Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. Refining the Chemical Pulps

Author : Vail Manfredi

Published in: Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Refining

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

After presents a brief description of the refiners evolution, this chapter focuses on what happens inside the refiners, that is, on the mass flow distributions inside the refiners, on how the flakes in suspension are captured by the bars of the refiners’ discs, and how energy is transferred to the pulp causing the desired changes in the fibers in suspension.
The effects of refining on fibers are described and classified according to the structural changes caused to the fibers as well as according to the direct effects of these changes on the properties of the paper produced. Effects on paper machine runability are also presented and discussed.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter The Pulps (Fibers) Characteristics
next chapter The Refining Models or “Theories”
Literature
2.
5.
Blechschmidt, J.; Heinemann, S. and Süss, H-U. – Mechanical pulping. In: Handbook of Pulp. Volume 2, Section II Ed. Sixta, H. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2006 pgs. 1069–1148.
10.
Fritoli, C. L.; Kruger, E.; Carvalho, S. K. de P. – História do papel: panorama evolutivo das técnicas de produção e implicações para sua preservação. Revista Ibero-americana de Ciência da Informação, 9 (2): 475–502 (2016).
11.
12.
17.
Kanazawa, T. and Fujita, O. K. – The latest refiner and deflaker designed with a twin rotor and stator system. Jappan Tappi Journal, 52 (4): 62–71 (1998).
20.
Cotterill, P. P. and Brolin, A. – Improving Eucalytpus wood, pulp and paper quality by genetic selection. In: Conference on Silviculture and Improvement of Eucalypts. IUFRO, Salvador: 24-29/08/1997 Volume 1 pgs. 1–13.
21.
Baker, C. F. – Advances in the practicalities of refining. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping conference. PIRA, Barcelona: 02-03/03/2005 Paper 2.
23.
Cotterill, P. and Macrae, S. – Improving eucalyptus pulp and paper quality using genetic selection and good organization. Tappi Journal, 80 (6):82-89 (1997).
26.
27.
Sorieul, M.; Dickson, A.; Hill, S. J. and Pearson, H. – Plant fibre: molecular structure and biomechanical properties, of a complex living material, influencing Its deconstruction towards a biobased composite. Materials, 9 (618): 1–36; (2016).
28.
Rodés, L. – Ensaios históricos – influência da cultura árabe sobre a refinação das polpas celulósicas. O Papel, 55 (11): 13–15 (1994).
34.
Hubbe. M. A – Flocculation and redispersion of cellulosic fiber suspensions: a review of effects of hydrodiynamic shear and polyeledtolytes. BioResources, 2 (2): 296–331 (2002).
35.
Chevalier-Billosta, V.; Joseleau, J.-P.; Cochaux, A. and Ruel, K. – Tying together the ultrastructural modifications of wood fibre induced by pulping processes with the mechanical properties of paper. Cellulose, 14:141 –152 (2007).
42.
Annergren, G. – Fundamentals of pulp fiber quality and paper properties. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando. 1999 pgs: 29–39
43.
44.
Ampulski, R. S. – Influence of fiber surface charge on tensile strength. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Denver. 1985 pg. 9.
45.
46.
49.
Magaton, A. S.; Colodette, J. L.; Gouvea, A. F. G.; Gomide, J. L.; Muguet, M. C. S. and Pedrazzin, C. – Eucalyptus wood quality and its impact on kraft pulp production and use. Tappi Journal, 8 (8): 32–39 (2009).
52.
Foelkel, C. E. B. and Dalmolin, I. – Improving eucalyptus pulp refining through the control of pulp consistency and stock pH: comparisons at given bulk and given tensile strength. In: Papermakers Conference, TAPPI, Atlanta: 01-04/03/1999 Volume 2 pgs: 751–754
53.
Paavilainen, L. – European prospects for using nonwood fibers. Pulp and Paper International, 40 (6): 61 (1998).
56.
Paavilainen, L. – Quality – competitiveness of Asian short-fibre raw materials in different paper grades. Papperi Ja Puu, 82 (3): 156 (1998).
57.
62.
Joutsimo, O. P. and Asikainen, S. – Effect of fiber wall pore structure on pulp sheet density of softwood kraft pulp fibers. BioResources, 8 (2):2719–2737 (2013).
63.
68.
Sigl, R. – Low intensity refining of hardwood and deinked pulps with a new generation of filling. Twogether – Paper Technology Journal (8): 7–11 (1999).
72.
Omholt, I. – The effects of curl and microcompressions on the combination of sheet properties. In: International Paper Physics Conference. TAPPI, San Diego, 1999 pg 499–515.
73.
Lindqvist, H. – Improvement of wet and dry web properties in papermaking by controlling water and fiber quality. Academic Dissertation, Åbo Akademi University. Åbo., 2013 85 pgs
76.
Pikulik, I. I. – Wet pressing – operating aspects. In: TECH95 Theory and Practice of Papermaking Course. CPPA, Ottawa, 1995 Section C3 29 pgs.
80.
Tiikkaja, E.; Kauppinen, M. and Glorigiano, P. – Fibre dimensions, their effect on paper properties and required measuring accuracy. In: XXXI Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1998 pgs. 397–402.
81.
Kramer, J. D. – Pulping eucalyptus – a review. In: XXXI Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1998 pgs.: 615–632.
84.
Malan, F. S.; Male, J. R. and Venter, J. S. M. – Relationship between the properties of eucalyptus wood and some chemical, pulp and paper properties. Paper Southern Africa, 14 (1): 6–16 (1994).
86.
Kärenlampi, P. – The effect of pulp fiber properties on the tearing work of paper. Tappi Journal, 79 (4): 211–216 (1996).
90.
Retulainen, E.; Moss, P. and Nieminen, K. – Effect of fines on the properties of fibre networks. In: 10th Fundamental Research Symposium Proceedings. Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, 1993 Volume 2 pgs. 727–769.
93.
Luce, J. – Paper structure. In: Wet-End Operations Short Course. TAPPI, Cincinnati, 1994 Paper 2 pgs. 9–23.
100.
Hatton, J. V. – Kraft pulping of second-growth Jack pine. Tappi Journal, 76 (5): 105–113 (1993).
102.
Philipp, P. and D’Almeida, M. L. O. – Celulose e papel – tecnologia de fabricação de papel – Volume 2. SENAI/IPT, São Paulo, 1988 402 pgs.
105.
Ferreira, P. J. and Figueiredo, M. M. – Efeito do cozimento e da refinação nas dimensões transversais das fibras de E. globulus. O Papel, 62 (01: 73–80 (2000).
108.
Green, S. I. – Pulp fibre drag coefficient. Appita Journal, 59 (2): 120–126 (2006).
109.
Pere, J.; Sika-Aho, M. and Vikar, L; – Biomechanical pulping with enzymes: Response of coarse mechanical pulp to enzymatic modification and secondary refining. Tappi Journal, 83 (5): 8 pgs (2000).
111.
Fiserová, M.; Gigac J.; Stankovská e Opálená, E. – Influence of bleached softwood and hardwood kraft pulps on tissue paper properties. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology., 53 (5–6): 469–477 (2019)
112.
115.
121.
Zhang, C.; Chen, M.; Keten, S.; Coasne, B.; Derome, D. and Carmeliet, J. – Hygromechanical mechanisms of wood cell wall revealed by molecular modeling and mixture rule analysis. Materials Science, 7 (37): eab8919 (2021).
124.
Botková, M.; Šutý, Š.; Jablonský, M.; Kučerková, L. and Vrška, M. – Monitoring of kraft pulps swelling in water. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 47 (1–2): 95–102 (2013).
125.
Guo, X.; Dong, J.; Liu, H.; Duan, C.; Yang, R. and Qi, K. – Effect of combined refining plates with different bar angles on paper properties during mixed pulp refining. Journal of Korean Wood Science and Technology, 48 (5): 581–590 (2020).
129.
Sjöberg, J. C.; Häggquist, M.; Wikström, M.; Lindström, T. and Höglund, H. – Effects of pressurized high consistency refining on sheet density. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (1): 39–45 (2008).
136.
Kiviranta, A. J. – Fiber and forming-related mechanisms affecting formation. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 239–245.
153.
Paavilainen, L. – Importance of cross-dimensional fibre properties and coarseness for the characteristics of softwood sulphate pulp. Paperi ja Puu, 75 (5): 35–43 (1993)
156.
Yan, H.; Norman, B.; Lindström, T. and Ankefors, M. – Fibre length effect on fibre suspension flocculation and sheet formation. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 21 (1): 30–35 (2006).
159.
Lindholm, C.-A. – Determining optimum combinations of mechanical pulp fractions. Paperi ja Puu, 65 (4): 243–245, 247–250 (1983).
161.
163.
Helmer, R. J. N.; Covey, G. H.; Raverty, W. D.; Vanderhoek, N, Sardjono, A. A. and Chau, T. – Laboratory simulation of the effects of refining on paper formation. Appita Journal, 59 (4): 291–296 (2006).
165.
Gurnagul, N., Page, D. H. and Seth, R. S. – Dry sheet properties of Canadian hardwood kraft pulps. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 16 (1): 36–41 (1990).
166.
Kerekes, R. J. and Schell, C. J. – Effects of fiber length and coarseness on pulp flocculation. Tappi Journal, 78 (2): 133–139 (1995).
167.
Higgins, H. G. – Speed reduction in disc refining: A strategy for saving energy. In: TAPPI Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Portland, 1983 pgs. 141–142.
169.
Walmsley, M. R. W.; Weeds, Z. and Atkins, M. – Pulp consistency and rotor back-flushing effects on pressure screen reject thickening. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 34 (1): 59–68 (2008).
178.
179.
Pikulik, I. I.; McDonald, J. D.; Mentele, C. J. and Lange, D. V. – The refining, forming, and pressing on fine paper quality. Tappi Journal, 81 (6): 122–130 (1998).
180.
Bither, T. W. and Waterhouse, J. – Strength development through refining and wet pressing. Tappi Journal, 75 (11): 201–208 (1992).
182.
183.
Görres, J., Amiri, R.; Grondin, M. and Wood, J. R. – Fibre collapse and sheet structure. In: 10th Fundamental Research Symposium, PIRA, Oxford, 1993 pgs. 385–310.
190.
191.
Courchene, C. E.; Peter, G. F. and Litvay, J. – Cellulose microfibril angle as a determinant of paper strength and hygroexpansivity in Pinus taeda L. Wood and Fiber Science, 38 (1): 112–120 (2006).
195.
Law, K. N. and Koran, Z. – Effect of press drying on paper properties. Appita, 34 (5): 38–390 (1981).
196.
Silva, R. P. and Oliveira, R. C. de – O efeito da refinação na recuperação das propriedades físico-mecânicas de papéis reciclados de pinus. O Papel, 63 (8):87–99 (2003).
198.
Pikulik, I. I. – Pressing – theoretical aspects. In: Theory & Practice of Papermaking Course. CPPA, Ottawa, 1995 Section C1 18 pgs.
201.
Chen, Y.; Wan, J.; Zhang, X.; Ma, Y. and Wang, Y. – Effect of beating on recycled properties of unbleached eucalyptus cellulose fiber. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87: 730–736 (2012)
202.
Dean, G. H. – Objectives for wood fibre quality and uniformity. In: Eucalypt Plantations: Improving Fibre Yield and Quality Conference. CRCTHF/IUFRO, Hobart: 19-24/02/1995 pgs. 5–9.
203.
Forgacs, O. L. – The Characterization of Mechanical Pulps. Pulp and Paper Magazine Canada, 64 (Convention Issue): 89–115 (1963).
208.
Retulainen, E. – Fibre properties as control variables in papermaking? Part 1: fibre properties of key importance in the network. Paperi ja Puu, 78 (4): 187–194 (1996).
214.
Santos, A.; Anjos, O. M. and Simões, R. M. S. – Influence of kraft cooking conditions on the pulp quality of Eucalyptus globulus. Appita Journal, 61 (2): 148–155 (2008).
215.
Stratton, R. A. – Characterization of fibre-fibre bond strength from out-of-plane paper mechanical properties. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 19 (1): 7–12 (1993).
216.
Gurnagul, N. and Seth, R. S. – Wet-web strength of hardwood kraft pulps. In: 83rd Annual Meeting Technical Section. CPPA, Montreal, 1997 Book B pgs. B137–145.
217.
Demuner, B. J.; Manfredi, V. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. – O refino da celulose de eucalipto – uma análise fundamental. O Papel, 52 (8): 44 – 54 (1990).
218.
McKenzie, A. W. – Interpretation of pulp evaluation results. Appita Journal, 38 (4): 284–290 (1985).
219.
Stevens, W. V. – Refining. In: Pulp and Paper Manufacture – Volume 6. Ed. Hagemeyer, R.W., Manson, D.W. and Kocurek, M.J. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1992: 187–219 (1992).
220.
Joutsimo, O. and Robertsén, L. – The effect of mechanical treatment on softwood kraft pulp fibers.- pulp and fiber properties. Maderas, Ciencia y Tecnologia, 18 (3): 17 pgs (2016).
221.
Koskenhely, K. – Refining of chemical pulp fibres. In: Papermaking Science and Technology. Volume 8 – Paper making part 1 – stock preparation and wet end, Chapter 4. Ed. Paulapuro, H. Finnish Paper Engineers’ Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy, Helsinki: 2007.
222.
Sharkawya, K. E.; Haavistob, S.; Koskenhely, K. and Paulapuroa, H. – Effect of fiber flocculation and filling design on refiner loadability and refining characteristics. BioResources, 3 (2): 403–424 (2008).
223.
Johnston, R. E.; Li, M. and Waschl, R. – Eucalypt fibre size fractions: modeling and measuring their effect on sheet properties. Appita Journal, 50 (4): 307–312, 318 (1997).
228.
Blomstedt, M.; Kontturi, E. and Vuorinen, T. – Optimising CMC sorption in order to improve tensile stiffness of hardwood pulp sheets. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 22 (3):336–342 (2007).
231.
Klungness, J. H.; Sykes, M. S.; Tan, F.; Abubakr, S. R. and Eisenwasser, J. – Effect of FL on paper properties. In: Papermarkers Conference. TAPPI, Chicago, 1995 pgs. 533–538.
233.
Page, D. H.; Seth, R. S. and De Grace, J. H. – The elastic modulus of paper. Tappi Journal, 62 (9): 99–102 (1979).
242.
248.
Kärenlampi, P.; Niskanen, K. J. and Alava, M. – Fracture toughness of paper: role of fiber properties and fiber bonding. In: International Paper Physics Conference. CPPA/TAPPI, Niagara-on-the-lake, 1995. pgs. 39–46.
249.
Seth, R. S. – Optimizing reinforcement pulps by fracture toughness. Tappi Journal, 79 (1): 170–178 (1996).
251.
Seth, R. S. – Measurement of in-plane fracture toughness of paper. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 395–402.
256.
Yan, N. and Kortschot, M. T. – Modelling of out-of-plane tear energy absorption of paper. Appita, 49 (3): 177–180 (1996).
257.
Kettunen, H. and Niscanen, K. – On the in-plane tear test. Tappi Journal, 83 (4): 83 (2000).
261.
Lindström, T.; Wågberg, L. and Larsson, T. – On the nature of joint strength in paper – a review of dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing. In: 13th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge. 2005 pgs. 457–562.
262.
Clark, J. d’A. – Mill beating and Refining, In: Pulp Technology and Treatment of Paper. Miller Freeman, San Francisco, 1978 516 pgs.
263.
Seth, R. S.; Page, D. H.; Barbe, M. I. C. and Jordan, B. D. – The mechanism of the strength and extensibility of wet webs. Svensk Papperstiding, 87 (6): 36–43 (1984).
264.
Kulachenko, A. and Uesaka T. – Direct simulations of fiber network deformation and failure. Mechanics of Material, 51:1–14 (2012).
266.
Seth, R. S. – Fiber quality factors in papermaking – II: the importance of fibre coarseness. In: Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp, Paper and Wood Industries. Research Society Symposium, San Francisco, 1990 Volume 197 pgs. 143–161.
272.
Cowan, W. F. – Comparing wet zero span tensile testing with conventional laboratory pulp evaluation. In: Process and Product Quality Conference. TAPPI, Savannah, 1994 pgs. 47–50.
274.
Cowan, W.F. – Explaining handsheet tensile and tear in terms of fiber-quality numbers. Tappi Journal, 78 (1) 101–106 (1995).
280.
Kärenlampi, P.; Suur-Hamari, H. T.; Alava, M. J. and Niskanen, K. J. – The effect of pulp fiber properties on the in-plane tearing work of paper. Tappi Journal, 79 (5): 203–210. (1996).
282.
Howard, R. C.; Poole, R. and Page, D. H. – Factors analysis applied to the results of a laboratory beating investigation. Jornal of Pulp and Paper Science, 20 (5): 137–144 (1994).
283.
Seth, R. S. and Page, D. H. – Fibre properties and tearing resistance. Tappi Journal, 71 (2): 103–107 (1988).
289.
Bourmaud, A.; Morvan, C.; Bouali, A.; Placet, V.; Perre, P. and Baley, C. – Relationships between micro-fibrillar angle, mechanical properties and biochemical composition of flax fibers. In: Composites Week @ Leuven and Texcomp Conference, Leuven. 2013 pgs. 2–4.
298.
Paavilainen, L. – Importance of coarseness and fiber length in papermaking. In: Process Engineering Handbook. Ed. Process Engineering Committee of the Engineering Division. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1992, 2nd Edition Appendix: 98–108.
299.
Seth, R. S. – Beating and refining response of some reinforcement pulps. Tappi Journal, 82 (3): 147–155 (1999).
300.
301.
Jonhston, R. E.; Li, M. and Waschl, R. – Eucalypt fibre size fractions: modeling and measuring their effect on sheet properties. Appita Journal, 50 (4):307–311 (1997).
303.
Praire, B. C. – Measurement of forces in a low consistency refiner. Master’s Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Victoria, Victoria, 2005 151 pgs
304.
Valeri, S.; Aguiar, I. B. de; Banzatto, D. A. and Alvarenga, S. F. – Variação da densidade básica da madeira de E. grandis Hill ex-Maiden com a altura do caule e aplicação de fósforo e calcário dolomítico. In: VI Congresso Florestal Brasileiro. SBS/SBEF, Campos do Jordão, 1990 Volume 3: 746–756.
306.
Batchelor, W. J.; Kure, K. A. and Oullet, D. – Refining and the development of fiber properties. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 207–214.
310.
Paavilainen, L. – Conformability, flexibility and collapsibility of sulphate pulp fibres. Paperi ja Puu, 75 (9–10): 680 (1993).
313.
Brännvall, E. and Lindström, M. E. – A study on the difference in tensile strength between industrially and laboratory-cooked pulp. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 21 (2): 222–226 (2006).
314.
Fiserová, M.; Gigac, J. and Balbercak, J. – Relationship between fibre characteristics and tensile strength of hardwood and softwood kraft pulps. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology., 44 (7–8), 249–253 (2010).
315.
Gao, W. H.; Chen, K. F.; Yang, R. D.; Li, J.; Yang, F.; Rao, G. H. and Tao, H. – Effects of beating on tobacco stalk mechanical pulp. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 46 (3–4): 277–282 (2012).
316.
Byrd, V. L. and Fahey, D. J. –How to reduce vessel element picking in printing papers containing Oak. Paper Trade Journal, 153 (47): 54–59 (1969).
320.
Shallhorn, P. M. and Heintze, H. U. – Hardwood vessel picking in the offset printing of uncoated fine papers. Pulp & Paper Canada, 98 (10): 21–24 (1997)
321.
Frazão, F. J. L. – Características da madeira e da polpa kraft não branqueada de Eucalyptus deglupta Blume introduzido na região de Manaus-AM. In: Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1986 pgs. 79–87.
324.
Josefsson, A. – Ultrasonic refining of chemical pulp fibres. Master’s Thesis. Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 2010 48 pgs
328.
Blomstedt, M.; Panula-Ontto, S.; Kontturi, E. and Vuorinen, T. – Um método para reduzir o arrancamento de valos de folhas de polpa de eucalipto mediante modificação com carboximetilcelulose. O Papel, 69 (2): 35–44 (2008).
330.
Karlsson, H. – New technique for measurement of fibre properties including vessel cells and mix of fibre species. Appita Journal, 61 (3): 192–196 (2008).
331.
Parham, R. A. – Wood structures – hardwood. In: Pulp and Paper manufacture – Volume I – Properties of Fibrous Raw Materials and their Preparation for Pulping. E.: Kocurek, M. J. and Stevens, C. F. B. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1983, 28–34.
332.
Tateishi, M.; Seino, T.; Ona, T.; Oshima, J.; Adachi, K.; Yokota, S. and Yoshizawa, N. – Rapid assessment of vessel anatomical features by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. In: Eucalyptus in a Changing World Conference. IUFRO, Aveiro, 2004 2 pgs.
334.
Colley, J. – The influence of vessel elements on the picking tendency of eucalypt pulps. Paper Technology, 14: 293–296 (1973).
337.
Lobben, H. T. – The tensile stiffness of paper. Part 1: A model based on activation. Norsk Skogindustri, 29 (12): 311–315 (1975).
338.
Ohsawa, J. – Vessel picking in printing papers. In: Tropical Wood Symposium. Singapore, 1988 pg. 220 [358].
343.
Scott, W. E. – Principles of wet end chemistry. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1996 185 pgs.
347.
Mokfiensk, A.; Gomide, J.L.; Colodette, J. L. and Oliveira, R.C. de – Importância da densidade e do teor de carboidratos totais na madeira de eucalipto no desempenho da linha de fibras. In Colóquio Internacional sobre Celulose Kraft de Eucalipto, UFV, Viçosa, 2003 pgs. 15–38.
348.
Silva, R. P. and Oliveira, R. C. de – A reciclagem de papéis: uma aboradagem técnica. Folha Florestal (93): 9–11 (1999).
350.
Faust, T. D.; Clark III, A.; Courchene, C. E.; Shiver, B. D. and Beli, M. L. – Effect of intensive forest management practices on wood properties and pulp yield of young, fast growing Southern pine. In: International Environment Conference. TAPPI, Nashiville, 1999 Volume 2 pgs. 501–512.
353.
Giertz, H. W. – The effect of beating on individual fibres. In: Fundamentals of Papermaking Symposium. PIRA Cambridge, 1961 pgs. 389–402.
355.
Maloney, T. C. and Paulapuro, H. – The formation of pores in the cell wall. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 25 (12): 430–436 (1999).
356.
Campinhos Jr., E. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. – Silvicultura e melhoramento genético Fforestal. In: VI Congresso Florestal Brasileiro. SBS/SBEF, Campos do Jordão, 1990 Volume I: 83–94.
368.
Silveira, V.; Rosado, S. C. S.; Trugilho, P. F. and Carvalho, D. de – Interação entre clones de Eucalyptus e ambientes definidos pela qualidade de sítio e espaçamentos. In: Silviculture and Improvement of Eucalypts Conference. IUFRO, Salvador, 1997 Volume 2 pgs. 245–252.
377.
378.
Dickson, A. R.; Corson, S. R. and Dooley, N. J. – Fibre collapse and decollapste determined by cross-sectional geometry. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 32 (4): 1–5 (2006).
387.
Wang, X.; Maloney, T. C. and Paulapuro, H. – Internal fibrillation in never-dried and once-dried chemical pulps. Appita Journal, 56 (6): 455–459 (2003).
389.
Beck, M. V. – The importance of wet end equipment and its influence on retention. In: Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking. Gess, J. M. Ed. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1998, Chapter 7 pgs. 129–158.
393.
Baker, C. F. – Good practice for refining the types of fiber found in modern paper furnishes. Tappi Journal, 78 (2): 147–157 (1995).
399.
Busker, L. H. and Cronin, D. C. – The relative importance of wet press variables in water removal. Pulp and Paper Canada, 85 (6): 138–147 (1984).
401.
Kimmo, H.; Markku, P. and Håkan, S. – New trends and technology in refining. IPPTA Journal, 24 (1): 109–113 (2012).
402.
Baker, C. F. – Refining review – changes in refining practice with new sources of fibre. World Pulp and Paper Technology: 95–97, 99 (1992).
406.
410.
Demuner, B. J., Ratnieks, E. and Robinson, D. – Ultra low intensity refining of eucalyptus pulps. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping Conference. PIRA, Barcelona, 2005 Paper 7.
412.
Yuan, L.; Wan, J.; Ma, Y.; Wang, Y.; Huang, M. and Chen, Y. – The content of different hydrogen bond models and crystal structure of eucalypty fibers during beating. BioResources 8 (1), 717–734 (2013).
417.
424.
Rakkolainen, M.; Kontturi, E.; Isogai, E.; Enomae, T.; Blomstedt, M.; Vuorinen, T. – Carboxymethyl cellulose treatment as a method to inhibit vessel picking tendency in printing of eucalyptus pulp sheets. Industrial and. Engineering Chemistry Research, 48 (4): 1887–1892 (2009).
428.
Pydimalla, M. and Reddy, K. – Effect of pulping, bleaching and refining process on fibers for paper making – A review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 9 (12): 310–316 (2020).
430.
Stone, J. E. and Scallan, A. M. – A structural model for the cell wall of water swollen sood pulp fibres based on their accessibility to macromolecules. Cellulose Chemistry Technology (2): 343–358 (1968).
433.
434.
436.
443.
Scallan, A. M. and Tigerström, A. C. – Swelling and elasticity of the cell walls of pulp fibres. Jornal of Pulp and Paper Science, 18 (5): 188–193 (1992).
445.
Milichovsky, M. – A new concept of chemistry refining process. Tappi Journal, 62 (10): 221–231 (1990).
446.
Homas, L. H.; Kennedye, C. J.; Mayb, R. P.; Altanerf, C. M.; Apperleyg, D. C.; Wessh, T.J. and Jarvisi, M. C. – Structure of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls from collenchyma. Plant Physiology, 161 (1): 465–476 (2013).
447.
Genco, I.; Boufi, S.; Pèlach, M. A.; Alcalà, M.; Vilaseca, F. and Mutjéa, P. – Nanofibrillated cellulose as paper additive in eucalyptus pulps. BioResources, 7 (4): 5167–5180 (2012).
450.
452.
Smook, G. A. – Preparation of papermaking stock In: Handbook of Pulp and Paper Thechnologists – Chapter 13. Angus Wilde, 2002. pgs 190–204
454.
455.
Winandy, J. E. and Rowell, R. M. – Chemistry of wood strength. In: Handbook of wood chemistry and wood. Chapter 11. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005 Ed. Rowell, R. M. – pgs. 303–347.
456.
Gharehkhani, S.; Sadeghinezhada, E.; Kazi, S. N.; Yarmanda, H.; Badarudina, A.; Safaei, M. R. and Zubir, M. N. M. – Effect of pulp consistency during refining of pulp refining on fiber properties—A review. Carbohydrate Polymers Journal, 115: 785–803 (2015).
459.
462.
465.
Mascarenhas, A. F. and Muralidharan, E. M. – Clonal forestry with tropical hardwoods. In: Clonal Forestry II – Conservation and Application. Ed. Ahuja, M. R. and Libby, W. J. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993 Chapter 10: 167–187.
466.
Berthold, J. and Salmén, L. – Effects of mechanical and chemical treatments on the pore-size distribution in wood pulps examined by inverse size-exclusion chromatography. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (6): 245–253 (1997).
468.
Higgins, H. G.; Young, J. de; Balodis, V.; Phillips, F. H. and Colley, J. – The density and structure of hardwoods in relation to paper surface characteristics and other properties. In: Process Engineering Handbook. Ed. Process Engineering Committee of the Engineering Division. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1992, 2nd Edition Appendix: 77–81.
469.
Luukko, K.; Laine, J. and Pere, J. – Chemical characterization of different mechanical pulp fines. Appita Jorunal, 51 (2): 126–131 (1999).
470.
Waterhouse, J. F. and Riipa, T. – Hardwoods from softwoods? In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 12 24 pgs.
473.
Fürst, T. – A new instrument capable of measuring cross machine profiles of internal bond strength. In: Engineering/Process and Product Quality Conference & Trade Fair. TAPPI, Anaheim, 1999 Volume 1 pgs. 1–8.
477.
Oliveira, M. H. de – Wet web strength development of paper. Master’s Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, 2007 118 pgs.
478.
Jardim, C. – Variações na densidade básica da madeira versus impacto no processo produtivo. In: 1° Encontro de Operadores de Pátio de Madeira e 5° Encontro de Operadores de Linhas de Fibras. ABTCP. 2019.
479.
Dasgupta, S. – Mechanism of paper tensile-strength development due to pulps beating. Tappi Journal, 77 (6): 158–166 (1994).
493.
Demuner, B. J. Viana Doria, E. L.; Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. and Manfredi, V. – As propriedades do papel e as características das fibras de eucalipto. In: XXIV Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1991 pgs. 621–641.
505.
511.
Genco, J. M. – Fundamental process in stock preparation and refining. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando, /1999 pgs. 57–95.
514.
Antes, R. and Joutsimo, O. P. – Effect of modified cooking on fiber wall structure of E. globulus and E. nitens. BioResources, 10 (2): 2195–2212 (2015).
546.
Mohlin, U.-B e Miller, J. – Industrial refining – effects of refining conditions on fibre properties. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 4.
555.
Dowens, G. M. – Wood properties of interest in plantation productivity. In: Sampling Plantation Eucalyptus for Wood and Fibres Properties. Chapter 1. Ed. Dewens, G. M. et al CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 1997 pgs. 1–8.
562.
Laivans, G. V. and Scallan, A. M. – Removal of water from pulps by pressing, Tappi Journal, 77(3), 125 (1994).
566.
Mohlin. U. B. – Cellulose fiber bonding. Part 3: The effect of beating and drying on inter fiber bonding. Svensk Papperstiding, 78 (9): 338–341 (1975).
568.
Groot, B. de; Van der Kolk, J. C.; Van Dam, J. E. G. and Riet, K. V. – Papermaking characteristics of alkaline hemp-woodly-core pulps. Tappi Journal, 82 (7): 107–111 (1999).
577.
Du, X.; Gellerstedt, G. and Li, J. – Universal fractionation of lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCS) from lignocellulosic biomass: An example using spruce wood. Plant Journal, 74 (2): 328–338 (2013).
583.
Meltzer, F. P. and Sepke, P.-W. – New ways to forecast the technological results of refining. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 2 26 pgs.
588.
Eklund, D. and Lindström, T. – Paper chemistry – An introduction. DT Paper Science Publications, Grankulla, Finland, 1991 305 pgs.
589.
594.
Hubbe, M. A.; Venditti, R. V. and Rojas, O. J. – What happens to cellulosic fibers during papermaking and recycling? A Review. BioResources, 2 (4): 739–788 (2007).
595.
Martinez, P. C. and Park, S. W – Review of physical principles in low consistency refining. O Papel, 73 (8): 65–72 (2012)
601.
Uesaka, T. and Moss, C. – Effects of fibre morphology on hygroexpansivity of paper: a micromechanics approach. In: 11st Fundamental Research Symposium. PIRA, Leatherhead, 1997 pgs. 663.
606.
MacLeod, M. and Pelletier, L. J. – Basket cases: kraft pulps inside digesters. Tappi Journal, 70 (11): 47 (1987)
611.
Laine, J.; Lindström, T.; Bremberg, C. and Nordmark, G. – Studies on topochemical modification of cellulosic fibres. Part 5: Comparison of the effects of surface and bulk chemical modification and beating of pulp on paper properties. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 18 (3): 325–332 (2003).
614.
Liu, H.; Jixian Dong. J.; Guo, X.; Jiang, X.; Luo, C.; Xiaohui Tian, X.; Yang, R.; Zhang, L.; Bo Wang, B.; Yan, Y. – Refining characteristics of hardwood pulp using straight and curved bar plates. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (5): 45–60 (2019).
617.
Brecht, W. and Klemm, K. H. – The mixture of structures in a mechanical pulp as a key to the knowledge of its technological properties. Pulp and Paper Magazine Canada, 54 (1): 72–80 (1953).
619.
Ruffo, R. and Malton, S. – Energy savings in stock preparation for recycled paper. Appita Journal, 61 (4): 277–283 (2008).
636.
Mandlez, D.; Zangl-Jagiello, L.; Eckhart, R. and Bauer, W. – Softwood kraft pulp fines: application and impact on specific refining energy and strength properties. Cellulose, 27:10359–10367 (2020).
637.
Paavilainen, L. and Luner, P. – Wet flexibility as a predictor of sheet properties. Espra Research Reports, 84 (IX): 2 (1986).
640.
Gao, Y.; Li, K. and Wang, Z. – The influence of pulp furnish components on the property of supercalendered paper. Pulp and Paper Canada, 108 (1): 44–49 (2007).
644.
Görres, J.; Amiri, R.; Wood, J. R. and Karnis, A. – The apparent density of sheets made from pulp blends. Tappi Journal, 79 (1): 179–187 (1996).
650.
651.
Yu, Y.; Kettunen, H.; Hiltunen, E. and Niskanen, K. – Comparison of abaca and spruce as reinforcement. In: International Paper Phuysics Conference. TAPPI, Sao Diego, 1999 p. 161–169.
657.
Bäckström, M.; Melander, E. and Brännall, E. – Study of the influence of charges on refinability of bleached softwood kraft pulp. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 28 (4): 588–595 (2013)
661.
Wallbäcks, L.; Edlund, U.; Lindgren, T. and Agnemo, R. – Multivariate characterization of pulp. Part 3: evaluation of physical and spectroscopic data on unbeaten and beaten kraft pulp samples. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 10 (2): 88–93 (1995).
663.
Laivins, G. V. and Scallan, A. M. – Removal of water from pulps by pressing. Part 1: inter- and intra-wall water. Tappi Journal, 77 (3): 125–131 (1994).
664.
Hietanen, S. and Ebeling, K. – A new hypothesis for the mechanics of refining. Paperi ja Puu, 72 (2): 172–179 (1990).
666.
Salvador, E.; Colodette, J. L.; Gomide, J. L. and Oliveira, R. C. de – Efeito da deslignificação com oxigênio nas propriedades físico-mecânicas de polpas kraft. O Papel, 61 (2): 75–96 (2001).
668.
Lumiainen, J. – Specific surface load theory. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995. Paper 5 15 pgs.
671.
Lee, M-S.; Kim, C-H.; Lee J-Y.; Park, S-H. and Min, B-G. – Performance evaluation of bar plates without a draft angle to improve refining efficiency. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (5): 84–90 (2019).
676.
Hortal, J. G. – Composicion quimica y estructura de la fibra. In: Constituyentes fibrosos de pastas y papeles. Ed. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Terrassa, 1988 Capitulo 2 pgs. 11–36.
678.
Rantanen, J.; Hitunen, E.; Nieminen, K.;Kerekers, R. and Paulapuro, H. – Construction or a wintl3 bar refinin34. Tappi Journal, 10 (7): 45–51. (2011).
686.
Mayr, M.; Eckard, R.; Thaller, A. and Bauer, W. – Characterization of fines quality and that independent effect on sheet properties. In: 15th Fundamental Research Simposium, Oxford, 2017 pgs 299–322.
687.
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Jing, H.; Guo, X.; Duan, C.; Qi, K.; Yang, R.; Guo, H.; Wang, B, e Qiao, L. – Refining characteristics of isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles. BioResources, 15 (4): 7844–7860 (2020).
688.
Motamedian, H. R.; Halilovic, A. E. and Kulachenko, A. – Mechanisms of strength and stiffness improvement of paper after PFI refining with a focus on the effect of fines. Cellulose 26: 4099–4124 (2019).
691.
Bäckström, M.; Kolar, M.-C. and Htun, M. – Characterization of fines from unbleached kraft pulps and their impact on sheet properties, Holzforschung, 62 (5): 546–552 (2008).
699.
Htun, M. and Ruvo, A. D. – Implication of fines fraction for properties of bleached Kraft sheet. Svensk Papperstidning, 81 (16): 507–510 (1978)
701.
Ratnieks, E. and Martins, M. A. L. – Eucalyptus refining and white water quality. In: XXXV Congresso Anual. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1992 11 pgs.
702.
Lindström, T. – Chemical factors affecting the behavior of fibres during papermaking. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 7 (4): 181–192 (1992).
704.
Hammar, L-Å; Bäckström, M. and Htun, M. – Efeitos da concentração de eletrólito e do pH na característica de refino de celuloses kraft não branqueadas. O Papel, 63 (8): 79–86 (2003).
707.
Lobben, H. T. – The tensile stiffness of paper. Part 2: Activation studied by freeze drying. Nordic Skogindustri, 30 (3): 43–48 (1976)
708.
Lindström, T. and Carlsson, G. – The effect of carboxyl groups and their ionic form during drying aon the hornification of cellulose fibers. Svensk Papperstiding,85 (15): 146–151 (1982).
709.
Wang, X., Paulapuro, H. and Maloney, T. C. – Chemical pulp refining for optimum combination of dewatering and tensile strength. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 20 (4): 442–447 (2005)
710.
Joris, G. – Optimized fillings for LC refiners. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 22 89 pgs.
712.
Lindström, T. and Kolman, M. – The effect of pH and electrolyte concentration during beating and sheet forming on paper strength. Svensk Paperstiding, 85 (15): 140 (1982).
715.
Scallan, A. M. and Grignon, J. – The efeect of cations on pulp and paper properties. Svensk Papperstiding., 82 (2): 40–47 (1979)
720.
Koljonen, K.; Österberg, M.; Kleen, M.; Fuhrmann, A. and Stenius, P. – Precipitation of lignin and extractives on kraft pulp: Effect on surface chemistry, surface morphology and paper strength. Cellulose, 11: 209–224 (2004).
721.
Laivins, G. and Scallan, T. – Acidic versus alkaline beating of pulp. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 26 (6): 228–233 (2000).
725.
Torgnysdotter, A. and Wågberg, L. – Study of the joint strength between regenerated cellulose and its influence on the sheet strength. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 18 (4): 455–459 (2003).
726.
Zhang, Y.; Sjögren, B.; Engstrand, P. and Htun, M. – Determination of charged groups in mechanical pulp fibres and their influence on pulp properties. Journal of Wood Chemistry Technology, 14 (1): 83 (1994).
732.
741.
Ruusumo, P.; Sacon, V. and Fardim, P. – Grupos aniônicos em fibras de polpa de eucalipto: perfil de concentração numa linha de branqueamento. O Papel, 69 (10): 56–69 (2008).
744.
Mohlin, U-B. – On the complexity of LC refining – changing consistency and flow rate in the Beloit DD refiner. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping – Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm, 2003 Paper 14.
747.
Keckes, J.; Burgert, I.; Fruhmann, K.; Muller, M.; Kolling, K.; Hamilton, M.; Burghammer, M.; Roth, S.V.; Stanzl-Tschegg, S. and Fratzl, P. – Cell-wall recovery after irreversible deformation in wood. Natural Materials, 2: 810–814 (2003).
756.
Scallan, A. M. and Carles, J. E. – Correlation of water retention value with fiber saturation point. Svensk Papperstiding, 75 (17): 699–703 (1972).
761.
Stone, J. E.; Scallan, A. M. and Abrahamson, B. – Influence of beating on cell wall swelling and internal fibrillation. Svensk Papperstiding, 71 (19): 687–694 (1968).
762.
Maloney, T. C.; Laine, J. E. and Paulapuro, H. – Comments on the measurement of cell wall water. Tappi Journal, 82 (9): 125–127 (1999).
765.
Lumiainen, J. – Comparison of the mode of operation between conical and disc refiners. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 14 pgs. 227–236.
766.
Lee, J-Y.; Kim, C-H.; Kwon, S.; Park, H-H.; Yim, H-T.; Gu, H-G. and Min, B-G. – Study of mixed refining behaviors of softwood kraft pulps and hardwood kraft pulps using different bar fillings. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 50(5): 31–38 (2018).
769.
McIntoch, D. C. – The effect of refining on the structure of the fiber wall. Tappi, 50 (10): 482–488 (1967).
770.
Emerton, H. W. – Fundamentals of the beating process. Marshall Press, London, 1957 137 pgs.
771.
Mayr, M.; Eckhart, R.; Winter, H. and Bauer, W. – A novel approach to determining the contribution of the fiber and fines fraction to the water retention value (WRV) of chemical and mechanical pulps. Cellulose 24: 3029–3036 (2017
772.
Koskenhely K.; Ämmälä, A.; Jokinen, H. and Paulapuro, H. – Effect of refining intensity on pressure screen fractionated softwood kraft. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 20 (2): 169–175 (2005).
773.
Bäckström, M.; Lindblom, A. T. and Wågberg, L. – Studies of the influence of deflocculants and flocculants on the refining efficiency on a pilot scale. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 24 (3): 319–326 (2006)
774.
Campos, E. da S. – A influência do perfil transversal de umidade da folha na estabilidade dimensional do papel. In: XXVIII Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1995 pgs. 667–675.
776.
Jayme, G.; Ghoneim, A-F. and Krüger, H. – Verbesserte messung des wasser-zellstoffe. Das Papier, 90 (12) (1958) [721].
778.
Wang, X.; Maloney, T. C. and Paulapuro, H. – Improving the properties of never-dried chemical pulp by pressing before refining. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 21 (1): 135–139 (2006).
781.
Mohlin, U-B.; Mohlin, U. and Puiseau, M. W. – Some aspects of using zero-span tensile index as a measure of fiber strength. In: International Paper Physics Conference. TAPPI, Victoria, 2003 pgs. 107–113
782.
Duker, E.; Ankerfors, M.; Lindström, T. and Nordmark, G. G. – The use of CMC as a dry strength agent – the interplay between CMC attachment and drying. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (1): 65–71 (2008).
783.
Chen, Y.; Wan, J.; Dong, X. and Ma, Y. – Fiber properties of eucalyptus kraft pulp with different carboxyl group contents. Cellulose, 20:2839–2846 (2013).
784.
Waterhouse, J. F. – The ultimate strength of paper. In: Design Criteria for Paper Performance. Ed. Kolseth, P; Fellers, C. and Salmen, L. STFI, Meddelande A 969, 1987.
785.
Ingmanson, W. and Thode, E. – Factors contributing to the strength of paper – relative bonded area. Tappi, 42 (1): 83–93 (1959).
788.
790.
Vainio, A. and Paulapuro, H. – Observations on inter fibre bonding and fibre segment activation based on the strength properties of laboratory sheets. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 20 (3): 340–344 (2005).
793.
Weisse, U. and Paulapuro, H. – Effect of drying and rewetting cycles on fibre swelling. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 25 (5): 163–166 (1999).
797.
Rusu M, Mörseburg K, Gregersen Ø, Yamakawa A, Liukkonen S. – Relation between fibre flexibility and cross sectional properties. Bioresources 6(1):641–655 (2011).
801.
Santos, A.; Amaral, M. E.; Vaz, A.; Anjos, O. and Simões, R. – Effect of Eucalyptus globulus wood density on papermaking potential. Tappi Journal, 7 (5): 25–32 (2008).
803.
Bentley, R. G.; Hamilton, R. K. and Jack, J. S. – An optical method for monitoring pulp refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (10): 504–509 (1997).
804.
Thode, E. F. and Ingmanson, W. L. – Factor contributing to the strength of a sheet paper. Tappi, 42 (1): 74–83 (1959).
805.
Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E.; Marton, R. and Granzows, S. – Effect of beating on wet-web properties. Tappi Journal, 65 (11): 99–103 (1982).
807.
Kim, B. Y. – Influences of beating on photo degradation. J.Tappik, 25 (4): 27–33 (1993).
809.
Kropholler, H. W.; Sampson, W. W. and Rosli, W. – Strength properties of paper not sensitive to tackle used for beating or refining. In: International Paper Physics Conference. CPPA/TAPPI, Niagara-on-the-lake, 1995 pgs. 59–63.
815.
Shekhar, C. D. – Fine edged parallel and curved bar plates in refining system for pulp and paper industries. IPPTA Journal, 24 (1): 115–119 (2012).
816.
Shekhar, C. D. – Fine bar technology in refining system for pulp and paper industries. IPPTA Journal, 22 (3): 109–112 (2010).
817.
Arjas, A. – Effect of the evenness of the pulp bleaching stage on fibre bonding. Paperi Ja Puu, 52 (12): 825–829 (1970).
822.
Clark, J.d’A. – Fibrillation, free water and fiber bonding. Tappi, 52 (2): 335 (1969).
826.
Seth, R. S. and Chan, B. K. – Measuring fiber strength of papermaking pulps. Tappi Journal, 82 (11): 115–120 (1999).
828.
Duker, E. and Lindström, T. – On the mechanisms behind the ability of CMC to enhance paper strength. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (1): 57–64 (2008).
830.
Stoere, P.; Nazhad, M. and Kerekes, R. J. – An experimental study of the effect of refining on paper formation. Tappi Journal, 84 (7): 52–58 (2001)
836.
Steenberg, B. – A model of refining as a special case of milling. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs 107.
838.
Manfredi, V. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr, E. – Refining operating variables vs raw material. In: International Conference – Advances in Refining Technologies. PIRA, Birmingham, 1986 41 pgs.
839.
Joy, E.; Robinson, D. and Mathew, J. – Deformation of fiber flocs in refining. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, 2001 5 pgs.
862.
Allison, R. W. – Effect of pulping and bleaching conditions on the strength of radiata pine kraft pulp. Appita, 46 (6): 424–429, 444 (November 1993).
863.
865.
Almeida, M. D. de; Sevrini, G. I.; Leodoro, L. M., Faez, M. S., Soto, M. R., Kaneco, S. Y. – Tratamento mecânico de fibra curta de eucalipto com utilização de discos de refino com maior comprimento de corte. O Papel, 66 (6): 80–87 (2006).
866.
El-Sharkawy, K.; Haavisto, S.; Koskenhely, K. and Paulapuro, H. – Effect of fiber flocculation and filling design on refiner loadability and refining characteristics. BioResources, 3 (2):403–424 (2008).
867.
Batchelor, W., Lundin, T. and Fardim, P. – A method to estimate fiber trapping in low-consistency refining. Tappi Journal, 5 (8): 31–36 (2006).
868.
Demuner, B. J.; Viana Doria, E. L.; Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. and Manfredi, V. – Influência das características dos flocos sobre o refino de polpas químicas. O Papel, 54 (2): 29–39 (1993).
872.
Joris, G. – Optimization of industrial refining unit through Fibrologic 4.0. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997 Paper 17 pgs. 267–303.
875.
Lumiainen, J. – Refining of fine paper fibers – separate or mixed refining?. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pgs. 175–186.
876.
Li, L.; Collins, A. and Pelton, R. – A new analysis of filler effects on paper strength. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 28 (8):267–273 (2002).
877.
Stevens, W. V. – Principles of stock preparation and refining – refiners and refiner systems. In: Pulping Conference. TAPPI, Orlando, 1999, pgs. 97–102.
878.
Kerekes, R. – Perspectives on fibre flocculation in papermaking. In: International Paper Physics Conference. TAPPI, Niagara-on-the-Lake, 1995. pgs. 23–31.
879.
Lundin, T.; Lönnberg, B.; Soini, P. and Harju, K – Laboratory LC-refining of SBK pulps: effects of pulp consistency and dispersion. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping – Course Notes. PIRA, Stockholm, 2003 Paper 5.
880.
Bajpai, P. – Technology developments in refining. Pira International Ltd. Surrey, UK. 140 pgs (2005).
884.
885.
Kerekes, R. J. and Schell, C. J. – Characterization of fibre flocculation regimes by a crowding factor. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 18 (1): J32–38 (1992)
886.
Gabl, H. and Gorton-Heulgerth, A. – A new low consistency refiner yields improved fibre properties while reducing idle energy by up 40%. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping – Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm, 2003 Paper 8.
888.
Sharkawya, K. E.; Haavistob, S.; Koskenhely, K. and Paulapuroa, H. – Effect of fiber flocculation and filling design on refiner loadability and refining characteristics. BioResources, 3 (2): 403-424 (2008).
892.
Laivins, G. V. and Scallan, A. M. – The influence of drying and beating on the swelling of fines. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 22 (5): 178–184.1996).
895.
Dillen, S. – Heterogeneity – An Important Parameter in Low Consistency Refining. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton: 16-18/09/1980 pgs. 331.
904.
909.
Eriksen, Ø.; Holmqvist, C. and Mohlin, U-B. – Theoretical outline of the cause for observed cavitation in a low-consistency refiner. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (3): 315–320 (2008).
915.
Kibblewhite, R. P. and Brookes, D. – Factors which influence the wet web strength of commercial pulps. Appita Jornal, 28 (4): 227–231 (1975).
916.
Joutsimo, O.; Wathen, R. and Tamminen, T. – Effects of fiber deformations on pulp sheet properties and fiber strength. Paperi jaa Puu, 87 (6):392 (2005).
917.
Mohlin, U.-B. and Alfredsonn, C. – Fibre deformation and its implications in pulp characterization. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 4 (5): 172–179 (1990)
918.
919.
Bennington, C. P. J. – Simultaneous chemical and mechanical treatment of pulp fibre and the resulting changes in pulp properties. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 21 (1): 44–48 (2006).
924.
Lindau, J.; Theliander, H. and Sjöström, K. – The compression of pulp before and during brown stock washing – Its influence on fibre properties. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (2): 195–201 (2008).
928.
Mohlin, U. B.; Dahlbom, J. and Hornatowska, J. – Fiber deformation and sheet strength. Tappi Journal, 79 (6): 105–111 (1996).
929.
Gominho, J. and Pereira, H. – Effect of refining in the fibre structure and properties in unbleached eucalypt pulps. In: International Conference on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Physico-Chemical Aspects and Industrial Applications, 1998 pgs. 529–534.
930.
Kimura, M.; Kimura, S.; Qi, Z. D.; Kuga, S. and Isogai. A. – Porous structure of never dried pulp fi bers analyzed by nitrogen adsorption method. In: 15th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, 2013 pgs 821–836
933.
Bovin, A.; Hartler, N. and Teder, A. – Changes in pulp quality due to repeated papermaking. Paper Technology (5): 169–172 (1973).
937.
Kibblewhite, R. P. and Bailey, D. – Measurement of fibre cross-section dimensions using image processing. Appita Journal, 41 (4): 297–303 (1988).
941.
Weise, U. – Hornification – mechanisms and terminology. Paperi Puu, 80 (2):110–115 (1998)
942.
Carlsson, G. and Lindström, T. – Hornification of cellulosic fibers during wet pressing. Svensk Papperstiding, 87 (15): R119 (1984).
944.
Robertson, A. A. – Some observations on the effects of drying papermaking fibres. Pulp and Paper Magazine Canada, 65 (3): T161–168 (1964).
945.
Howard, R. C. and Bichard, W. – The basic effects of recycling on pulp properties. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 18 (4): 151–159 (1992).
946.
Arroyo, L. M. – Optimización energética de una fábrica de papel de nueva planta. El Papel (46): 35–39 (1995).
949.
Lumiainen, J. – Refining secondary fibres. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 16 11 pgs.
956.
Cardoso, G. da S.; Lopes, J. L.; dos Santos, M. R. and Lopes, R. J. F. – Tratamento enzimático sobre as fibras recicladas de papelão ondulado. O Papel, 79 (7): 80–86 (2018).
966.
Malinen, R.; Rantanen, T.; Rautonen, R. and Toikkanen, L. – TCF bleaching to high brightness – bleaching sequences and pulp properties. In: International Pulp Bleaching Conference. TAPPI/CPPA/SPCI/EUCEPA, Vancouver, 1994 pgs. 187–194.
983.
Glowacki, J. J. – Refiners: new designs achieved higher efficiency/capacity. Pulp and Paper 70, (1): 113–114 (1996).
988.
Arjas, A.; Aario, M. and Rythi, N. – Influence of the residence time distribution on the beating result of a Mill-size conical refiner. Paperi ja Puu, 52 (10): 639–649 (1970)
989.
Soszynski, R.H. and Kerekes, R. – Elastic interlocking of nylon fibers suspended in liquid. Part 1: nature of cohesion among fibers. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 3 (4): 172–179 (1988).
1001.
Retulainen, E.; Moss, P. and Nieminen, K. – Effect of calendering and wetting on paper properties. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (1): 34–39 (1997).
1008.
Torgnysdotter, A.; Kulachenko, A.; Gradin, P. and Wågberg, L. – Fibre/fibre crosses: finite element modelling and comparison with experiment. Journal of Composite Materials, 41 (13): 1603–1618 (2007)
1013.
Hirn, U.; Schennach, R.; Ganser, C.; Magnusson, M.; Teichert, C. and Östlund, S. – The area in molecular contact in fiber-fiber bonds.In: 15th Fundamental Research Symposium: Advances in Paper Research, Cambridge. 2013 pgs 201–226.
1014.
Hirn, U. and Schennach, R. – Comprehensive analysis of individual pulp fiber bonds quantifies the mechanisms of fiber bonding in paper. Scientific Reports, 5 (10503):1–9 (2015).
1015.
Martinez, P.C. and Park, S. W. – Ações das forças em processo de refino em baixa consistência. In: 40th Congresso Anual. ABTCP: São Paulo, 2007 12 pgs.
1016.
Anand, S. H.; Manigandan, P.; Kumar, S. and Jeffrey, J. E. C. – Design and manufacturing of disc refiner. International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science and Electronics, 21 (3): 79–82 (2016)
1017.
Banks, W. A. – Design considerations and engineering characteristics of disc refiners. Paper Technology, 8 (4): 363–369 (1967).
1018.
Stationwala, M. I.; Atack, D. and Karnis, A. – Distribution and motion of pulp fibres on refiner bar surface. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 18 (4): 131–137 (1992).
1020.
Martinez, M. – The energy expended on pulp fibres during low consistency refiners. Doctoral Thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1995 106 pgs.
1021.
Batchelor, W. J. and Ouellet, D. – Estimating forces on fibers in refining. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi, 1997. Paper 2 pgs. 47–60.
1022.
Demler, C. L. – Fundamentals of papermill refining for chemical, mechanical and secondary fibers. In: TECH95 Theory & Practice of Papermaking Course. CPPA;. Ottawa, 1995 Section A2 23 pgs.
1024.
1026.
Kerekes, R. J. – Characterizing the refining action – linking the process to the refining result. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping Conference. PIRA, Barcelona, 2005 Paper 1.
1027.
Martinez, M. and Kerekes, R. J. – Forces on fibres in low-consistency refining. Tappi Journal, 77 (12): 119–123 (1994).
1028.
Nissan, A. H. – Lectures on fiber science in paper. Edited by W.C. Walker, Pulp and Paper Technology Series. Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry. N°4. p27
1032.
Kerekes, R. J. – Energy and forces in refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 30 (1): 10–15 (2010).
1033.
Kerekes, R. J. – Force-based characterization of refining intensity. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 26 (1): 14–20 (2011).
1034.
1035.
Martinez, M.; Batchelor, W. J.; Kerekes, R. J. e Ouellet, D. – Forces on fibres in low-consistency refining: normal force. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (1): J11–J18 (1997).
1036.
Batchelor, W. J.; Martinez, M.; Kerekes, R. J. and Ouellet, D. – Forces on fibres in low-consistency refining: shear force. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 23 (1): J40–J45 (1997).
1037.
Kerekes, R.J. and Olson, J.A. – Perspectives on fibre length reduction in refining. In: International Conference Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping. PIRA, Stockholm, 2003 Paper 2.
1039.
Joris, G. – Gestion optimale d’une unite industrielle de raffinage. Revue ATIP, 61 (2): 6–25 (2007).
1040.
Kerekes, R. J. – Characterizing refining action in PFI mills, Tappi Journal, 4 (3): 9–13 (2005).
1041.
1042.
Kang, T. and Paulapuro, H. – Effect of external fibrillation on paper strengt. Pulp and Paper Canada, 107 (7/8): 51–54 (2006).
1043.
Kibblewhite, R. P. – Effect of beating on fiber morphology and fiber surface structure. Appita, 26 (3): 196–202 (1972)
1045.
Page, D. H. and De Grace, J. H. – Delamination of fiber walls by beating and refining. Tappi Journal, 50 (10): 489–493 (1967).
1046.
Vishtal, A. and Retulainen, E. – Boosting the extensibility potential of fibre networks: A review. BioResources, 9 (4): 7951–8001 (2014.
1048.
Hubbe, M. A. and Heitmann, J. A. – Review of factors affecting the rekease if water from cellulosic fibers during paper manufacture. BioResources, 2 (3): 500–535 (2007)
1049.
Molin, U. and Daniel, G. – Effects of refining on the fibre structure of kraft pulps as revealed by FE-SEM and TEM: influence of alkaline degradation. Holzforschung, 58 (3): 226–232 (2004).
1051.
Ebeling, K. – A critical review of current theories for the refining of chemical pulps. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs. 1–33.
1054.
Robertson, A. A. and Mason, S. G. – Specific surface of cellulose by the liquid permeability method. Pulp and Paper Canada, 50 (12): 103–110 (1949).
1056.
Kappel, L.; Hirn, U.; Bauer, W. and Schennach, R. – A novel method for the determination of bonded area of individual fiber-fiber bonds. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 24 (2): 199–205 (2009).
1057.
Hietanen, S. and Ebeling, K. – Fundamental aspects of the refining process. Paperi ja Puu, 72 (2): 158–170 (1990)
1060.
Johansson, M. H. and Samuelson, O. – Alkaline destruction of birch xylan in the light of recent investigations of its structure. Svensk Papperstiding, 80(16), 519–524 (1977).
1061.
Dekker, J. – New insights in beating leading to innovative beating techniques. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping – Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm, 2003 Paper 10.
1062.
Brogdon, B. N.; Mancosky, D. G. and Lucia, L. A. – New insight into modification during chlorine dioxide bleaching sequences. Part III: modifications in (EO). In: Fall Conference. TAPPI, 2003.
1063.
1064.
Andersson, S.; Serimaa, R.; Paakkari, T.; Saranpää, P. and Pesonen, E. – Crystallinity of wood and the size of cellulose crystallites in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Journal of Wood Science, 49 (6):531–537 (2003).
1065.
Sepke, P.-W. and Meltzer, F. P. – Mahlung von faserstoffer für LWC – papiere. Das Papier, 47 (3): 123–127 (1993).
1066.
Meltzer, F. P. and Rauntnbach, R. – Neue möglichkeiten zur vorherbestimmung des technologischer mahlergebnisses. Das Papier, 47 (3): 578–583 (1994).
1067.
Sepke, P.-W.; Meltzer, F. P. and Musselmann, W. – Influencing specific energy in low consistency refining – a new approach. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/PST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 21.dillen
1068.
Crow, H. – Energy saving in the refining of shor fibre pulps. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia, 1996 pg. 9.
1069.
Joris, G. – Théorie mathématique du raffinage de la pâte à papier en basse concentration. Revue ATIP, 40 (10): 507–526 (1986).
1073.
Kerekes, R. – Characterization of pulp refiners by a C-factor. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 05 (1): 3–8 (1990).
1074.
Lumiainen, J. – A new approach to the critical factors effecting refining intensity result in low-consistency refining. In: EUCEPA Meeting. EUCEPA, Stockholm, 1990 pg. 310.
1075.
Lumiainen, J. – New theory can improve practice. Pulp and Paper International, 32 (8): 46–47, 54 (1990).
1076.
Kerekes, R. J.; Clara, M.; Dharni, S. and Martinez, M. – Application of the C-factor to characterize pulp refiners. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 19 (3): J125–130 (1993).
1077.
Kerekes, R. J.; Ouellet, D. and Martinez, M. – New perspectives on refining intensity. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 3 23 pgs.
1079.
Charuel, R. C.; Roux, J. C.; Agostini, F. de e Roussele, M. – Influence de la géometrie des lames sur le raffinage des pátes chimiques. Revue ATIP, 42 (4): 153–160 (1988).
1082.
Kerekes, R. and Meltzer, F. – The influence of bar width on bar forces and fibre shortening in low consistency pulp refining. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33(2): 220–225 (2018).
1083.
Olender, D.; Wild, P.; Byrnes, P.; Ouellet, D. and Sabourin, M. – Forces on bars in high-consistency mill-scale refiners: Effect of consistency. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (2): 218–223 (2008).
1084.
Berna, J. E. R.; Martinez, M. and Olson, J. – Power–gap relationships in low consistency refining. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 34 (1): 36–45 (2019).
1085.
1087.
1090.
Kurdin, J. A. – High consistency refining of chemical (pulp) fibres. In: Refining Chemical Pulps Seminar. Doschi Association, Appleton, 1986 pg 15.
1091.
Lumiainen, J. – Refining of chemical pulp. In: Papermaking Science and Technology. Volume 8 – Papermaking Part 1 – Stock preparation and wet end, Chapter 4. Ed. Gullichsen, J. and Paulapuro, H. Finnish Paper Engineers’ Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy, Hesinki: 2000 pg. 86.
1092.
1093.
Min, B. G.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, C. H.; Park, S. H.; Lee, M. S.; Gu, H. G. and Lee, C. Y. – New technology for developing a lightweight refiner plate for hardwood kraft pulp fibers. BioResources, 15 (4): 9128–9142 (2020).
1094.
Christopher, L.; Demler, C. L.; Beder-Miller, S. and e Aldridge, R. – Refining case study: using improved refiner control to ncrease pulp quality and paper machine performance. In: Paper Conference, New Orleans, 2012 39 pgs
1095.
Rajendra D., Deshpande, R. D. – Energy considerations in stock preparation refining modified by recycling. Master’s Thesis. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, 1988 164 pgs
1096.
Baker, C. F. – Optimization of paper mill refining systems. In: 3rd International Refining Conference. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 13.
1097.
Rihs, J. – Low consistency refining – theory vs practice. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 10 15 pgs.
1099.
Radoslavova, D.; Roux, J. C. and Silvy, J. – The beating of pulp considered as a hydrodynamic process. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta, 1995 Paper 6 32 pgs.
1100.
Crook, J. – The dream revisited – an update on Brazilian refining technology. In: III International Refining Conference and Exhibition. PIRA/IPST, Atlanta: 20-22/03/1995 Paper 14 12 pgs.
1101.
Luengo, J.; Segura, C. and González, R. – Effect of refining intensity on properties of eucalyptus fibers – Santa Fe pulp – CMPC. In: 8th International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp, Concepción, 2012 28 slides
1104.
Baker, C. F. – Various options for the control of refining process. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi: 18-20/03/1997 Paper 16 pgs. 249–264.
1107.
Welch, L. V. and Kerekes, R. J. – Characterization of the PFI mill by t
1109.
Mayade, T. L. – Statistical theory of chemical pulp refining: an innovative combined approach. Appita Journal, 50 (3): 237–244 (1997).
1111.
Baker, C. F. – Optimisation of refining in fine and speciality paper mill systems. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Philadelphia: 24-27/03/1996 pgs. 215–224.
1112.
Levlin, J. E. – Characterisation of Beating Result. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton: 16-18/09/1980 pgs. 131.
1113.
Baker, C. F. – The refining of nonwood fibres. In: IV International Refining Conference. PIRA, Fiuggi: 18-20/03/1997 Paper 10 pgs. 151–180.492. Prasad, D. Y.; Jameel, H. and Gratzl, J. – Extended delignification of hardwood with AQ/Polysulfide. Tappi Journal, 78 (9): 151 (1995).
1115.
Manfredi, V.; Vilela, C. B. and Claudio-da-Silva Jr. E. – Efeito das variáveis operacionais de refino na evolução das propriedades da polpa refinada. In: Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1986 pgs. 189–207.
1116.
Manfredi, V. – Optimizing eucalyptus pulp refining. In: International Papermaking & Environment Conference. Ed. Yang, S.; Ni, Y e Liu, Z. Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin – China: 12-14/05/2004 Book A pgs. 41–50.
1117.
Lundin, T.; Batchelor, W. and Fardim, P. – Fiber trapping in low-consistency refining: new parameters to describe the refining process. Tappi Journal, 7 (7): 15–21 (July 2008).
1119.
Ratnieks, E. and Mora, E. – How the dryness of pulp influences the stock preparation. In: XXVI Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel, ABTCP, São Paulo, 1993 pgs. 715–731.
1120.
Page, D. H. – The mechanism of strength development of dried pulps by beating. Svensk Papperstiding, 88 (3): R30–35 (1985).
1121.
Page, D. H. – The beating of chemical pulps – the action and the effects. In Fundamentals of Papermaking, Trans. of the IXth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 1989, pgs. 1–38.
1122.
Lindbrant, O. and Mohlin, U-B. – Changes in fiber structure due to refining as revealed by S.E.M. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Apleton: 16-18/09/1980 pgs. 61-xxx.
1123.
Swerin, A. and Ödberg, L. – Flocculation and floc strength in suspensions flocculated by retention aids. Nordic Pulp and Paper Reserarch Jorunal, 8 (1): 141–146 (1993).
1124.
Tam Doo, P. A. and Kerekes, R. J. – The effect of beating and low amplitude flexing on pulp fibre flexibility. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 15 (11): 36–42 (1989).
1125.
Sha, J.; Nikbakht, A.; Wang, C.; Zhang, H. and Olson, J. – The effect of consistency and freeness on the yield stress of chemical pulp fibre suspensions. BioResources, 10(3), 4287–4299 (2015).
1127.
1128.
Hietanen, S. and Ebeling, K – Control of heterogeneity of the refining action. In: International Conference of New Technologies in Refining: Advances in Refining Technologies. PIRA, Birminghan, 1986 Volume I pgs. 1–27
1129.
Fox, T. S.; Brodkey, R. S. and Nissan, A. H. – High-speed photography of stock transport in a disk refiner. Tappi Journal, 62 (3): 55–58 (1979)
1130.
Fox, T. S. – Inside a disc refiner. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs. 281–313.
1131.
Jiang, Z.-H, van Lierop, B. and Berry, R. – Chlorine dioxide bleaching in the presence of an aldehyde. US Patent 6,235,154 B1 (issued May 22, 2001)
1132.
Bordin, R.; Roux, J.-C. and Bloch, J.-F. – Global description of refiner plate wear in low consistency beating. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 22 (4): 529–534 (2007).
1136.
1142.
Panthai, S. and Somboon, P. – Examination of separate and mixed refining methods on softwood and hardwood pulps for linerboard production. Kasetsart Journal – Natural Science, 48: 540–547 (2014).
1144.
Wallace, B. W. – Dryer section energy use reduced up to 15 % with computer control. In: Processes Control for Pulp and Paper Mills. Ed. Smith, K. E. – Miller Freedman Publications, 1983 Chapter 25 pgs. 98–100.
1145.
Kerekes, R. J. and Tam Doo, P. A. – The effect of beating and low-amplitude flexing on pulp fibre flexibility. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 15 (1): 36 (1989).
1146.
Ghatak, H. R. – A comminution model for laboratory beating. Appita Journal, 58 (3): 127–128 (2005)
1147.
Lindström, T.; Ljunggren, S.; Ruvo, A. de e Söremark, C. – Dissolution of carbohydrates and lignin during beating of kraft pulps. Svensk Papperstiding, 81 (12): 397–402 (1978).
1148.
Bajpai, P., Mishra, S. P., Mishra, O. P., Kumar, S. and Bajpai, P. K. – Use of enzymes for reduction in refining energy – laboratory studies. Tappi Journal, 5 (11): 25–32 (2006).
1149.
Roux, J-C. and Joris, G. – How load is distributed in an industrial disc refiner. In: International Refining Conference. PIRA, Barcelona, 2005 Paper 13.
1150.
Yasumura, P. K. and Park, S. W. -Novos aspectos sobre ações de refino do moinho PFI e refinadores industriais de disco em fibras. In: 45th ABTCP International Pulp and Paper Congress e VII IberoAmerican Congress on Pulp and Paper Research. São Paulo, 2012 8 pgs
1151.
1152.
Rihs, J. – Refining recycled fibers for brown and white grades. In: Papermakers Conference. TAPPI, Nashville, 1992 pgs. 239–245.
1153.
Pashinskii, V.; Pedotova, B.; Komisarchuk, G; Maslakov, V. and Voronova, G. – Beating of hardwood pulp in a multi-disk refiner. Sub. Tr. Ukr. Nauch.-Issled. Inst. Tsellyul. – Bumazh. Prom. (18): 5–10. (1975) according to ABIPST, 68 (3): 342 reference 39426(AS).
1155.
Ouellet, D.; Bennington, C. P. J.; Senger, J. J.; Borisoff, J. F. and Martiskainen, J. M. – Measurement of pulp residence time in a high-consistency refiner. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 22 (8): J301–305 (1996).
1156.
Bordin, R.; Toux, J-C. and Block, J-F. – No-load characterization of a low-consistency disc refiner for na efetive application of refining theories. Engineering, Pulping and Environmental Conference, TAPPI, TAPPI Engineering, Pulping and Environmental Conference, Jacksonville, 2007 33 pgs.
1157.
Hietanen, S. and Ebeling, K. – Heterogeneity in refining action: effects on fiber and paper structure. In: International Paper Physics Conference. TAPPI/CPPA, Cape Cod, 1983 pgs. 27–39.
1159.
Hietanen, S. – The role of fiber flocculation in chemical pulp refining. Paperi ja Puu, 73 (3): 249–259 (1991).
1160.
Page, D. H., Kosky, J. and Booth, D. – Some initial observations on the action of the beater. BP&BIRA Bulletin, 28: 15–21 (1962).
1161.
Waterhouse, J. F. – Characterizing pulps for paper-machine runnability. In: Engineering/Process and Product Quality Conference & Trade Fair. TAPPI, Anaheim, 1999 Volume 3 pgs. 1195–1204.
1163.
Eriksen, O.; Holmqvist, C. and Mohlin, U-B. – Fibre floc drainage – a possible cause for substantial pressure peaks in low-consistency refiners. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 23 (3): 321–326 (2008).
1164.
Almeida, L. F. – Nova tecnologia para refinação em baixa consistência. In: 45th ABTCP International Pulp and Paper Congress and VII Ibero American Congress on Pulp and Paper Research. São Paulo, 2012 9 pgs.
1165.
Wittberg, L. P.; Björkman, M.; Khokhar, G.; Mohlin, U-B. and Dahlkild, A. – Flow conditions in the grooves of a low-consistency refiner. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 27 (2): 173–183 (2012).
1166.
Fox, T. S.; Brodkey, R. S. and Nissan, A. H. – Inside a disk refiner. Tappi Journal, 65 (7): 80–83 (1982).
1167.
Groome, E. J. and Gerhardt, T. D. – Fiber retention time in a disk refiner. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980. pgs. 21–29.
1168.
Bordin R.; Roux, J.-C. and Bloch, J.-F. – New technique for measuring clearance in low-consistency refiners. Appita Journal, 61 (1): 71–77 (2008).
1170.
Arjas, A. – Influence of residence time distribution on pulp properties. In: International Symposium of Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pg 61
1172.
Olejnik, K. – Effect of the free swelling of refined cellulose fibres on the mechanical properties of paper. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 1 (90): 113–116 (2012).
1175.
Gallay, W. – Some aspects of the theory of the beating process. In: Fundamentals of Papermaking Symposium. PIRA Cambridge, 1961 pgs. 377–387.
1177.
Johansson, O. – A new optimization approach can lead to significant improvement of the refining efficiency. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping – Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm: 25-26/03/2003 Paper 13.
1179.
1182.
Reiner, F. J. M. – Mecanismos de ligação entre as fibras e a importância do refino. O Papel, 55 (1): 29–32 (1994).
1184.
Steffens, D. – Ultrasonic technology – measurements of paper orientation and elastic properties. In: XXVII Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1994 pgs. 661–681.
1186.
Niskanen, K. – Strength and fracture of paper. In: 10th Fundamental Research Symposium – Products of Papermaking. PIRA, Oxford, 1993 Volume 2 pgs. 641–725.
1188.
Zhang, G.; Hiltunen, E.; Kettunen, H.; Nisjanen, K.; Laine, J. E. and Paulapuro, H. – Effects of wet strain on fracture properties of paper in comparison to refining. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 17 (1): 45 (2002).
1190.
Goosen, D. R., Olson, J. A. and Kerekes, R. J. – The role of heterogeneity in compression refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 33 (2): 110–114 (2007).
1191.
Ghatak, H. R. – Analysis of laboratory beating by fiber settling time frequency distributions. Tappi Journal, 2 (11): 3–6 (2003)
1192.
Vainio A. K. and Paulapuro, H – Interfiber bonding and fiber segment activation in paper. Bioresources, 2 (3):442–458 (2007).
1194.
Heitmann, J. A. – Pulp properties. In: Pulp and Paper Manufacture – Mill Control & Control Systems: Quality & Testing, Environmental, Corrosion, Electrical. Ed.: Kouris, M e Kocurek, M. J. The Textbook, Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1992, pgs. 85–98.
1196.
Marton, J. and Marton, T. – Some new principles to optimize rosing sizing. Tappi Journal, 65 (11):105–109 (1982).
1197.
French, J. and Maddern, K. N. – A mini pulp evaluation procedure. Appita Journal, 47 (1): 38–44 (1994).
1199.
Curto, J.; Simões, R. and Silvy, J. – The influence of bleaching, beating and drying in the wet fibre flexibility of Pinus pinaster kraft pulp. In: 12th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry. Madison, 2003 Volume 3 pgs. 287–289.
1200.
Paavilainen, L. – Bonding potential of softwood sulphate pulp fibres. Paperi ja Puu, 76 (3): 162 (1994).
1203.
Brown, Jr, J. C. – Determination of the exposed specific surface of pulp fibers from air permeability measurements. Tappi Journal, 33 (3): 130–137 (1950).
1206.
McKinney, R. – A review of stickie control methods, including the role of surface phenomena in control. In: Paper and Board Division Conference. Gatwick, 1989 Paper 4.
1207.
Agarwal, S.B.; Genco, J. M.; Cole, B. J. W. and Miller, W. – Kinetics of oxygen delignification. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 25 (10): 361–366 (1999).
1208.
Kibblewhite, R. P. – Interrelations between pulp refining treatments, fibre and fines quality, and pulp freeness. Paperi Puu, 57 (8): 519–526 (1975).
1211.
Kibblewhite, R. P. – Fractures and dislocations in the walls of kraft and bisulphite pulp fibers Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 10 (2): 497–503 (1976)
1214.
Marton, R. and Alexander, S. – Effect of beating and wet-pressing on single fiber and sheet properties. Espra Research Reports, 43 (II): 17 (1966).
1215.
Kure, K. A. and Dahlqvist, G. – Development of structural fibre properties in high intensity refining. Pulp and Paper Canada, 99 (7): 59–63 (1998).
1217.
Turt, V.; Genco, J. M. and Co A. – Effect of refining on fiber properties. In: Engineering Conference. TAPPI, San Francisco, 1994 pg. 273–280.
1220.
Joris, G. and Roux, J-C. – The dynamic freeness tester. In: Scientific and Technical Advances in Refining & Mechanical Pulping – Course Notes. PIRA: Stockholm, 2003 Paper 6.
1221.
Byrd, V. L.; Horn, R. A. and Fahey, D. J. –How refining of vessel elements affects offset printing papers. Paper Trade Journal, 151 (46): 55–59 (1967).
1227.
Bian, L.; Liu, S.; Pu, Y.; Liu, C. and Yuan, L. – Appraisal of a disk refiner performance. Guowai Zaozshi, 16 (1): 28–31 (1997) according to ABIPST, 68 (2): 123 reference 1409(AS).
1229.
Fan, X.; Jeffrey, D. J. and Ouellet, D. – A stochastic model for the residence time of pulp in a single-disc chip refiner. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 20 (11): 343–349 (1994).
1232.
Tonoli, G. H. D.; Teixeira, E. M.; Corrêa, A. C.; Marconcini, J. M.; Caixeta, L. A.; Silva, M. A. P. da e Mattoso, L. H. C. – Cellulose micro/nanofibres from eucalyptus kraft pulp: Preparation and properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89 (1): 80–88 (2012).
1233.
1234.
Grzegorz, K. and Dariusz, A. – Flow modelling in a low consistency disc refiner, Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 28 (1), 119–130 (2013).
1235.
Khlebnikov, A. A.; Pashinnskii, V. F.; Gonharov, V. N. and Smirnova, E. A. – Analysis of the forces involved in the operation of a conical refiner. Tr. Leningr., 22: 129–136 (1969) [1039, 1163].
1237.
Goncharov, V. N. – Force factors in a disk refiner and their effect on the beating process. Bumazh. Prom., (5): 12–14 [1163]
1238.
Koskenhely K.; Nieminen, K.; Hiltunen, E. and Paulapuro, H. – Comparison of plate and conical fillings in refining of bleached softwood and hardwood pulps. Paperi ja Puu, 87 (7): 458–463 (2005).
1240.
Batchelor, W.J. – Effects of flocculation and floc trapping on fibre treatment in low consistency refining. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science. 27 (7): 249–252 (2001).
1241.
Stephansen, E. – Contribution to the understanding of the mechanism of the beating process. Norsk Skogindustri, 21 (8): 266 (1967).
1242.
Odabas, N.; Henniges, U.; Potthast, A. and Rosenau, T. – Cellulosic fines: properties and effects. Progress in Materials Science, 83: 574–594 (2006).
1243.
Colodette, J. L.; Ghosh, A. K.; Dhasmana, B.; Singh, U. P.; Gomide, J. L. and Singh, R. P. – Bleaching processes for market grade TCF pulps. In: International Non-Chlorine Bleaching Conference. Pulp & Paper/Emerging Technology Transfer, Amelia Island, 1994 Paper 7-1 22 pgs.
1245.
1246.
Steenberg, B. – Review of the effect of mechanical treatment of fibres. Svensk Paperstidning, 66 (22): 933–939 (1963)
1248.
1249.
Mohlin, U-B. – Refining intensity and gap clearance. In: 9th International Refining Conference. No14, PIRA, Vienna, 2006.
1250.
1251.
1252.
Nordman, L.; Levlin, J.-E.; Makkonen, T. and Jokisalo, H. – Conditions in na LC refiner as observed by physical measurements. In: International Symposium on Fundamental Concepts of Refining. IPC, Appleton, 1980 pgs. 121–130.
1254.
Wagle, D. G.; Lee, C. W. and Brodley, R. S. – Further comments on a visual study of pulp floc dispersion mechanisms. Tappi, 71 (9): 137–141 (1988).
1255.
1257.
Przybysz, P.; Dubowik, M.; Małachowska, E., Kucner, M., Gajadhur, M. and Przybysz, K. – The effect of the refining intensity on the progress of internal fibrillation and shortening of cellulose fibers. BioResources, 15 (1): 1482–1499 (2020)
1258.
1261.
Lipshitz, H.; Bridger, M. and Derman, G. – On the relationship between topography and gloss. Tappi Journal, 73 (10): 237 (1990).
1262.
Young, J. H. – Fiber preparation and approach flow. In: Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Chemical Technology – Volume III. Ed. Casey, J.P., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
1265.
Rangamannar, G. and Silveri, L. – Effective secondary fiber treatment process for high quality deinked pulp. Tappi Journal, 73 (7): 188–191 (1990).
1268.
Gabl, H. – Pilot scale optimisation of refining conditions for fractionated recycled furnishes. In: Refining and Mechanical Pulping. PIRA, Barcelona: 2005 Paper 12.
1270.
Egenes, T. H. and Helle, T. – Water removal from pulp suspensions in screw press. In: XXIII Congresso Anual de Celulose e Papel. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1990 pgs. 113–128.
1271.
Page, D. H. – The axial compression of fibres – a newly discovered beating action. Pulp and Paper Magazine Canada, 67 (1): 2–12 (1966
1272.
Belle, J. Kleemann, S.; Odermatt, J. and Olbrich, A. – A new method showing the impact of pulp refining on fiber-fiber interactions in wet webs. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 31 (2): 205–212 (2016).
1273.
Strazdins, E. – Chemistry and application of rosin size. In: The sizing of paper. Ed. Raynolds, W. F. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 156 p 2nd Ed. 1989.
1274.
Atack, D. – Advances in beating and refining. In: Transactions of the Oxford Symposium, British Pulp Paper and Board Industry Federation, London, 1978 pg. 261–297.
1275.
Bhardwaj, N. K. – Refining of bamboo long fiber fraction pulp effects on wet web and dry strength properties of paper. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 53 (1–2): 113–120 (2019).
1276.
Hou, Q.; Yang, B.; Liu, W.; Liu, H.; Hong, Y. and Zhang, R. – Co-refining of wheat straw pulp and hardwood kraft pulp, Carbohydrate Polymers, 86 (1), 255–259 (2011).
1277.
Hietanen, S. – Development of a fundamentally new refining method. Part 2: operating conditions of the new refiner. Paperi ja Puu, 72 (10): 952–960 (1990).
1278.
Câmara, A. L. da e Brandão, P. R. G. – Avaliação da adsorção de piche (pitch) no processo de fabricação do papel por talco brasileiro. O Papel, 65 (4): 67–78 (2004).
1279.
Sundström, L.; Brolin, A. and Hartler, N. – Fibrillation and its importance for the properties of mechanical pulp fiber sheets. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 8 (4): 379–383 (1993).
1281.
El-Hosseiny, F. – The effect of sheet densification on the shape of its stress-strain curve. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 20 (12): J366–370 (1994).
1282.
Seth, R. S.; Robertson, A. G.; Mai, Y.-W. and Hoffmann, J. D. – Plane stress fracture toughness of paper. Tappi Journal, 76 (2): 109–116 (1993).
1283.
Parham, R. A. – Ultra-Structure and Chemistry. In: Pulp and Paper manufacture – Volume I – Properties of Fibrous Raw Materials and their Preparation for Pulping. E.: Kocurek, M. J. and Stevens, C. F. B. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Atlanta/Montreal, 1983 pgs. 35–45.
1286.
Goncharov, V. N. – Stostoyanie i perspektivy sovershnstvovaniya oborudovaniya dlya razmola voloknistykh materialov. Tsellyul. Bum. Karton, 7/8: 20–24 (1995) according to ABIPST, 67 (9): 1337 reference 12645(AS)
1288.
Ohsawa, J.; Wakai, M.; Komatsu, Y.; Yoneda, Y.; Nagasawa, T. – Prevention of vessel picking trouble in tropical hardwood pulps – II. Vessel separation and high consistency bleating. Journal of Japanese Wood Research Society, 30 (9): 742–749 (1984).
1289.
Sari, A.; Agneta, F.; Kariniemi Merja, K. and Särkilahti Airi, S, – Evaluation of vessel picking tendency in printing. O Papel, 73 (1): 79–85 (2012)
1290.
Mukoyoshi, S.; Ohtake, T.; Ohsawa J. – Mechanism of vessel separation with hydrocyclone I. Vessel separation with centri-cleaner. Japan Tappi Journal, 40 (11) 55–63 (1986).
1291.
Rissato, T. C. – Influência do refino de baixa intensidade no consumo energético e nas propriedades do papel. Monografia Latu-sensu. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2010 71 pgs
1292.
Ratnieks, E., Demler, C. L. – Estamos obtendo o melhor na refinação de polpas de eucalipto? In: 24° Congresso Anual. ABTCP, São Paulo, 1991 19 pgs.
1298.
Mantar, E.; Co, A. and Genco, J. M. – Drainage characteristics of pulp slurries under dynamic conditions. Jornal of Pulp and Paper Sciency, 21 (2): 44–50 (1995).
1299.
Hubbe, M. A. and Panczik, M – Dewatering of refined bleached hardwood kraft pule by gravity vacuum and centrifugation with applied pressure. O Papel, 77 (10): 74–87 (2017).
1306.
Belle, K. and Odermatt, L. – Initial wet web strength of paper Cellulose, 23:2249–2272 (2016).
1313.
Kerekes, R. J. and Senger, J. J. – Characterizing refining action in low-consistency refiners by forces on fibres. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 32 (1): 1–8 (2006).
1334.
Hietaniemi, J. and Gullichsen, J. – Flow properties of medium-consistency fibre suspensions. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 22 (12): J469–474 (1996).
1338.
Lindström, T. – Der einfluss chemischer factoren auf faserquellung und papierfestigkeit. Das Papier, 34 (12): 561 (1980)
1339.
Olejnik, K.; Skalski, B.; Stanislawska, A.; Wysocka-Robak, A. – Swelling properties and generation of cellulose fines originating from bleached kraft pulp refined under different operating conditions. Cellulose 24: 3955–3967 (2017).
1340.
Claudio-da-Silva Jr., E. – Efeitos da moagem nas propriedades de fibras. Separata del boletin “Investigación y Técnica del Papel”, 75 (1983).
1372.
Rihs, J.; Albert, K. and Josephson, W. – Optimal refining of bleached tropical hardwood kraft for uncoated paper. In: 51st Annual General Conference. APPITA, Melbourne, 1997 Paper 4B21 pgs. 627–634.
1386.
1391.
1400.
1401.
1402.
Singh, R.; Bhardwaj, N. K. and Choudhury, B. – Cellulase-assisted refining optimization for saving electrical energy demand and pulp quality evaluation. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 74 (8): 471–475 (2015).
1404.
Zhang, Q., Xu, M., Xing, L., Dang, C., Han, X., and Pu, J. – Enzymatic assisted ultrasonic pretreatment’s effect on poplar pulp properties. BioResources, 12 (3): 6832–6843 (2017).
1407.
Manfredi, M.; Oliveira, R. C. de; Siçba, J. C. da and, R. – Ultrasonic treatment of secondary fibers to improve paper properties. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 28 (2):297 (2013).
1409.
Park, J-M. – Application of fracture toughness understanding to improve papermaking runnability. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 54 (1): 3–9 (2022).
1410.
Liu, H.; Dong, J.; Jing, H.; Xiya Guo, X. and Qiao, L. – Characterization of the parameters for the refining Intensity in terms of performance. Journal of Korea TAPPI, 51 (2): 26–39 (2019);
1413.
Helmuth, G.; Gorton-Hulgerth, A. and Takeshita, Y. – A new low consistency refiner improved fibre properties while reducing idle energy by up to 40%. In: Japan Tappi Annual Meeting. Japan Tappi, Hiroshima, Paper C-12 (2003).
Metadata
Title
Refining the Chemical Pulps
Author
Vail Manfredi
Copyright Year
2024
Book
Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Refining

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47284-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-47285-5

Copyright Year: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47285-5_8

Premium Partners

    Image Credits