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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Self-Motivation: Motivating the Whole Person

Author : Satinder Dhiman

Published in: Holistic Leadership

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan US

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Abstract

Motivation is what energizes, directs, and sustains behavior and includes will, instincts and drives. Holistic leaders pay close attention to motivation in themselves and others. They understand that we all have unused potentialities and that it is certainly possible for most of us to be greater than we are in actuality. Holistic leaders take it as their major goal the discovery and actualization of hidden potential in themselves and others.

Marking the beginning of the holistic leadership journey, this chapter explores the role of self-motivation in leading oneself as well others. It begins with an appraisal of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory and Herzberg’s two-factor theory. In critiquing their work, it focuses on the art of realizing one’s total potential as well as the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. As a necessary background, it taps into the findings of positive psychology regarding self-motivation and optimal performance and its implication for workplace motivation. The chapter concludes with holistic leadership lessons of self-motivation and their implication for workplace motivation.

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previous chapter Introduction: On Becoming a Holistic Leader

next chapter Self-Mastery: Mastering the “Me” in Leadership

Michael Kroth, “Maslow—Move Aside! A Heuristical Motivation Model for Leaders in Career and Technical Education,” Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 44 (2), (2007): 5–36.

Jeffry S. Nevid, Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 4th edition (Belmont, CA: Wadworth, 2013), 288.

Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review, Vol. 50 (4), 1943: 370–396.

Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York, NY: Harper, 1954).

Ibid., 234.

Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” 375, 374.

Dan Gilbert, “What We Don’t Know Makes Us Nervous”, The New York Times, May 21, 2009. Entry retrieved on January 14, 2016 from http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/gilbert/blog/. Also see: Dan Gilbert, Stumbling upon Happiness (New York: Vintage Books, 2005).

Abraham H. Maslow, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 34.

Ibid., 34–35.

Ibid., 35.

Marianne Williamson, A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of A Course in Miracles (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 190–191.

Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature, 188.

Abraham H. Maslow, Maslow on Management (New York: McGraw Hill, 1998), 10–11.

Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature, 42.

Maslow, Maslow on Management, 8–9(italics added).

Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature, 35. (italics added).

Maslow, Maslow on Management, 16.

Abraham H. Maslow, Towards a Psychology of Being, 3rd ed. (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), 37.

Abraham H. Maslow, Farther Reaches of Human Nature, 43–51.

See: Mark E. Koltko-Rivera, “Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification”, in: Review of General Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 4, (2006): 302–317. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2016: http://academic.udayton.edu/jackbauer/Readings%20595/Koltko-Rivera%2006%20trans%20self-act%20copy.pdf. Also see: Robert A. Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns: Motivation and Spirituality in Personality (New York: Guilford Press, 1999).

Abraham H. Maslow, “The farther reaches of human nature”. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1(1), (1969): 3–4.

Mark E. Koltko-Rivera, “Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification,” 313.

See: Nancy Adler, International Dimension of Organizational Behavior (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern Publishing, 2007). Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2nd edition, 2003).

Frederick Herzberg, “One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?” Best of HBR, Harvard Business Review (January 2003): 87–96.

Ibid., 90.

Ibid., 91.

Ibid.

Teresa Amabile, Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do, California Management Review, 40 (I) Fall 1997, 55 (emphasis added).

Cited in Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance (London: Routledge, 2012), 3.

Ibid., xiv.

Locke and Latham, New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance, 3.

Bandura in his foreword to Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), xii.

Locke and Latham, New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance, 5.

Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990). Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, “Work Motivation and Satisfaction: Light at the End of the Tunnel,” Psychological Science, 1(4), (1990): 240–246.

Locke and Latham, New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance, 5–6.

Heidi Grant Halvorson, “The 3 Biggest Myths About Motivation That Won’t Go Away,” Psychology Today (June 2011).

Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, “Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation,” American Psychologist (2002), 57(9), 709–710.

Alexander Koch and Julia Nafziger, “Self-Regulation through Goal Setting,” A Discussion Paper No. 3893, published by The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn (December 2008). Retrieved January 16, 2016: http://ftp.iza.org/dp3893.pdf.

See: Roy F. Baumeister, ed., Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-Regard (New York: Plenum, 1993).

Stanley Coopersmith, The Antecedents of Self-Esteem (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1967), 5.

Morris Rosenberg, Carmi Schooler, and Carrie Schoenbach, “Self-Esteem and Adolescent Problems: Modeling Reciprocal Effects,” American Sociological Review, vol. 54, 1989, pp. 1004–18.

Roy F. Baumeister, “The Lowdown on High Self-Esteem Thinking you’re hot stuff isn’t the promised cure-all.” Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2015: http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jan/25/opinion/oe-baumeister25.

Kristin Neff, Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself (New York: William Morrow Paperbacks; reprint edition, 2015). For a good summary of the key ideas in the book, see Kristin Neff, Why Self-Compassion Trumps Self-Esteem: http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/try_selfcompassion.

Roy F. Baumeister, “The Lowdown on High Self-Esteem.”

Ibid.

Pamela Paresky, The Gift of Self-Esteem: The promises that “Self-Esteem” made but couldn’t keep, Psychology Today, Oct. 25, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/happiness-and-the-pursuit-leadership/201510/the-gift-self-esteem.

Christopher K. Germer, The Mindful Path to Self-Compassion: Freeing Yourself from Destructive Thoughts and Emotions (New York: Guildford Publications, 2009), 141.

Kristin D. Neff and Ross Vonk, Self-Compassion Versus Global Self-Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself, Journal of Personality, 77 (1), (2009): 23–50.

See Neff, What Self-Compassion is not. Retrieved March 16, 2016: http://self-compassion.org/what-self-compassion-is-not-2/.

Neff and Vonk, (2009). See also Neff, Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself (New York: William Morrow Paperbacks; reprint edition, 2015).

Neff, Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, and Well-Being, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5/1 (2011): 1–12.

Neff, The three elements of self-compassion. Retrieved March 15, 2016: http://self-compassion.org/the-three-elements-of-self-compassion-2/.See also Neff, Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself (New York: William Morrow Paperbacks; reprint edition, 2015).

Neff, Why Self-Compassion Trumps Self-Esteem. Retrieved March 16, 2016: http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/try_selfcompassion.

E. L. Deci & M. Vansteenkiste, Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. Ricerche di Psichologia, 2004, 27, 17–34. See also: Deci, E. L., & R. M. Ryan (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. Ryan & Deci (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

Ibid.

Marylène Gagné & Edward L. Deci, Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26.4 (Jun 2005): 331–362.

Gagné & Deci (2005): 352.

Deci & Vansteenkiste (2004): 17–34.

Ryan and Deci, Self-Determination Theory, Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5755–60. Springer Netherlands.

Ryan and Deci, “Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.” American Psychologist, 2000, 55, 68–78. Also see: Deci and Ryan, Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior (New York: Plenum, 1985).

Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz (Eds.), Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000), 257–307.

Dan Pink, The Puzzle of Motivation. TED Global, 2009. Transcript retrieved January 17, 2016: http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation/transcript?language=en. See also: Daniel H. Pink, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (New York: Riverhead Books, 2011).

Like many quotes attributable to the Buddha, these are also not his exact words. The original seems to be from a collection called Udana of Pali canon, as follows: “Searching all directions with one’s awareness, one finds no one dearer than oneself. In the same way, others are fiercely dear to themselves. So, one should not hurt others if one loves oneself.” (Bhikkhu Thanissaro’s translation) Retrieved April 7, 2016: http://fakebuddhaquotes.com/you-yourself-as-much-as-anybody-in-the-entire-universe-deserve-your-love-and-affection/. A variation on this theme is also found in the Buddhist manual of meditation, Visuddhimagga—the Path of Purification: “Just as I want to be happy, and dread pain, as I want to live and not die, so do other beings, too.” As is clear from these quotes, self-compassion is not excluded; it is just that it is not the end of the Buddhist practice of loving-kindness.

Title: Self-Motivation: Motivating the Whole Person
Author: Satinder Dhiman
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan US
Book: Holistic Leadership
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-55570-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-137-55571-7

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55571-7_2

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