Top

Published in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Risks, Mitigation and Adaptation to Urban Climate Change Impacts in the Global South from a Gender Perspective

Author : Úrsula Oswald Spring

Published in: Decolonising Conflicts, Security, Peace, Gender, Environment and Development in the Anthropocene

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Confronted with the uncertainty of climate change impacts and the complexity of urban development in the Global South, megacities and urban agglomeration in coastal areas are at high risk of losing lives, wealth and infrastructure. The present chapter explores the Talanoa Dialogue to reduce impacts and increase peacebuilding in regions where climate change effects will increase disasters in urban areas and often oblige people to leave high-risk areas and settle elsewhere. It further analyses how governments and city-dwellers could promote multi-level governance actions to reduce conflicts and promote disaster risks reduction, mitigation and adaptation among extremely exposed social groups, especially women, children and the elderly. Talanoa Dialogue also promotes the interchange of experiences among cities in the Global South and proposes multisectorial climate governance for achieving successful political changes with participative governance that are able to improve resilience. Finally, the chapter examines how cities could promote clean energy, sustainable transport and a radical carbon sink of greenhouse gases to prevent conflicts and disasters by involving all stakeholders within a frame of cultural and socio-environmental diversity.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Disobedient Peace: Non-cooperation with Inhuman Orders

next chapter Conflicts in Kenya: Drivers of Conflicts and Assessing Mitigation Measures

See at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Talanoa%20Call%20for%20Action.pdf.

See at: https://cop23.com.fj/talanoa-dialogue/.

See at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/violence-against-women-and-girls.

In 1991, Cyclone Gorky hit Bangladesh and caused around 140,000 deaths; 72% were women – i.e. 14 times more women than men died. During the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, more than 70% of the 250,000 fatalities were women.

The WHO 2018 Report synthesised the following key findings: “Air pollution affects neurodevelopment, leading to lower cognitive test outcomes, negatively affecting mental and motor development. Air pollution is damaging to children’s lung function, even at lower levels of exposures. Globally, 93% of the world’s children under 15 years of age are exposed to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels above WHO air quality guidelines, which include 630 million children under 5 years of age, and 1.8 billion children under 15 years. In low and middle-income countries around the world, 98% of all children under 5 are exposed to PM2.5 levels above WHO air quality guidelines. In comparison, in high-income countries, 52% of children under 5 are exposed to levels above WHO air quality guidelines. More than 40% of the world’s population – which includes 1 billion children under 15 – is exposed to high levels of household air pollution from mainly cooking with polluting technologies and fuels. About 600,000 deaths in children under 15 years of age were attributed to the joint effects of ambient and household air pollution in 2016. Together, household air pollution from cooking and ambient (outside) air pollution cause more than 50% of acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Air pollution is one of the leading threats to child health, accounting for almost 1 in 10 deaths in children under five years of age” https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day.

Anderson, Sarah E.; Bart, Ryan R.; Kennedy, Maureen C.; MacDonald, Andrew J.; Moritz, Max A., 2018: “The dangers of disaster-driven responses to climate change. Low-probability, high-consequence climate change events are likely to trigger management responses that are based on the demand for immediate action from those affected. However, these responses may be inefficient and even maladaptive in the long term”, in: Nature Climate Change, 8: 651–653; at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0208-8.

Bader, Nikolas; Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2009: “Measuring Urban Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Challenge of Comparability”, in: S.A.P.I.EN.S; at: https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/854.

Bainimarama, H.E. Frank (President of Fiji), 2018: “Talanoa and Beyond: Raising Ambition with Cities and Regions” (Joint Policy Briefing Note by GIZ, ICLEI and UN-Habitat), UNFCCC, COP23.

Bott, Sarah; Guedes, Alessandra; Goodwin, Mary; Adams Mendoza, Jennifer, 2012: Violencia contra las mujeres en América Latina y el Caribe (Washington: PHO [Pan-American Health Organization]).

Brewera, Kirk; Granta, Jill L., 2015: “Seeking Density and Mix in the Suburbs: Challenges for Mid-Sized Cities”, in: Planning Theory & Practice, 16,2: 151–168.CrossRef

Caraël, Michel; Glynn, Judith R., 2008: “HIV Infection in Young Adults in Africa: Context, Risks and Opportunities for Prevention”, in: Caraël Michel; Glynn, Judith R., (Eds.): HIV, Resurgent Infections and Population Change in Africa, International Studies in Population vol. 6 (New York: Springer).

Cassella, Carly, 2019: “A Major Indian City Has Nearly Run Out of Water, And No One Is Talking About It”, in: ScienceAlert, 21 June; at: https://www.sciencealert.com/this-indian-city-has-all-but-run-out-of-water-and-no-one-is-talking-about-it.

Chan, Sander; Amling, Wanja, 2019: Does Orchestration in the Global Climate Action Agenda Effectively Prioritize and Mobilize Transnational Climate Adaptation Action? (Cham: Springer International).CrossRef

Collin Harguindeguy, Laura, 2014: Economía Solidaria: Local y Diversa (Tlaxcala: Coltlax).

De Alba, Felipe (Ed.), 2017: Un Debate Actual a Distintas Voces (Mexico City: Cámara de Diputados/LXIII Legislatura, Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública).

Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo (Ed.), 2012: Transporte, Ciudad y Cambio Climático (Mexico City: CEIICH-UNAM).

Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo; van Staden, Maryke; Villaseñor Franco, Edgar (Eds.), 2018: Diálogo Mexicano de Talanoa (Mexico City: CEIICH-UNAM).

Diwakar, Vidya; Lovell, Emma; Opitz-Stapleton, Sarah; Shepherd, Andrew; Twigg, John, 2019: Child Poverty, Disasters and Climate Change: Investigating Relationships and Implications over the Life Course of Children (London: Overseas Development Institute [ODI]).

GIZ, 2018: Multi-Level Climate Governance Supporting Local Action (Bonn: GIZ).

Höhne, Niklas; den Elzen, Michel; Escalante, Donovan, 2014: “Regional GHG Reduction Targets Based on Effort Sharing: A Comparison of Studies”, in: Climate Policy, 14,1: 122–147; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.849452.

Höhne, Niklas; Drost, P.; Bakhtiar, F.; Chan, S.; Gardiner, A.; Hale, T.; Hsu, A.; Kuramoch, T.; Puig, D.; Roelfsema, M.; Sterl, S., 2016: “Bridging the Gap – The Role of Non-State Action”, in: The Emission Gap Report 2016: A UNEP Synthesis Report (Nairobi: UNEP).

Hoornweg, Daniel; Sugar, Lorraine; Trejos Gómez, Claudia Lorena, 2011: “Cities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Moving Forward”, in: Environment & Urbanization, 23,1: 207–227; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247810392270.

IBRD [International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank], 2019: Women, Business and the Law 2019 (Washington: IBRD/WB).

IEA [International Energy Agency], 2014: CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights (Paris: OECD/IEA).

IEA, 2019: Global Energy & CO₂ Status Report (Paris: IEA).

IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Joubert, Leonie; Ziervogel, Gina, 2019: “One Day. City’s Response to a Record-Breaking Drought, Cape Town”; at: https://www.africancentreforcities.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Day_Zero_Joubert_Ziervogel_2019.pdf.

Konings, Piet; van Dijk, Rijk; Foeken, Dick, 2006: “The African Neighbourhood: An Introduction”, in: Konings, Piet; Foeken, Dick (Eds.): Crisis and Creativity: Exploring the Wealth of the African Neighbourhood (Leiden & Boston: Brill).

Leahy, Stephen, 2018: “Cities Emit 60% More Carbon than Thought: A new analysis finds that city planners have been undercounting greenhouse gas emissions from a key contributor”, in: National Geographic, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/city-consumption-greenhouse-gases-carbon-c40-spd/.

Leal-Arcas, Rafael, 2018: “Re-Thinking Global Climate Change: A Local, Bottom-Up Perspective”, in: Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 20,1 (Autumn/Winter): 4–20 (London: Queen Mary University).

Lecompte, María Carolina; Bocarejo S., Juan Pablo, 2017: “Transport Systems and Their Impact on Gender Equity”, in: Transportation Research Procedia, 25: 4,245–4,257.

Lubuva, John M., 2004: “Community Approach to Security, Social Inclusion and Development in Tanzania”, Paper presented at the Dialogue on Promoting Coexistence and Security in the Information Society, Barcelona, 9–11 September 2004 (unpublished paper).

Marván, Ma. Luisa; López-Vázquez, Esperanza (Eds.), 2018: Preventing Health and Environmental Risks in Latin America (Cham: Springer International Publishing).

Menkes Bancet, Catherine; Sosa-Sánchez, Itzel A., 2018: Desigualdades Sociales, Género y Embarazo Adolescente en México y en el Estado de Morelos (Cuernavaca: CRIM-UNAM).

Moyer, Eileen, 2006: “Not Quite Comforts of Home: Searching for Locality among Street Youth in Dar es Salaam”, in: Konings, Piet; Foeken, Dick (Eds.): Crisis and Creativity: Exploring the Wealth of the African Neighbourhood (Leiden & Boston: Brill).

O’Brien, Karen; Sygna, Linda; Leichenko, Robin; et al., 2008: Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Human Security (Oslo: GECHS, University of Oslo).

Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Serrano, S. Eréndira; Estrada Álvarez, Adriana; et al., 2014: Vulnerabilidad Social y Género entre Migrantes Ambientales (Cuernavaca: CRIM-DGAPA-UNAM).

Oswald Spring, Úrsula, 2016: “Perspectiva de Género ante el Cambio Climático y la Doble Vulnerabilidad, in: Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, SOCIOTAM, 26,2: 137–162.

Oswald Spring, Úrsula, 2018: “Vulnerabilidad Social Frente a Eventos Hidro-Meteorológicos Extremos y Políticas de Prevención y Mitigación”, in: Calva, J.L. (Ed.): Derechos Social y Bienestar Social (Mexico City: Consejo Nacional de Universitarios, JP Ed.): 397–419.

Pickett, Kate; Wilkinson, Richard, 2018: “The Enemy Between Us: How Inequality Erodes our Mental Health”, in: Transformation, at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/enemy-between-us-how-inequality-erodes-our-mental-heal/.

Rahman H.M. Tuihedur; Hickey, Gordon M., 2019: “What Does Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change Have to Teach Public Policy and Planning About Avoiding the Risks of Maladaptation in Bangladesh?”, in: Policy and Practice Reviews (22 January 2019); doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00002.

REN21, 2019: Global Status Report: Renewable Energy in 2019 (Paris: REN21).

Sharma, Divya; Singh, Raina; Singh, Rozita, 2013: Urban Climate Resilience: A Review of the Methodologies adopted under the ACCCRN Initiative in Indian Cities (London: IIED).

Sommers, Marc, 2010: “Urban Youth in Africa”, in: Environment & Urbanization, 22,2: 317–332.CrossRef

Strohbach, Michael W.; Döring, Anneke O.; Möck, Malte; Sedrez, Maycon; Mumm, Olaf; Schneider, Anne-Kathrin; Weber, Stephan; Schröder, Boris, 2019: “The ‘Hidden Urbanization’: Trends of Impervious Surface in Low-Density Housing Developments and Resulting Impacts on the Water Balance”, in: Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7, Article 29.

The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM), 2018: “Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy – April submission to the Talanoa process”; at: https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Talanoa-April-Submission-GCoM_.pdf.

UN Climate Action Summit, 2019; at: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/.

UN DESA, 2018: World Urbanization Prospects (New York, UN DESA).

UN Habitat, 2016: Finance for City Leaders Handbook (Nairobi: UN Habitat).

USAID, 2005: Youth and Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention, Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation (Washington: United States Agency for International Development [USAID]).

UNICEF, 2018: Annual Report 2018: For Every Child, Every Right (New York: UNICEF).

UNRISD, 2019: Climate Justice from Below: Local Struggles for Just Transition(s) (Geneva: UNRISD).

Utas, Mats, 2005: “Building a Future? The Reintegration and Remarginalization of Youth in Liberia”, in: Richards, Paul (Ed.): No Peace No War: An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflicts (Athens: Ohio University Press; Oxford: James Currey): 150.

Van den Berg, Nicole J.; van Soest, Heleen L.; Hof, Andries F.; et al., 2019: “Implications of Various Effort-Sharing Approaches for National Carbon Budgets and Emission Pathways”, in: Climatic Change; at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02368-y.

Victoria State Government, 2018: Regional Adaptation Snapshot.

World Bank, 2010: Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda (Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank).

World Bank, 2018: “Year in Review: 2018 in 14 Charts”; at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/12/21/year-in-review-2018-in-14-charts.

World Bank, 2019: World Bank’s Women, Business and the Law Report 2019 (Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank).CrossRef

World Bank, 2019a: A Decade of Reform (Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank).

WHO [World Health Organization], 2016: “An Estimated 12.6 Million Deaths Each Year are Attributable to Unhealthy Environments”; at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/deaths-attributable-to-unhealthy-environments/en/.

WHO [World Health Organization], 2018: Air Pollution and Child Health: Prescribing Clean Air (Geneva: WHO).

Winzer, Christian, 2011: Conceptualizing Energy Security, EPRG Working Paper 1123, Cambridge Working Paper in Economics 1151 (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press).

Title: Risks, Mitigation and Adaptation to Urban Climate Change Impacts in the Global South from a Gender Perspective
Author: Úrsula Oswald Spring
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Decolonising Conflicts, Security, Peace, Gender, Environment and Development in the Anthropocene
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62315-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-62316-6

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62316-6_7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner