeilen von der Verarbeitung ausgeschlossen werden, ohne diese einzeln mit # auskommentieren zu müssen. Die ausgeschlossenen Zeilen müssen dabei jedoch nach wie vor syntaktisch korrekt, können also keine Kommentare im engeren Sinne sein.

Allgemein gilt, dass in einer Zeile stehende Befehle einen Block bilden und zusammen ausgeführt werden. Geschweifte Klammern sorgen dafür, dass die zwischen ihnen stehenden Befehle auch dann als einzelner Block gewertet werden, wenn sie sich über mehrere Zeile erstrecken. Die Auswertung erfolgt erst, wenn die Klammer geschlossen wird, auch wenn Abschnitte davor bereits für sich genommen syntaktisch vollständig sind.

Anders als in kompilierten Programmiersprachen wie etwa C oder Fortran sind Schleifen in R als interpretierter Sprache oft ineffizient. Als Grundregel sollten sie deswegen bei der Auswertung größerer Datenmengen nach Möglichkeit vermieden und durch vektorisierte Befehle ersetzt werden, die mehrere, als Vektor zusammengefasste Argumente gleichzeitig bearbeiten (Ligges & Fox, 2008).

Die aufgerufene Funktion kann nur Kopien der ursprünglichen Objekte, nicht aber die Objekte selbst ändern, da Argumente als Wertparameter (call by value) übergeben werden.

Dies sind lokale Objekte, sie existieren in einer beim Funktionsaufruf eigens erstellten Umgebung (Abschn. 1.4.1). Für das in diesem Kontext relevante, aber komplexe Thema der Regeln für die Gültigkeit von Objekten (scoping) vgl. Chambers (2008) und Ligges (2016).

Bis zur Auswertung ist das Argument ein promise. Für gewöhnliche Zuweisungen an Objekte gilt dagegen das Eager-Evaluation-Prinzip, nach dem der Inhalt von neuen Objekten schon bei der Zuweisung ausgewertet wird. Um auch für diese Objekte das Lazy-Evaluation-Prinzip zu nutzen, muss delayedAssign() verwendet werden.

Für einfache, nur zum eigenen Gebrauch bestimmte Funktionen mag dies überflüssig erscheinen, da man dann selbst darauf achten kann, sie korrekt zu verwenden. Allerdings ist dies gefährlich, da sich Funktionen durch andere als die vorgesehenen Eingangsinformationen stillschweigend anders als beabsichtigt verhalten können und so u. U. schwer entdeckbare Fehler verursachen (Abschn. 17.2.6).

Es handelt sich bei der hier vorgestellten Technik um das S3-Paradigma – in Abgrenzung zum flexibleren, aber auch komplizierteren S4-Paradigma, das etwa beim beschriebenen method dispatch nicht auf das erste Argument beschränkt ist.

Für S4-Methoden analog showMethods("〈Funktionsname〉") sowie showMethods (classes="〈Klasse〉").

Die Entwicklungsumgebungen RStudio und Architect bzw. Eclipse+StatET bieten grafische Oberflächen, die das debugging sehr erleichtern.

Operatoren sind in rückwärts gerichtete Hochkommata zu setzen, etwa ‘+‘ für die Addition.

Für S4-Methoden analog showMethods("〈Funktionsname〉").

Für S4-Methoden analog showMethods("〈Funktionsname〉", classes=" 〈Kla- sse〉", includeDefs=TRUE).

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Title: R als Programmiersprache
Author: Daniel Wollschläger
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book: Grundlagen der Datenanalyse mit R
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53669-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-53670-4

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53670-4_17

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