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2015 | Book

Engineering of Coupled Simulation Models for Mechatronic Systems Read chapter Read first chapter

Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-agent Manufacturing

Editors: Theodor Borangiu, André Thomas, Damien Trentesaux

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Studies in Computational Intelligence

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This volume gathers the peer reviewed papers presented at the 4th edition of the International Workshop “Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-agent Manufacturing – SOHOMA’14” organized and hosted on November 5-6, 2014 by the University of Lorraine, France in collaboration with the CIMR Research Centre of the University Politehnica of Bucharest and the TEMPO Laboratory of the University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambrésis.

The book is structured in six parts, each one covering a specific research line which represents a trend in future manufacturing: (1) Holonic and Agent-based Industrial Automation Systems; (2) Service-oriented Management and Control of Manufacturing Systems; (3) Distributed Modelling for Safety and Security in Industrial Systems; (4) Complexity, Big Data and Virtualization in Computing-oriented Manufacturing; (5) Adaptive, Bio-inspired and Self-organizing Multi-Agent Systems for Manufacturing and (6) Physical Internet Simulation, Modelling and Control.

There is a clear orientation of the SOHOMA’14 workshop towards complexity, which is a common view of all six parts. There is need for a framework allowing the development of manufacturing cyber physical systems including capabilities for complex event processing and data analytics which are expected to move the manufacturing domain closer towards cloud manufacturing within contextual enterprises. Recent advances in sensor, communication and intelligent computing technologies made possible the Internet connectivity of the physical world: the Physical Internet, where not only documents and images are created, shared, or modified in the cyberspace, but also the physical resources and products interact over Internet and make decisions based on shared communication.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Holonic and Agent-based Industrial Automation Systems

Frontmatter
Engineering of Coupled Simulation Models for Mechatronic Systems
Abstract
Simulation models play a crucial role in testing and fine-tuning of control systems for complex industrial systems. They are important parts of the sustainable, service-oriented manufacturing value chain by facilitating early and efficient defect detection and risk mitigation. However, the design phase of simulation models is time-consuming and error-prone, thus it should be improved to become more efficient. The design of simulation models for mechatronic systems has to cope with two basic challenges: (1) the heterogeneous nature of mechatronic systems, which are described with various overlapping engineering plans, and (2) the separation of monolithic simulations into distributed simulation modules, to better conquer the computational complexity of simulation models. This paper addresses both challenges: (a) we propose an application of semantic integration and linked data for sharing and capturing knowledge for simulation model design between various engineering plans; (b) we explain how to structurally connect simulation modules, which are dynamically coupled. The proposed method utilizes the extended bond-graph theory. The simulation modules work independently of each other but with interaction, similar to a multi-agent system. Since the computational execution of coupled simulations is a crucial obstacle especially for mechatronic systems, we show how performance analysis can significantly improve the definition of simulation workflows.
Petr Novák, Petr Kadera, Václav Jirkovský, Pavel Vrba, Stefan Biffl
Optimizing Power Consumption in Robotized Job-Shop Manufacturing
Abstract
The paper discusses the problem of power consumption optimization in flexible manufacturing cells. In today’s world many companies are orienting their shop floor processes towards sustainability in order to obtain financial benefits by reducing power consumption during production (energy costs being in an ascending trend), and also for obtaining support from governmental and independent organizations programs. This study focuses on the optimization of power consumption in manufacturing processes by combining operations sequencing with resource allocation in order to obtain the minimum power consumption for a given batch of orders. The decision making algorithm relies on a decentralized system collecting data about resources’ power consumption; the optimization problem is implemented using ILOG OPL.
Silviu Raileanu, Florin Anton, Alexandru Iatan, Theodor Borangiu, Silvia Anton
Coupling Predictive Scheduling and Reactive Control in Manufacturing: State of the Art and Future Challenges
Abstract
Nowadays, industrials are seeking for models and methods that are not only able to provide efficient overall production performance, but also reactive facing a growing set of unpredicted events. One important research activity in that field focuses on holonic/multi-agent control systems that couple predictive/proactive and reactive mechanisms into agents/holons. Meanwhile, not enough attention is paid to the optimization of this coupling. The aim of this paper is to depict the main research challenges that are to be addressed before expecting a large industrial dissemination. Relying on an extensive review of the state of the art, three main challenges are highlighted: the estimation of the future performances of the system in reactive mode, the design of efficient switching strategies between predictive and reactive modes and the design of efficient synchronization mechanisms to switch back to predictive mode.
Olivier Cardin, Damien Trentesaux, André Thomas, Pierre Castagna, Thierry Berger, Hind Bril
Application of Holonic Paradigm to Hybrid Processes: Case of a Water Treatment Process
Abstract
The holonic paradigm has been widely studied in the context of manufacturing. These productions are discrete type because operations included do not involve continuous evolution variables. A different system class is studied here—hybrid system, which includes systems with piecewise continuous evolution and whose changes are related to the evolution of discrete variables. In this case, a reconfiguration of the system is usually necessary, and holonic paradigm is an appropriate response to the need for flexibility arising. This paper proposes an adaptation of holonic reference architecture on a hybrid system case. The proposed model is composed of the union of the hybrid model and the holonic model, where the proposed controller is represented by the product holon and the order holon, the interface is represented by the logical part of the resource holon, and finally the production system is represented by the physical part of the resource holon. A case study based on a water treatment process is investigated to demonstrate the applicability of PROSA based concepts to a hybrid system.
Carlos Indriago, Olivier Cardin, Naly Rakoto, Edgar Chacón, Pierre Castagna
Implementation of an Erlang-Based Resource Holon for a Holonic Manufacturing Cell
Abstract
The use of holonic control in reconfigurable manufacturing systems holds great advantages, such as reduction in complexity and cost, along with increased maintainability and reliability. This paper presents an implementation of holonic control using Erlang, a functional programming language. The paper shows how the functional components of a PROSA resource holon can be implemented through Erlang processes. The subjection of a case study implementation to a reconfigurability experiment is also discussed.
Karel Kruger, Anton Basson

Service-oriented Management and Control of Manufacturing Systems

Frontmatter
ANEMONA-S + Thomas: A Framework for Developing Service-Oriented Intelligent Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
New technologies are revolutionizing the way manufacturing and supply chain management are implemented. The convergence of Internet and manufacturing systems provides the basis for the creation of a new generation of computing solutions that can dramatically improve the responsiveness of organizations to better communicate with their customer and suppliers. In this work a specific framework for Service-oriented Intelligent Manufacturing System is presented. The proposed approach provides specific development steps and guidelines for implementing service-oriented manufacturing systems. Moreover, we exemplify and evaluate the usefulness of the proposed approach with a case-study description.
Adriana Giret, Vicente Botti
An Orchestration Engine for Services-Oriented Field Level Automation Software
Abstract
The flexibility of field level automation software is inevitable in order to realize intelligent, flexible production control systems. One way to achieve increased flexibility of field level automation software is to separate the control flow of software, i.e. the workflow, from executing respective functionality as typically applied in business software. This paradigm is used also within service-oriented applications where workflow models define the orchestration of services. In order to apply this paradigm to field level automation software, some conditions have to be considered. Especially, field level automation software is typically operated on programmable logic controllers according to the cyclic executed IEC 61131-3 standard. In this paper, a service model is presented which is applicable to such field level automation software and the behaviour of an orchestration engine which can operate in IEC 61131-3 environments is specified. Its applicability on a lab-scaled manufacturing system is presented.
Christoph Legat, Birgit Vogel-Heuser
Process Specification Framework in a Service Oriented Holonic Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
Holonic and service-oriented architectures have been proposed as solutions for the conception of flexible and reactive systems. Flexibility being one of their main objectives depends greatly on the way information is presented to the system which can limit the flexibility of strategies at higher levels, as in process planning and reconfiguration. Although many works propose the use of services, none have been found describing what services stands for in a manufacturing context to form manufacturing processes. This paper proposes a methodology for designing manufacturing-process specifications based on manufacturing-services suitable for product driven applications that welcomes product customization. Conceptual models for processes and services are proposed in this work designed to preserve the fractal characteristics and facilitate service reutilization. Such models form part of the specification framework that will serve as a reference for the design and conception of manufacturing processes and services in Service-oriented Holonic Manufacturing Systems.
Francisco Gamboa Quintanilla, Olivier Cardin, Anne L’Anton, Pierre Castagna
Aligning Decision Support with Shop Floor Operations: A Proposal of Intelligent Product Based on BDI Physical Agents
Abstract
MAS models have the drawback of an excessive dependence on up-to date field information and on complex interaction protocols. This work proposes a theoretical and experimental agent-based Decision Support System (DSS) architecture that is designed and developed to align shop floor operations, but including the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) information feedback. Based on these automatic product feedbacks generated by the RFID visibility frameworks, the proposed Multi-Agent System (MAS) allows defining a competitive space where intelligent products negotiate by using their own knowledge and global/business constraints. Specifically, this product-driven MAS has been structured on a split organization model to enforce the idea of division between physical elements and “Information and Communication Technologies” (ICT). This division into two platforms simplifies the design, the development and the validation of the MAS in shop floor environments, providing a higher level of abstraction and preserving the independence between platforms. The proposed MAS framework, called MAS-DUO, has been tested in the ground handling operations at the Ciudad Real Central Airport and in a simulated logistics centre at the Autolog Labs-UCLM. This paper introduces the BDI physical agents of this framework as the core of this new approach, a new vision that mixes Beliefs-Desires-Intentions (BDI) reasoning, RFID and the Markov Decision Process (MDP).
Pablo García Ansola, Andrés García, Javier de las Morenas

Distributed Modelling for Safety and Security in Industrial Systems

Frontmatter
Integrating Risk and Hazard and Plantwide Control Solutions for Reconfigurability
Abstract
The technology in process control has been changing towards full control and management systems including Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and security middleware. Modern goal is to keep the functionality of the process even at less performance, proposed solution implementing risk and hazard control paradigm. An architectural oriented approach is the base to develop advanced control integrated architecture open to incorporate reconfigurable control. The main achievements of authors work are: a new approach to define control, integration of control and prevention in control strategies, plantwide control viewed from holistic approach, a new hierarchical structure of control and safety and a framework for reconfigurable control development.
Radu Dobrescu, Gheorghe Florea
Wireless Holons Network for Intralogistics Service
Abstract
This paper continues our previous research works on holonic and isoarchic control solution for manufacturing systems control based on the PROSIS model, this time considering WSN technology as support for new opportunities of flexibility, security and performance for production systems. First, the objectives are addressed. The WSN technology allows the association of a decision-making capacity to each physical entity of the production system. An application to an intralogistics service in a Job Shop is presented. New opportunities for intelligent control of production systems are highlighted.
Patrick Pujo, Fouzia Ounnar, Tarik Remous
From Centralized Modelling to Distributed Design in Risk Assessment and Industrial Safety: Survey and Proposition
Abstract
Safety is seen as a key factor for successful business and an inherent element of business performance. As a result, industrial safety performance has progressively and measurably improved in terms of reduction of reportable accidents at work, occupational diseases, environmental incidents and accident-related production losses. It is expected that an “incident elimination” and “learning from failures” culture will develop where safety is embedded in design, maintenance, operation at all levels in enterprises. Today’s safety analyses and proofs for certification purposes are still performed predominantly manual. However, the quantitative analysis, by its complex nature, introduced automation in the management of risk and industrial safety: statistics analysis, Bayesian methods and Bayesian networks. In this paper, a state of the art of computing in risk assessment and industrial safety will be presented: static, dynamic, centralized and distributed applications. Then, a proposal will be made to design a “Dynamic safety system” which aims at detecting and evaluating risks, then establishing prevention actions.
Nassima Aissani, Islam Hadj Mohamed Guetarni
A Multi-agent Based Platform for Safety Control
Abstract
Safety becomes a key paradigm in industrial systems because of international regulation and the cost generated by a work stoppage or to overcome disaster. The work presented in the present paper describes a distributed modelling of a safety system for technological processes, and its application to permanent magnet DC-motor. Motors are basic engines in several technological systems and especially in industry their availability and security affect the entire system. For this purpose a special attention is paid to their supervision and security. The safety model is based on agents. These agents monitor system parameters, identify risk, trigger corresponding alarms and react to protect the system. Experiments have shown that the right alarms are triggered and the system reacts in near-real time to protect the equipment.
Brahim Boudiaf, Soraya Zebirate, Nassima Aissani, Abdelkader Chaker

Complexity, Big Data and Virtualization in Computing-oriented Manufacturing

Frontmatter
Redundancy Mechanisms for Virtualized MES Workloads in Private Cloud
Abstract
Virtualization of manufacturing execution system (vMES) workloads offers a set of design and operational advantages to enterprises, the most visible being improved resource utilization and flexibility of the overall solution. This paper explores redundancy, as another important operational advantage introduced by the use of private clouds for MES virtualization. The paper briefly presents the main redundancy requirements for the workloads identified in ISA-95.03 based solutions and discusses in detail the strategies to assure redundancy of these workloads both individually and at solution level. A pilot implementation of these strategies using a private cloud system and CoBASA-type multi-agent MES architecture as examples is described and results are discussed.
Octavian Morariu, Theodor Borangiu, Silviu Raileanu
Manufacturing Operations, Internet of Things, and Big Data: Towards Predictive Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
The recent leap advances in sensor and communication technologies made possible the Internet connectivity of the physical world: the Internet of Things, where not only documents and images are created, shared, or modified in the cyberspace, but also the physical resources interact over Internet and make decisions based on shared communication. The Big Data revolution has set the stage for the use of large data sets to predict the behaviour of consumers, organizations, and markets, taking into account the real-time outcomes of complex or unexpected events. Manufacturing can benefit from both these advances and move the manufacturing community closer towards the predictive manufacturing systems paradigm. Prediction in manufacturing operations could vary from simple resource failure prediction to more complex predictions of consumer behaviour and adaptation of manufacturing operations to address the expected changes in the business environment.
Radu F. Babiceanu, Remzi Seker
Manufacturing Cyber-Physical Systems Enabled by Complex Event Processing and Big Data Environments: A Framework for Development
Abstract
The decades old manufacturing operations question of choosing the right answer in the face of disturbances created by certain unexpected events, or by their aggregation, could now be one step further to receive the right answer. A sensor-packed manufacturing system in which each process or piece of equipment makes available event and status information, coupled with market research for true advanced Big Data analytics, seem to be the right ingredients for event response selection, and thus moving manufacturing closer to the cloud manufacturing systems paradigm. Besides the inherent obvious advantages that come with the cloud manufacturing capabilities, the resulting manufacturing cyber-physical system will be also subjected to the known setbacks of the software and Internet-based systems, from which cyber-security needs to be addressed at the forefront.
Radu F. Babiceanu, Remzi Seker
Planning and Control of Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul Operations of a Fleet of Complex Transportation Systems: A Cyber-Physical System Approach
Abstract
In this paper a new architecture named CPS4MRO, that goes a step further previous research development and industry-oriented projects led by the authors, is specified. The aim is to provide in the near future an optimized planning and control of MRO operations of a fleet of complex transportation systems using the paradigm of Cyber-Physical Systems.
D. Trentesaux, T. Knothe, G. Branger, K. Fischer
Toward an Ontology-Based Architecture for Cloud Manufacturing
Abstract
In this study we introduce a first step to build a Cloud Manufacturing architecture. Cloud Manufacturing is an emerging paradigm in which dynamically scalable and virtualized resources are provided to the users as services over the Internet. Our architecture will serve as a platform for mapping users and manufacturing resources’ providers with the aim of enhancing collaboration within Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) by reducing costs and development time. Since some vendors may use different descriptions of their services we believe that semantic web technologies like ontologies are robust tools for mapping vendors’ descriptions and users’ requests in order to find the suited service. Our ontology is under development and will include concepts from holons, PLM and Cloud Computing.
Asma Talhi, Jean-Charles Huet, Virginie Fortineau, Samir Lamouri

Adaptive, Bio-inspired and Self-organized Multi-Agent Systems for Manufacturing

Frontmatter
Evaluating the Applicability of Multi-agent Software for Implementing Distributed Industrial Data Management Approaches
Abstract
Distributed approaches to industrial control or information management problems are often tackled using Multi-agent methods. Multi-Agent systems—solutions resulting from taking a Multi-agent based approaches—often come with a certain amount of “overhead” such as communication systems, but can provide a helpful tool with the design and implementation. In this paper, a distributed data management problem is addressed with both a bespoke approach developed specifically for this problem and a more general Multi-agent approach. The two approaches are compared using architecture and software metrics. The software metric results show similar results, although overall the bespoke approach was more appropriate for the particular application examined. The architectural analysis indicates that the main reason for this difference is the communication and computation overhead associated with the agent-based system. It was not within the scope of this study to compare the two approaches under multiple application scenarios.
Torben Jess, Philip Woodall, Duncan McFarlane
Self-interested Service-Oriented Agents Based on Trust and QoS for Dynamic Reconfiguration
Abstract
Progressively increasing complexity of dynamic environments, in which services and applications are demanded by potential clients, requires a high level of reconfiguration of the offer to better match that ever changing demand. In particular, the dynamic change of the client’s needs, leading to higher exigency, may require a smart and flexible automatic composition of more elementary services. By leveraging the service-oriented architectures and multi-agent system benefits, the paper proposes a method to explore the flexibility of the decision support for the services’ reconfiguration based on several pillars, such as trust, reputation and QoS models, which allows the selection based on measuring the expected performance of the agents. Preliminary experimental results, extracted from a real case scenario, allow highlighting the benefits of the proposed distributed and flexible solution to balance the workload of service providers in a simple and fast manner. The proposed solution includes the agents’ intelligent decision-making capability to dynamically and autonomously change services selection on the fly, towards more trustworthy services with better quality when unexpected events happen, e.g. broken machines. We then propose the use of competitive self-interested agents to provide services that best suits to the client through dynamic service composition.
Nelson Rodrigues, Paulo Leitão, Eugénio Oliveira
Volatile Knowledge to Improve the Self-adaptation of Autonomous Shuttles in Flexible Job Shop Manufacturing System
Abstract
It is well known now that MAS are particularly adapted to deal with distributed and dynamic environment. The management of business workflow, data flow or flexible job shop manufacturing systems is typically a good application field for them. This kind of application requires flexibility to face with changes on the network. In the context of FMS, where products and resources entities can be seen as active, this paper presents an application of the volatile knowledge concept to the management of a flexible assembly cell. We illustrate our proposition on an emulator of the flexible assembly cell in our university.
Emmanuel Adam, Damien Trentesaux, René Mandiau
A Model for Manufacturing Scheduling Optimization Through Learning Intelligent Products
Abstract
The needs of flexibility, agility and adaptation capabilities for modern manufacturing systems increase constantly. In this paper, we propose an original approach combining active/intelligent product architecture with learning mechanism to assure flexibility and agility to the overall manufacturing system. Using learning approaches as Reinforcement Learning (RL) mechanism, an active product can be able to reuse learned experiences to enhance its decisional performances. A contextualization method is proposed to improve the decision making of the product for scheduling tasks. The approach is then applied to a case study using a multi-agent simulation platform.
Wassim Bouazza, Yves Sallez, Nassima Aissani, Bouziane Beldjilali
Fuzzy Decision-Making Method for Product Holons Encountered Emergency Breakdown in Product-Driven System: An Industrial Case
Abstract
In this paper a fuzzy decision-making method is proposed to make local decisions in case of breakdown occurring in a context of product-driven systems. To cope with breakdown uncertainty, three parameters, α, β and γ are created to evaluate the impact of it. Further, a fuzzy rule based on a membership function is designed to switch between centralized and distributed decisions concerning the re-arranging of the remaining parts. Simulation results show that appropriate decisions could be made by the proposed fuzzy decision-making method with certain suitable parameters. This method was applied on an existing industrial case; it can be easily extended to make decision for breakdown events in other contexts.
Ming Li, Hind Bril El Haouzi, André Thomas, Arnould Guidat

Physical Internet Simulation, Modelling and Control

Frontmatter
On the Activeness of Physical Internet Containers
Abstract
The aim of the innovative Physical Internet (PI) concept is to reverse the unsustainability situation existing in current logistic systems. In the PI approach, the goods are encapsulated in modularly dimensioned, reusable or recyclable and smart containers, called PI-containers. This paper focuses on the design of such containers and more particularly on their associated activeness. This capability allows the PI-container to have an active role for its mission and in the PI management and operation. After a presentation of the physical and informational requirements associated to PI-containers, the notion of activeness is detailed and the main research issues are presented.
Yves Sallez, Benoit Montreuil, Eric Ballot
Adaptive Storage Location Assignment for Warehouses Using Intelligent Products
Abstract
Due to rapidly changing customer preferences, order-picking has become a bottleneck for the efficiency of the order fulfilment process and in turn a burden to the customer satisfaction of warehouse companies. Improved storage location assignment of newly delivered products is one effective method for improving the picking performance. However, most of the available storage policies provide static solutions that do not deal with frequent changes in order demand characteristics. This study aims to identify a potential solution by developing a distributed, adaptive strategy for the storage location assignment problem and follows the product intelligence paradigm for its implementation. The efficiency of such a strategy in real industrial systems is explored via a simulation study using data from a local e-commerce fulfilment warehouse.
Nikolaos Tsamis, Vaggelis Giannikas, Duncan McFarlane, Wenrong Lu, James Strachan
Open Tracing Container Repositioning Simulation Optimization: A Case Study of FMCG Supply Chain
Abstract
The industry and retail chain use a huge number of low cost assets such as pallets, crates, plastic boxes… Until now the lack of affordable technology, in comparison with the cost of a single asset, stopped efforts to manage them in open loop supply chain (where the assets are not coming back to the sender after usage). As part of a project to implement an affordable and efficient communication technology and to publish the information from the logistics assets used in Fast Moving Consumer Goods’ supply chains, we demonstrate with a simulation optimization approach the benefit of knowing the position of the assets. The published events from the logistics support are used to optimize their repositioning. A specific simulation optimization model is presented and the results are commented.
Shenle Pan, Eric Ballot
A New Framework for the Management of Returnable “Containers” Within Open Supply Networks
Abstract
New logistics models—physical internet, pooling, control towers, reusable containers management—require an item-level traceability of physical shipping units that is independent of the partners involved in the supply chains. Current information systems architectures match this need by interfacing heterogeneous systems with each other. Such architecture can’t meet the challenges brought by new and shared logistics models. We demonstrate here how the recent EPCglobal® standards and related technologies are settled in a multi-firm open network, applied to the management of reusable pallets, taken here as demonstrators of Open Tracing Containers (OTC). Materials and methods for capturing data and structuring information are proposed and implemented in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods flows. Results illustrate the reach of that “Intranet of things” prototype, leading to interoperable logistic services, throughout various levels: from identifier tag level up to the piloting of each partner’s logistics networks. We highlight limits and perspectives in terms of technical track and trace solutions and assets management in this environment.
Yann Le Roch, Eric Ballot, Xavier Perraudin
A Simulated Annealing Metaheuristic for a Rail-Road PI-Hub Allocation Problem
Abstract
In this paper, a rail-road π-hub allocation problem is considered. A set of π-containers must be transferred from wagons to outgoing π-trucks using the rail-road π-sorters. A simulated annealing metaheuristic is proposed and compared to an existing heuristic. The main performance objective is to minimize the distance covered by each container to arrive at dock destination. Different scenarios are constructed and tested to compare both methods.
Faiza Walha, Sondes Chaabane, Abdelghani Bekrar, Taicir Moalla Loukil
Human-in-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Production Systems Control (HiLCP2sC): A Multi-objective Interactive Framework Proposal
Abstract
Human-in-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Production Systems Control (HilCP2sC) concept can be largely conceived as a natural evolution of distributed manufacturing control paradigms which exploits recent technological progresses in embedded systems, ICT and networking and communication infrastructure, and where Human-System interactive dimension of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) plays a significant role as an enabler for intelligent decisional framework bringing human into the cybernetic loop of the manufacturing control system. The reported research concerns an on-going effort toward the introduction and the development of this concept and presents, as a preliminary technical investigation, the deployment within this context of a parallel multi-objective NSGA2-based high-level scheduling framework capable both of exploiting computational and communicative capabilities of the manufacturing systems Cyber-Physical components, and integration of human decision maker preference within the control process. Different conceptual and technical issues, and some earliest results related to this investigation are presented in the paper.
Mehdi Gaham, Brahim Bouzouia, Noura Achour
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-agent Manufacturing
Editors
Theodor Borangiu
André Thomas
Damien Trentesaux
Copyright Year
2015
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-15159-5
Print ISBN
978-3-319-15158-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15159-5

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