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2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. R&D in Germany and Turkey – a Comparison

Author : Prof. Dr. Andreas Kladroba

Published in: German-Turkish Perspectives on IT and Innovation Management

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Abstract

Innovative solutions are the factors that drive our prosperity and support our quality of life. They strengthen Germany’s position as a leading industrial and exporting nation. And they make it possible to find creative answers to the urgent challenges of our time (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 2014, p. 3).
These are the words the federal government used in 2014 to substantiate its continued commitment to research and development in accordance with the “High‐tech Strategy”. This insight, however, is far from new. In 2000, at the European Council meeting in Lisbon the Heads of State and Government had set the objective to make the European Union “the most competitive and dynamic knowledge‐based economy in the world”, the main instrument for this endeavor being a Europe‐wide increase of intramural R&D expenditures to 3% of the gross domestic product by 2010. Like Germany, R&D activities are here considered “a driving force for a competitive and dynamic knowledge‐based economy” (Commission of the European Communities 2002, p. 3).
Consequently, the promotion of R&D is not only an integral part of various government programs, but also of importance for supranational organizations like the United Nations or the OECD.

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next chapter Knowledge and Innovation Economy: an Evaluation of Turkey
Footnotes
1
Private Non Profit.
 
2
NUTS = Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques is the official regional classification of the EU. For Germany NUTS 1 corresponds to the federal states, NUTS 2 to the administrative districts and comparable aggregations, and NUTS 3 to the counties and county boroughs.
 
3
Source: www.​wikipedia.​de (08.01.2016).
 
4
Source: Eurostat.
 
5
The Ruhr district is no administrative unit. Therefore there is no official delimitation.
 
6
Source: OECD.
 
7
All R&D data refers to 2013, with the exception of the US and Switzerland, where only data on 2012 was available.
 
8
For Germany cf. Wissenschaftsstatistik (2015).
 
9
On the international interdependence of R&D cf. also Czernich and Kladroba (2013) and Belitz (2015).
 
10
On the different forms of organization of foreign R&D cf. Czernich (2014).
 
11
R&D personnel is generally measured in form of Full Time Equivalents (FTEs). The data on the proportion of women, however, is presented as headcount, as this value was available for a higher number of countries.
 
12
For a comprehensive representation of R&D personnel within the German business enterprise sector cf. Schneider and Stenke (2016).
 
13
For a detailed structural analysis of women at higher education institutions (including an international comparison) cf. Ihsen (2014).
 
14
The Wissenschaftsstatistik (2015a) provides a comprehensive set of figures on R&D within the German business enterprise sector. Analyses into that matter can be found in Wissenschaftsstatistik (2015b).
 
15
Sections G–N in NACE 2.0.
 
16
The agricultural and mining sectors are entirely missing.
 
17
NACE 2.0 section M.
 
19
On the methodology of R&D surveys within the higher education sector cf. Statistisches Bundesamt (2013).
 
20
However, only 44 % of all students are attributable to these subjects.
 
22
All GDP relations take into consideration the national accounts revision under the SNA 2008.
 
Literature
Belitz, H. (2015). Internationalisierung deutscher Industrieunternehmen. DIW-Vierteljahreshefte 1/2015. (pp. 103–120). Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2014a). The new high-tech strategy: innovations for Germany. Berlin: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung.
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2014b). Bundesbericht Forschung und Innnovation 2014. Berlin: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung.
Czernich, N. (2014). Forschung und Entwicklung deutscher Unternehmen im Ausland – Zielländer, Motive und Schwierigkeiten. Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 13-2014. Berlin: Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation.
Czernich, N., & Kladroba, A. (2013). Forschung und Entwicklung in international agierenden Unternehmen. In Wissenschaftsstatistik (ed.), FuE-Datenreport 2013 (pp. 33–38). Essen: Wissenschaftsstatistik.
Commission of the European Communities (2002). More research for Europe. COM(2002) 499. Brussels: COM.
European Commission (2013). Research and innovation performance in EU member states and associated countries. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission (2015). EU R&D scoreboard: the 2015 EU industrial R&D investment scoreboard. Brussels: European Commission.
Ihsen, S. et al. (2014). Frauen im Innovationsprozess. Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 12-2014. Berlin: Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation.
OECD (2015). Frascati manual 2015: guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development. Paris: OECD.CrossRef
Statistisches Bundesamt (2013). Finanzen und Steuern. Fachserie 14, Reihe 3.6. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
Metadata
Title
R&D in Germany and Turkey – a Comparison
Author
Prof. Dr. Andreas Kladroba
Copyright Year
2018
Book
German-Turkish Perspectives on IT and Innovation Management

Print ISBN: 978-3-658-16961-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-16962-6

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16962-6_1

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