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2017 | Supplement | Chapter

Scientific Research and Academic e-Learning in Light of the EU’s Legal Framework for Data Protection

Author : Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg

Published in: New Technology, Big Data and the Law

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

Scientific research and academic education are major, long-standing activities in our society. Digitalization has become a fundamental aspect of development and sustainability in these sectors and many others. New technologies and associated networks mean that the stage is now global. Internationalization is therefore a core characteristic of science. Adding to the picture is the fact that what emanates from the research community serves as basis for many other disciplines. Education based on scientific findings, not merely on opinions etc., is just one example hereof. This, in turn, requires an infrastructure that allows for digitalization with regard to research in itself, but also for learning purposes. The topic covers a wide area and will here be narrowed down to a study of current legal developments with regard to data protection for privacy purposes in the context of scientific research and academic e-learning, bearing academic freedom in mind. The analysis will be carried out in light of the EU’s legal framework for data protection.

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Footnotes
1
When the term research is used in this text, it denotes scientific research and not other kinds of development, unless otherwise indicated.
 
2
In addition to serving as a contribution to this publication, the text is a deliverable within the framework of the research project ‘E-learning—A Legal Analysis Focusing on Employment Law, Copyright and Privacy protection’ financed by the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden.
 
3
See Jamin and van Caenegem (2016). See further Svantesson and Greenstein (2013) about internationalisation of law.
 
4
See Carlson (2015) about Academic Freedom and the rights to university teaching materials pp. 356 et seq.
 
5
See Colonna (2016) about Legal implications of data mining (2016). For a relatively early legal analysis of the rapidly emerging information society, see Lundblad (2007).
 
6
In this context, an increasing interest for the interaction of law and media can be noted. See, for example, Lawyers in the media society (2016) and Society trapped in the network (2016). For a critical approach to science, technology and the future of humanity, see Häggström (2016).
 
7
See Magnusson Sjöberg and Wolk (2012) for an introduction to E-learning from a legal point of view.
 
8
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
 
9
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC. This comprehensive data protection reform was initiated by the EU Commission presenting a first complete official draft 25.1.2012 COM(2012) 11 final. In addition to the GDPR, this has resulted in Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA. The handling of passenger name records has also caused amendments in the data protection framework. The legal doctrine is catching up with the problem area. See, e.g., Blume (2016).
 
10
Examples of a few commonly used abbreviations include DPA (Data Protection Authority), DPO (Data Protection Officer) and DPIA (Data Protection Impact Assessment).
 
11
Formal references to these governmental assignments are the following: Dataskyddsförordningen, Genomförande av EUs direktiv om skydd av personuppgifter vid brottsbekämpning, brottmålshantering och straffverkställighet, and, Genomförande av direktiv om användning av passageraruppgiftssamlingar.
 
12
See further Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act: Information concerning public access to information and secrecy legislation, etc. Swedish Government (2009) and The Constitution of Sweden: The Fundamental Laws and The Riksdag Act Revised. Swedish Parliament (2016). See also Magnusson Sjöberg (2007).
 
13
See further instructions to the Research Data Inquiry, of which the author is the chair, Data processing for research purposes.
 
14
Of which the author currently is a member.
 
15
See the Swedish Research Council’s report on Good Research Practice 3_2011a. See further Magnusson Sjöberg (2005, 2016), Saarenpaa and Wiatrowski (2016), Saarenpaa and Sztobryn (2016), Strategier for Humanvetenskapliga området (20162018).
 
16
OECD Frascati Manual (2015), p. 44.
 
17
OECD Frascati Manual (2015), p. 45.
 
19
See further www.​lifegene.​se and http://​ki.​se/​en/​about/​lifegene-a-national-study-of-global-significance: “Karolinska Institute’s LifeGene study is a national collaboration project designed to build a resource for research in all medical disciplines, facilitating new, ground-breaking research into the links between genes, environment and lifestyle. The study is an internationally unique initiative incorporating half a million Swedes that will create new tools for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the most common diseases.”
 
20
Lagen (2013:794) om vissa register för forskning om vad arv och miljö betyder för människors hälsa [English: Act (2013:794) on certain research registers regarding the impact of heritage and environment on people’s health].
 
21
See, e.g., Gholami (2016).
 
22
Regarding extraterritoriality see, e.g., Svantesson (2013).
 
23
Lag (2003:460) om etikprövning av forskning som avser människor.
 
24
According to Sect. 2 of the Ethics Review Act “research” is understood to mean not only scientific, experimental or theoretical work to obtain new knowledge, but also developmental work carried out on a scientific basis, with the exception of that which is carried out as part of a programme of study at an institute of higher education at a basic or advanced level. See further http://​www.​epn.​se/​en/​start/​. Accessed 10 Jan 2017. This legislation is currently investigated by a parliamentary inquiry, more precisely with regard to the boundary between clinical research and healthcare.
 
25
A recent government report addressed the need for amendments of the Swedish organisation for ethical reviews of research.
 
26
The topic is presented by Magnusson Sjöberg (2016).
 
27
For a presentation of the approach see Legal Management of Information systems: incorporating law in e-solutions (2005). A more recent contribution illuminating one of the core themes of legal automation is Schartum (2016), pp. 27 et seq.
 
28
See, e.g., A Proactive Approach (2006), pp. 13 et seq.
 
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Metadata
Title
Scientific Research and Academic e-Learning in Light of the EU’s Legal Framework for Data Protection
Author
Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg
Copyright Year
2017
Publisher
Springer Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5038-1_3