Selection of Sustainable Mode of Transportation Based on Environmental, Economic, and Social Factors: Pakistan a Case in Point

The transport sector has evolved globally with a revolution that has brought innovation and comfort to people's lives. The modern-day commute has become relatively easier and the standard of living has relatively improved. The revolution in the modern era has increased transportation that, on one hand, proves to be good for the general population, but on the other hand, it is resulting in heavy traffic, environmental pollution, and health problems. Furthermore, the utilization of fossil fuels is resulting in resource depletion. A developing country such as Pakistan is currently facing the same situation and thus requires a solution to this problem. To do so, a proper sustainable mode of transportation is deemed necessary, and for this purpose, this research evaluated five different alternatives based on nine distinct criteria. Such a complex decision-making scenario was addressed via a multi-criteria decision-making technique, i.e., Fuzzy-VIKOR. The analysis concluded cycling as the most sustainable mode of transportation for Pakistan. The analysis evaluated cycling to be the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative for Pakistan’s transport sector, especially for shorter distances. The findings of the study suggest that policymakers must work on implementing cycling dedicated lanes across the country and create awareness by setting examples. The contribution of the study focuses on recommending the government of Pakistan to solve its ever-growing environmental issues by implementing taxes on lavish and non-environment-friendly vehicles. Based on such steps, Pakistan can solve its current issue of smog in different parts of the country and also contribute to better health, and social and economic conditions for its citizens. Furthermore, the implementation of a novel technique proves to be another contribution of the study in the case of such an application.