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Dynamic Games and Applications
Published in: Dynamic Games and Applications 3/2014

01-09-2014

Robust Control and Hot Spots in Spatiotemporal Economic Systems

Authors: W. A. Brock, A. Xepapadeas, A. N. Yannacopoulos

Published in: Dynamic Games and Applications | Issue 3/2014

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Abstract

We formulate stochastic robust optimal control problems, motivated by applications arising in interconnected economic systems, or spatially extended economies. We study in detail linear quadratic problems and nonlinear problems. We derive optimal robust controls and identify conditions under which concerns about model misspecification at specific site(s) could cause regulation to break down, to be very costly, or to induce pattern formation and spatial clustering. We call sites associated with these phenomena hot spots. We also provide an application of our methods by studying optimal robust control and the potential break down of regulation, due to hot spots, in a model where utility for in situ consumption is distance dependent.
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Footnotes
1
see also [22, 23, 25, 37].
 
2
In the context of automatic control systems with spatially distributed parameter aspects (see, for example, [7, 15]) for the control of infinite platoons of vehicles over time.
 
3
Although we choose to interpret the characteristics associated with the distributed parameter aspect as physical space, the notion of “space” does not have to be physical. It can be used to model characteristics that are associated with economic, sociological, cultural, or other factors. Since the notion of “space” may be broadly interpreted, this suggests that our methods can be used for the analysis of a wide range of problems.
 
4
This choice is for simplicity of presentation. Most of the arguments and results presented here can be extended to infinite dimensional systems, admittedly with considerable technical effort employing techniques beyond the scope of the present paper, or when explicitly stated so with a weighted version of this space.
 
5
The generalization to vector valued state and control variables \(x^{n}\in {\mathbb {R}}^{d_{1}}\) and \(u_{n}\in {\mathbb {R}}^{d_{2}}\) on each site \(n\in {\mathbb {Z}}\) requires the use of the sequence spaces \(\ell ^{2}({\mathbb {R}}^{d_{i}})\), \(i=1,2\) rather than \(\ell ^{2}:=\ell ^{2}({\mathbb {R}})\)) and is straightforward. Furthermore, the generalization for infinite dimensional lattices is feasible but becomes technical from the mathematical points of view and is beyond the scope of the present paper.
 
6
There is uncertainty concerning the economy which is represented in terms of the vector valued stochastic process \(w\). These common factors affect the state of the economy \(x\) at the different sites. Each factor has a different effect on the state of the economy on each particular site; this will be modeled by a suitable correlation matrix. It is not of course necessary that the number of factors is the same as the number of sites in the system; however, without loss of generality we will make this assumption and assume that there is one factor or source of uncertainty related to each site. This assumption can be easily relaxed.
 
7
In the limiting case where \(v=\{v_{n}\}\) is a constant vector this leads to \({\mathbb {Q}}( w(t) \in A)=\int _{A} (2 \pi t)^{-\frac{N}{2}} \exp \left( -\frac{||x-v t||^2}{2 t} \right) dx\), i.e., \(w\) is distributed according to the normal law \({\mathcal {N}}(v \, t,{\mathsf {I}} \,t)\).
 
8
Girsanov’s theorem is a very powerful result in stochastic analysis describing how the law of a Wiener process is transformed when viewed under an alternative probability measure, and is essentially a change of drift argument, finding important applications in mathematical finance, stochastic control theory, mathematical economics, etc. The validity of the theorem requires some technical assumptions (a) regarding the filtration \(\{\mathcal{F}_{t}\}_{t \in [0,T]}\) often quoted as the usual conditions, i.e., right continuity and the property that \(\mathcal{F}_{0}\) contains all the null sets of \({\mathbb {P}}\) and (b) regarding the information drift process \(v\), which essentially is required to make sure that the stochastic exponential \(\mathcal{E}_{t}(v)\) (defined through (2) by setting \(T=t\)) is a martingale, rather than just a local martingale. The Novikov condition is a general condition that guarantees (b). For an excellent, clear and detailed exposition of Girsanov’s theorem see [27].
 
9
A matrix \({\mathsf {A}}\) is translation invariant if \({\mathsf {A}}{\mathsf {T}}_{k} = {\mathsf {T}}_{k} {\mathsf {A}}\) where \({\mathsf {T}}\) is the translation by \(k\) on \(\ell ^{2}({\mathbb {Z}}_{N}) \simeq {\mathbb {R}}^{N}\).
 
10
that correspond to the first column of the matrices \({\mathsf {A}}\), \({\mathsf {B}}\), and \({\mathsf {C}}\)
 
11
One might consider as a breakdown of solutions the absence of positive real roots which would correspond to a convex value function for the game (see Remark 2). However, the absence of real roots, whatsoever, corresponds to an even worse situation which implies that the HJBI equation is ill posed and admits no solutions at all, at least of the quadratic type.
 
12
The Haar measure is a generalization of the Lebesgue measure, which is invariant under the symmetry group
 
13
The general form \({\mathsf {F}} (x)=(f_{1}(x),f_{2}(x),\ldots ) \) where at each site the nonlinear effects depend on the state of the system at all lattice sites is easily handled within the framework presented here.
 
14
In this particular case \({\mathbb {H} }=\ell ^{2}:=\ell ^{2}({\mathbb {Z}}_{N})\simeq {\mathbb {R}}^{N}\) and by the finite dimensionality of the Hilbert space involved \({\mathbb {H}}={\mathbb {H} }^{*}\).
 
15
The full nonlinear model can be considered in the context of Sect. 6 with similar qualitative result. The linear approach provides, however, better tractability.
 
16
See, for example, [5] for calibrating the parameter \(\theta \) using scientific information related to climate change.
 
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Metadata
Title
Robust Control and Hot Spots in Spatiotemporal Economic Systems
Authors
W. A. Brock
A. Xepapadeas
A. N. Yannacopoulos
Publication date
01-09-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Dynamic Games and Applications / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 2153-0785
Electronic ISSN: 2153-0793
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13235-014-0109-z

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