Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Crystal Growth Techniques and Characterization: An Overview Read chapter Read first chapter

2010 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

50. Single-Crystal Scintillation Materials

Authors : Martin Nikl, Anna Vedda, Valentin V. Laguta

Published in: Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Scintillation materials are employed to detect x-ray and γ-ray photons or accelerated particles. Wide-bandgap semiconductor or insulator materials with a high degree of structural perfection are suitable for this purpose. They must accomplish fast and efficient transformation of incoming high-energy photon/particles to a number of electron–hole pairs collected in the conduction and valence bands, respectively, and their radiative recombination at suitable luminescence centers in the material. Generated ultraviolet (UV) or visible light can then be detected at high sensitivity by conventional solid-state semiconductor- or photomultiplier-based photodetectors, which are an indispensable part of scintillation detectors.
An insight into this field will be provided for a wider scientific audience and at the same time we will point out some current hot topics. After reviewing the historical issues and fundamental physical processes of the x(γ)-to-visible light transformation occurring in scintillators, practically important material parameters, characteristics, and related measurement principles will be summarized. An overview of selected modern single-crystal and optical ceramic materials will be given. Particular attention will be paid to the relation between the manufacturing technology used and the occurrence of material defects and imperfections. The study and understanding of related trapping states in the forbidden gap and their role in the energy transfer and storage processes in the material will be shown to be of paramount importance for material optimization. Correlated experiments of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy, wavelength-resolved thermally stimulated luminescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance offer a powerful tool for this purpose. Future prospects and directions for activity in the field will be briefly mentioned as well.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Crystal Growth and Ion Exchange in Titanium Silicates
next chapter Silicon Solar Cells: Materials, Devices, and Manufacturing
Literature
50.1.
W.C. Röntgen: Über eine neue Art von Strahlen, Sitz Ber. Phys. Med. Ges. Würzb 9, 132–141 (1895), in German
50.2.
50.3.
H. Becquerel: Sur les radiations invisibles emises par les corps phosphorescents, Com. Rend. 122, 501–503 (1896), in French
50.4.
M. Curie: Rayons emises par les composes de lʼuranium et du thorium, Com. Rend. 126, 1101–1103 (1898), in French
50.5.
P. Curie, M. Curie: Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active, continue dans la pechblende, Com. Rend. 127, 175–178 (1898), in French
50.6.
L. Ozawa, M. Itoh: Cathode ray tube phosphors, Chem. Rev. 103, 3835–3855 (2003)CrossRef
50.7.
R. Hofstätter: The detection of gamma-rays with thallium-activated sodium iodide crystals, Phys. Rev. 75, 796–810 (1949)ADSCrossRef
50.8.
W. Van Sciver, R. Hofstätter: Scintillations in thallium-activated CaI2 and CsI, Phys. Rev. 84, 1062–1063 (1951)CrossRef
50.9.
M.J. Weber: Inorganic scintillators: today and tomorrow, J. Lumin. 100, 35–45 (2002)CrossRef
50.10.
M.J. Weber, R.R. Monchamp: Luminescence of Bi4Ge3O12: spectral and decay properties, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 5495–5499 (1973)ADSCrossRef
50.11.
C.W.E. van Eijk, J. Andriessen, P. Dorenbos, R. Visser: Ce3+ doped inorganic scintillators, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 348, 546–550 (1994)ADSCrossRef
50.12.
C.W.E. van Eijk: Inorganic-scintillator development, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 460, 1–14 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.13.
G. Blasse, B.C. Grabmaier: Luminescent Materials (Springer, Berlin 1994)CrossRef
50.14.
G.F. Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement (Wiley, New York 2000)
50.15.
P.A. Rodnyi: Physical Processes in Inorganic Scintillators (CRC, Boca Raton 1997)
50.16.
S. Shionoya, W.M. Yen (Eds.): Phosphor Handbook (CRC, Boca Raton 1998)
50.17.
L.H. Brixner: New x-ray phosphors, Mater. Chem. Phys. 16, 253–281 (1987)CrossRef
50.18.
M. Ishii, M. Kobayashi: Single crystals for radiation detectors, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 23, 245–311 (1992)CrossRef
50.19.
A.J. Wojtowicz: Rare-earth-activated wide bandgap materials for scintillators, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 486, 201–207 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.20.
C.W.E. van Eijk: Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging, Phys. Med. Biol. 47, R85–R106 (2002)CrossRef
50.21.
M. Nikl: Scintillation detectors for x-rays, Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, R37–R54 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.22.
M. Nikl: Wide band gap scintillation materials: Progress in the technology and material understanding, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 178, 595–620 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.23.
D.J. Robbins: On predicting the maximum efficiency of phosphor systems excited by ionizing-radiation, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 2694–2702 (1980)CrossRef
50.24.
A. Lempicki, A.J. Wojtowicz, E. Berman: Fundamental limits of scintillator performance, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 333, 304–311 (1993)ADSCrossRef
50.25.
P.A. Rodnyi, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk: Energy loss in inorganic scintillators, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 187, 15–29 (1995)ADSCrossRef
50.26.
A.N. Vasilʼev: Polarization approximation for electron cascade in insulators after high-energy excitation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 107, 165–171 (1996)ADSCrossRef
50.27.
J.A. Shepherd, S.M. Gruner, M.W. Tate, M. Tecotzky: Study of afterglow in x-ray phosphors for use on fast-framing charge-coupled device detectors, Opt. Eng. 36, 3212–3222 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.28.
S. Kubota, J. Ruan, M. Itoh, S. Hashimoto, S. Sakuragi: A new type of luminescence mechanism in large band-gap insulators: Proposal for fast scintillation materials, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 289, 253–260 (1990)ADSCrossRef
50.29.
M. Nikl, N. Solovieva, K. Apperson, D.J.S. Birch, A. Voloshinovskii: Scintillators based on aromatic dye molecules doped in a sol-gel glass host, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 101914 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.30.
S.E. Derenzo, M.J. Weber, M.K. Klintenberg: Temperature dependence of the fast, near-band-edge scintillation from CuI, HgI2, PbI2, ZnO:Ga and CdS:In, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 486, 214–219 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.31.
J. Wilkinson, K.B. Ucer, R.T. Williams: Picosecond excitonic luminescence in ZnO and other wide-gap semiconductors, Radiat. Meas. 38, 501–505 (2004)CrossRef
50.32.
D. Ehrentraut, H. Sato, Y. Kagamitani, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda, J. Pejchal, K. Polak, M. Nikl, H. Odaka, K. Hatanaka, H. Fukumura: Fabrication and luminescence properties of single-crystalline, homoepitaxial zinc oxide films doped with tri- and tetravalent cations prepared by liquid phase epitaxy, J. Mater. Chem. 16, 3369–3374 (2006)CrossRef
50.33.
M. Nikl: Energy transfer phenomena in the luminescence of wide band-gap scintillators, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 202, 201–206 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.34.
M. Nikl, K. Nitsch, K. Polak, E. Mihóková, I. Dafinei, E. Auffray, P. Lecoq, P. Reiche, R. Uecker: Slow components in the photoluminescence and scintillation decays of PbWO4 single crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 195, 311–323 (1996)ADSCrossRef
50.35.
P. Dorenbos, J.P.M. de Haas, C.W.E. van Eijk: Non-proportionality in the scintillation response and the energy resolution obtainable with scintillation crystals, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 42, 2190–2202 (1995)ADSCrossRef
50.36.
C.D. Brandle: Czochralski growth of oxides, J. Cryst. Growth 264, 593–604 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.37.
T. Fukuda, R. Rudolph, S. Uda: Fiber Crystal Growth from the Melt (Springer, Berlin 2004)CrossRef
50.38.
A. Yoshikawa, M. Nikl, G. Boulon, T. Fukuda: Challenge and study for developing of novel single-crystalline optical materials using micro-pulling down method, Opt. Mater. 30, 6–10 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.39.
M. Nikl, J.A. Mareš, J. Chval, E. Mihóková, N. Solovieva, M. Martini, A. Vedda, K. Blažek, P. Maly, K. Nejezchleb, P. Fabeni, G.P. Pazzi, V. Babin, K. Kalder, A. Krasnikov, S. Zazubovich, C. DʼAmbrosio: An effect of Zr4+ co-doping of YAP:Ce scintillator, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 486, 250–253 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.40.
C. Brecher, A. Lempicki, S.R. Miller, J. Glodo, E.E. Ovechkina, V. Gaysinskiy, V.V. Nagarkar, R.H. Bartram: Suppression of afterglow in CsI:Tl by codoping with Eu2+– I: Experimental, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 558, 450–457 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.41.
J. Hlinka, E. Mihóková, M. Nikl, K. Polak, J. Rosa: Energy transfer between AT and AX minima in KBr:Tl, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 175, 523–540 (1993)ADSCrossRef
50.42.
S.W.S. McKeever: Thermoluminescence of Solids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985)CrossRef
50.43.
R. Chen, S.W.S. McKeever: Theory of Thermoluminescence and Related Phenomena (World Scientific, Singapore 1997)CrossRef
50.44.
J.A. Weil, J.R. Bolton, J.E. Wertz: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Elementary Theory and Practical Applications (Wiley, New York 1994)
50.45.
J.-M. Spaeth, J.R. Niklas, R.H. Bartram: Structural Analysis of Point Defects in Solids: An Introduction to Multiple Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Springer, Berlin 1992)CrossRef
50.46.
V.V. Laguta, M. Martini, A. Vedda, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, P. Boháček, J. Rosa, A. Hofstaetter, B.K. Meyer, Y. Usuki: Photoinduced Pb+ center in PbWO4: Electron spin resonance and thermally stimulated luminescence study, Phys. Rev. B 64, 165102 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.47.
W. van Loo: Luminescence of lead molybdate and lead tungstate. I. Experimental, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 27, 565–574 (1979)
50.48.
W. van Loo: Luminescence of lead molybdate and lead tungstate. II. Discussion, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 28, 227–235 (1979)
50.49.
J.A. Groening, G. Blasse: Some new observations on the luminescence of PbMoO4 and PbWO4, J. Solid State Chem. 32, 9–20 (1980)ADSCrossRef
50.50.
R. Öder, A. Scharmann, D. Schwabe, B. Vitt: Growth and properties of PbWO4 and Pb(WO4)1-x(MoO4)x mixed crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 43, 537–540 (1978)ADSCrossRef
50.51.
V.G. Baryshevsky, M.V. Korzhik, V.I. Moroz, V.B. Pavlenko, A.S. Lobko, A.A. Fyodorov, V.A. Kachanov, V.L. Solovjanov, B.I. Zadneprovsky, V.A. Nefyodov, P.V. Nefyodov, B.A. Dorogovin, L.L. Nagornaja: Single crystals of tungsten compounds as promising materials for the total absorption detectors of the e.m. calorimeters, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 322, 231–234 (1992)ADSCrossRef
50.52.
M. Kobayashi, M. Ishii, Y. Usuki, H. Yahagi: Scintillation characteristics of PbWO4 single crystals at room temperature, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 333, 429–433 (1993)ADSCrossRef
50.53.
K. Nitsch, M. Nikl, S. Ganschow, P. Reiche, R. Uecker: Growth of lead tungstate single crystal scintillators, J. Cryst. Growth 165, 163–165 (1996)ADSCrossRef
50.54.
K. Tanji, M. Ishii, Y. Usuki, M. Kobayashi, K. Hara, H. Takano, N. Senguttuvan: Crystal growth of PbWO4 by the vertical Bridgman method: Effect of crucible thickness and melt composition, J. Cryst. Growth 204, 505–511 (1999)ADSCrossRef
50.55.
A.A. Annenkov, M.V. Korzhik, P. Lecoq: Lead tungstate scintillation material, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 490, 30–50 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.56.
R. Mao, J. Chen, D. Shen, Z. Yin: Growth and uniformity improvement of PbWO4 crystal with yttrium doping, J. Cryst. Growth 265, 518–524 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.57.
A.N. Annenkov, E. Auffray, R. Chipaux, G.Y. Drobychev, A.A. Fedorov, M. Géléoc, N.A. Golubev, M.V. Korzhik, P. Lecoq, A.A. Lednev, A.B. Ligun, O.V. Missevitch, V.B. Pavlenko, J.-P. Peigneux, A.V. Singovski: Systematic study of the short-term instability of PbWO4 scintillator parameters under irradiation, Radiat. Meas. 29, 27–38 (1998)CrossRef
50.58.
P. Boháček, M. Nikl, J. Novak, Z. Malkova, B. Trunda, J. Rysavy, S. Baccaro, A. Cecilia, I. Dafinei, M. Diemoz, K. Jurek: Congruent composition of PbWO4 single crystals, J. Electr. Eng. 50(2/s), 38–40 (1999)
50.59.
N. Lei, B. Han, X.Q. Feng, G. Hu, Y. Zhang, Z. Yin: La3+ distribution and annealing effects in La:PbWO4 crystal, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 170, 37–45 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.60.
A. Krasnikov, M. Nikl, S. Zazubovich: Localized excitons and defects in PbWO4 single crystals: A luminescence and photo-thermally stimulated disintegration study, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 243, 1727–1743 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.61.
V. Murk, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, K. Nitsch: A study of electron excitations in CaWO4 and PbWO4 single crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 9, 249–256 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.62.
M. Kobayashi, M. Ishii, K. Harada, Y. Usuki, H. Okuno, H. Shimizu, T. Yazawa: Scintillation and phosphorescence of PbWO4 crystals, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 373, 333–346 (1996)ADSCrossRef
50.63.
M. Böhm, A.E. Borsevich, G.Y. Drobychev, G.Y. Drobychev, A. Hofstaetter, O.V. Kondratiev, M.V. Korzhik, M. Luh, B.K. Meyer, J.P. Peigneux, A. Scharmann: Influence of Mo impurity on the spectroscopic and scintillation properties of PbWO4 crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 167, 243–252 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.64.
V. Babin, P. Boháček, A. Krasnikov, M. Nikl, A. Stolovits, S. Zazubovich: Origin of green luminescence in PbWO4 crystals, J. Lumin. 124, 113–119 (2007)CrossRef
50.65.
G.P. Pazzi, P. Fabeni, M. Nikl, P. Bohacek, E. Mihokova, A. Vedda, M. Martini, M. Kobayashi, Y. Usuki: Delayed recombination luminescence in lead tungstate (PWO) scintillating crystals, J. Luminesc. 102/103, 791–796 (2003)CrossRef
50.66.
M. Martini, G. Spinolo, A. Vedda, M. Nikl, K. Nitsch, V. Hamplova, P. Fabeni, G.P. Pazzi, I. Dafinei, P. Lecoq: Trap levels in PbWO4 crystals: Correlation with luminescence decay kinetics, Chem. Phys. Lett. 260, 418–422 (1996)ADSCrossRef
50.67.
A.N. Annenkov, E. Auffray, A.E. Borisevich, G.Y. Drobyshev, A.A. Fedorov, O.V. Kondratiev, M.V. Korzhik, P. Lecoq: Slow components and afterglow in PWO crystal scintillations, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 403, 302–312 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.68.
E. Mihóková, M. Nikl, P. Boháček, V. Babin, A. Krasnikov, A. Stolovich, S. Zazubovich, A. Vedda, M. Martini, T. Grabowski: Decay kinetics of the green emission in PbWO4:Mo, J. Lumin. 102–103, 618–622 (2003)CrossRef
50.69.
A. Hofstaetter, A. Scharmann, D. Schwabe, B. Vitt: EPR of radiation induced MoO4 3−-centres in lead tungstate, Z. Phys. B 30, 305–311 (1978)ADSCrossRef
50.70.
E. Auffray, I. Dafinei, P. Lecoq, M. Schneegans: Local trap centres in PbWO4 crystals, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 135, 841–845 (1995)
50.71.
M. Springis, V. Tale, I. Tale: Nature of the blue luminescence bands in PbWO4, J. Lumin. 72–74, 784–785 (1997)CrossRef
50.72.
V.V. Laguta, J. Rosa, M.I. Zaritskii, M. Nikl, Y. Usuki: Polaronic (WO4)3− centres in PbWO4 single crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 10, 7293–7302 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.73.
M. Martini, G. Spinolo, A. Vedda, M. Nikl, Y. Usuki: Shallow traps in PbWO4 studied by wavelength-resolved thermally stimulated luminescence, Phys. Rev. B 60, 4653–4658 (1999)ADSCrossRef
50.74.
V.V. Laguta, M. Martini, A. Vedda, E. Rosetta, M. Nikl, E. Mihokova, P. Boháček, J. Rosa, A. Hofstatter, B.K. Meyer, Y. Usuki: Photoinduced oxygen-vacancy related centers in PbWO_4: Electron spin resonance and thermally stimulated luminescence study, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 157, 1025–1031 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.75.
A. Hofstaetter, M.V. Korzhik, V.V. Laguta, B.K. Meyer, V. Nagirnyi, R. Novotny: The role of defect states in the creation of intrinsic (WO_4)3- centers in PbWO_4 by sub-bandgap excitation, Radiat. Meas. 33, 533–536 (2001)CrossRef
50.76.
V.V. Laguta, M. Martini, A. Vedda, E. Rosetta, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, J. Rosa, Y. Usuki: Electron traps related to oxygen vacancies in PbWO4, Phys. Rev. B 67, 205102 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.77.
M. Nikl, P. Boháček, K. Nitsch, E. Mihokova, M. Martini, A. Vedda, S. Crocci, G.P. Pazzi, P. Fabeni, S. Baccaro, B. Borgia, I. Dafinei, M. Diemoz, G. Organtini, E. Auffray, P. Lecoq, M. Kobayashi, M. Ishii, Y. Usuki: Decay kinetics and thermoluminescence PbWO4:La3+, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 3755–3757 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.78.
S. Baccaro, P. Boháček, B. Borgia, A. Cecilia, I. Dafinei, M. Diemoz, M. Ishii, O. Jarolimek, M. Kobayashi, M. Martini, M. Montecchi, M. Nikl, K. Nitsch, Y. Usuki, A. Vedda: Influence of La3+-doping on radiation hardness and thermolumines-cence characteristics of PbWO4, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 160, R5–R6 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.79.
S. Baccaro, P. Boháček, A. Cecilia, S. Croci, I. Dafinei, M. Diemoz, P. Fabeni, M. Ishii, O. Jarolimek, M. Kobayashi, M. Martini, M. Montecchi, M. Nikl, G. Organtini, G.P. Pazzi, J. Rosa, Y. Usuki, A. Vedda: The influence of defect states on scintillation characteristics of PbWO4, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 150, 15–19 (1999)ADSCrossRef
50.80.
V.V. Laguta, M. Martini, F. Meinardi, A. Vedda, A. Hofstaetter, B.K. Mayer, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, J. Rosa, Y. Usuki: Photoinduced (WO4)3−-La3+ center in PbWO4: Electron spin resonance and thermally stimulated luminescence study, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10109–10114 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.81.
V.V. Laguta, A. Vedda, D. Di Martino, M. Martini, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, J. Rosa, Y. Usuki: Electron capture in PbWO4:Mo and PbWO4:Mo,La single crystals: ESR and TSL study, Phys. Rev. B 71, 235108 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.82.
A. Hofstaetter, R. Öder, A. Scharman, D. Schwabe, B. Vitt: Paramagnetic resonance and thermoluminescence of the PbWO4/PbMoO4 mixed crystal system, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 89, 375–380 (1978)ADSCrossRef
50.83.
M. Nikl, P. Boháček, E. Mihóková, N. Solovieva, A. Vedda, M. Martini, G.P. Pazzi, P. Fabeni, M. Kobayashi: Complete characterization of doubly doped PbWO4:Mo,Y scintillators, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 2791–2797 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.84.
M. Kobayashi, Y. Usuki, M. Ishii, T. Yazawa, K. Hara, M. Tanaka, M. Nikl, K. Nitsch: Improvement in transmittance and decay time of PbWO4 scintillating crystals by La-doping, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 399, 261–268 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.85.
M. Kobayashi, Y. Usuki, M. Ishii, T. Yazawa, K. Hara, M. Tanaka, M. Nikl, S. Baccaro, A. Cecilia, M. Diemoz, I. Dafinei: Improvement of radiation hardness of PbWO4 scintillating crystals by La-doping, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 404, 149–156 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.86.
Y.B. Abraham, N.A.W. Holzwarth, R.T. Williams, G.E. Matthews, A.R. Tackett: Electronic structure of oxygen-related defects in PbWO4 and CaMoO4 crystals, Phys. Rev. B 64, 245109 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.87.
M. Kobayashi, S. Sugimoto, Y. Yoshimura, Y. Usuki, M. Ishii, N. Senguttuvan, K. Tanji, M. Nikl: A new heavy and radiation-hard Cherenkov radiator based on PbWO4, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 459, 482–493 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.88.
Y.L. Huang, W.L. Zhu, X.Q. Feng, Z.Y. Man: The effects of La3+ doping on luminescence properties of PbWO4 single crystal, J. Solid State Chem. 172, 188–193 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.89.
W. Li, X.Q. Feng, Y. Huang: Characteristics of the optical absorption edge and defect structures of La3+-doped PbWO4 crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 16, 1325–1333 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.90.
T. Chen, T.Y. Liu, Q.R. Zhang, F.F. Li, D.S. Tian, X.Y. Zhang: First principles study of the La3+ doping PbWO4 crystal for different doping concentrations, Phys. Lett. A 363, 477–481 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.91.
M. Nikl, K. Nitsch, S. Baccaro, A. Cecilia, M. Montecchi, B. Borgia, I. Dafinei, M. Diemoz, M. Martini, E. Rosetta, G. Spinolo, A. Vedda, M. Kobayashi, M. Ishii, Y. Usuki, O. Jarolimek, R. Uecker: Radiation induced formation of color centres in PbWO4 single crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 5758–5762 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.92.
T. Liu, Q. Zhang, X. Mi, X.Q. Feng: A new absorption band and the decomposition of the 350 nm absorption band of PbWO4, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 184, 341–348 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.93.
A. Annenkov, E. Auffray, M. Korzhik, P. Lecoq, J.P. Peigneux: On the origin of the transmission damage in lead tungstate crystals under irradiation, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 170, 47–62 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.94.
Q. Lin, X.Q. Feng, Z. Man, Y. Zhang, Z. Yin, Q. Zhang: Origin of the radiation-induced 420 nm color center absorption band in PbWO4 crystals, Solid State Commun. 118, 221–223 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.95.
Q. Deng, Z. Yin, R.Y. Zhu: Radiation-induced color centers in La-doped PbWO4 crystals, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 438, 415–420 (1999)ADSCrossRef
50.96.
S. Burachas, Y. Saveliev, M. Ippolitov, V. Manko, V. Lomonosov, A. Vasiliev, A. Apanasenko, A. Vasiliev, A. Uzunian, G. Tamulaitis: Physical origin of coloration and radiation hardness of lead tungstate scintillation crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 293, 62–67 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.97.
M. Kobayashi, Y. Usuki, M. Ishii, M. Itoh, M. Nikl: Further study on different dopings into PbWO4 single crystals to increase the scintillation light yield, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 540, 381–394 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.98.
M. Nikl, P. Boháček, A. Vedda, M. Martini, G.P. Pazzi, P. Fabeni, M. Kobayashi: Efficient medium-speed PbWO4:Mo,Y scintillator, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 182, R3–R5 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.99.
A. Annenkov, A. Borisevitch, A. Hofstaetter, M. Korzhik, V. Ligun, P. Lecoq, O. Missevitch, R. Novotny, J.P. Peigneux: Improved light yield of lead tungstate scintillators, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 450, 71–74 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.100.
M. Nikl, P. Boháček, E. Mihóková, N. Solovieva, A. Vedda, M. Martini, G.P. Pazzi, P. Fabeni, M. Kobayashi: Complete characterization of doubly doped PbWO4:Mo,Y scintillators, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 2791–2797 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.101.
J.A. Mareš, A. Beitlerova, P. Boháček, M. Nikl, N. Solovieva, C. DʼAmbrosio: Influence of non-stoichiometry and doping on scintillating response of PbWO4 crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (c) 2, 73–76 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.102.
X. Liu, G. Hu, X. Feng, Y. Huang, Y. Zhang: Influence of PbF2 doping on scintillation properties of PbWO4 single crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 190, R1–R3 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.103.
M. Nikl, P. Boháček, E. Mihóková, N. Solovieva, A. Vedda, M. Martini, G.P. Pazzi, P. Fabeni, M. Ishii: Enhanced efficiency of PbWO4:Mo,Nb scintillator, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 5041–5044 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.104.
M.J. Weber: Optical spectra of Ce3+ and Ce3+-sensitized fluorescence in YAlO3, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3205–3208 (1973)ADSCrossRef
50.105.
T. Takeda, T. Miyata, F. Muramatsu, T. Tomiki: Fast decay UV phosphor-YAlO3:Ce, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 438–444 (1980)CrossRef
50.106.
E. Autrata, P. Schauer, J. Kvapil, J. Kvapil: A single crystal of YAlO3:Ce3+ as a fast scintillator in SEM, Scanning 5, 91–96 (1983)CrossRef
50.107.
M. Nikl, A. Vedda, V.V. Laguta: Energy transfer and storage processes in scintillators: The role and nature of defects, Radiat. Meas. 42, 509–514 (2007)CrossRef
50.108.
J. Kvapil, J. Kvapil, J. Kubelka, R. Autrata: The role of iron ions in YAG and YAP, Cryst. Res. Technol. 18, 127–131 (1983)CrossRef
50.109.
G.-S. Li, X.-B. Guo, J. Lu, Z.-Z. Shi, J.-H. Wu, Y. Chen, J.-F. Chen: Application of several new procedures to improve the quality of Czochralski grown Nd3+:YA1O3 crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 118, 371–376 (1992)CrossRef
50.110.
D.I. Savytskii, L.O. Vasylechko, A.O. Matkovskii, I.M. Solskii, A. Suchocki, D.Y. Sugak, F. Wallrafen: Growth and properties of YAlO3:Nd single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 209, 874–882 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.111.
G.-S. Li, Z.-Z. Shi, J.-H. Wu, Y. Chen, J.-F. Chen, H. Yang: Growth of large size yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP) laser crystals without light scattering centers, J. Cryst. Growth 119, 363–367 (1992)CrossRef
50.112.
J. Kvapil, B. Manek, B. Perner, J. Kvapil, R. Becker, G. Ringel: The role of argon in yttrium aluminates, Cryst. Res. Technol. 23, 549–554 (1988)CrossRef
50.113.
A.G. Petrosyan, G.O. Shirinyan, C. Pédrini, C. Durjardin, K.L. Ovanesyan, R.G. Manucharyan, T.I. Butaeva, M.V. Derzyan: Bridgman growth and characterization of LuAlO3–Ce3+ scintillator crystals, Cryst. Res. Technol. 33, 241–248 (1998)CrossRef
50.114.
J.A. Mareš, N. Cechova, M. Nikl, J. Kvapil, R. Kratky, J. Pospisil: Cerium-doped RE3+AlO3 perovskite scintillators: spectroscopy and radiation induced defects, J. Alloy. Comp. 275–277, 200–204 (1998)CrossRef
50.115.
A.G. Petrosyan, G.O. Shyrinyan, K.L. Ovanesyan, C. Pédrini, C. Dujardin: Bridgman single crystal growth of Ce-doped (Lu1-xYx)AlO3, J. Cryst. Growth 198–199, 492–496 (1999)CrossRef
50.116.
J. Trummer, E. Auffray, P. Lecoq, A.G. Petrosyan, P. Sempere-Roldan: Comparison of LuAP and LuYAP crystal properties from statistically significant batches produced with two different growth methods, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 551, 339–351 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.117.
T. Tomiki, H. Ishikawa, T. Tashiro, M. Katsuren, A. Yonesu, T. Hotta, T. Yabiku, M. Akamine, T. Futemma, T. Nakaoka, I. Miyazato: Ce3+ centres in YAlO3 (YAP) single crystals, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 64, 4442–4449 (1995)ADSCrossRef
50.118.
V.G. Baryshevsky, M.V. Korzhik, V.I. Moroz, V.B. Pavlenko, A.A. Fyodorov, S.A. Smirnova, O.A. Egorycheva, V.A. Kachanov: YAlO3: Ce-fast-acting scintillators for detection of ionizing radiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 58, 291–293 (1991)ADSCrossRef
50.119.
S.I. Ziegler, J.G. Rogers, V. Selivanov, I. Sinitzin: Characteristics of the new YAlO3:Ce compared with BGO and GSO, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 40, 194–197 (1993)ADSCrossRef
50.120.
J.A. Mareš, A. Beitlerova, M. Nikl, N. Solovieva, C. DʼAmbrosio, K. Blažek, P. Maly, K. Nejezchleb, F. de Notaristefani: Scintillation response of Ce-doped or intrinsic scintillating crystals in the range up to 1 MeV, Radiat. Meas. 38, 353–357 (2004)CrossRef
50.121.
C. Dujardin, C. Pédrini, J.C. Gacon, A.G. Petrosyan, A.N. Belsky, A.N. Vasilʼev: Luminescence properties and scintillation mechanisms of cerium- and praseodymium-doped lutetium orthoaluminate, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 9, 5229–5243 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.122.
E.G. Gumanskaya, M.V. Korzhik, S.A. Smirnova, V.B. Pavlenko, A.A. Fedorov: Interconfiguration luminescence of Pr3+ ions in Y3Al5O12 and YAlO3 single crystals, Opt. Spectrosc. 72, 155–159 (1992), in Russian
50.123.
W. Drozdowski, A.J. Wojtowicz, D. Wisniewski, T. Lukasiewicz, J. Kisielewski: Scintillation properties of Pr-activated LuAlO3, Opt. Mater. 28, 102–105 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.124.
M. Zhuravleva, A. Novoselov, A. Yoshikawa, J. Pejchal, M. Nikl, T. Fukuda: Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Pr-doped YAlO3, Opt. Mater. 30, 171–173 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.125.
L. van Pieterson, M. Heeroma, E. de Heer, A. Meijerink: Charge transfer luminescence of Yb3+, J. Lumin. 91, 177–193 (2000)CrossRef
50.126.
M. Nikl, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda: Charge transfer luminescence in Yb3+-containing compounds, Opt. Mater. 26, 545–549 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.127.
M. Nikl, N. Solovieva, J. Pejchal, J.B. Shim, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda, A. Vedda, M. Martini, D.H. Yoon: Very fast YbxY1-xAlO3 single crystal scintillators, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 882–884 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.128.
J.B. Shim, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda, J. Pejchal, M. Nikl, N. Sarukura, D.H. Yoon: Growth and charge transfer luminescence of Yb3+-doped YAlO3 single crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 3063–3068 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.129.
H.R. Asatryan, J. Rosa, J.A. Mareš: EPR studies of Er3+, Nd3+ and Ce3+ in YAlO3 single crystals, Solid State Commun. 104, 5–9 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.130.
C. Dujardin, C. Pedrini, W. Blanc, J.C. Gâcon, J.C. vanʼt Spijker, O.W.V. Frijns, C.W.E. van Eijk, P. Dorenbos, R. Chen, A. Fremout, F. Tallouf, S. Tavernier, P. Bruyndonckx, A.G. Petrosyan: Optical and scintillation properties of large LuAlO3:Ce3+ crystals, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10, 3061–3073 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.131.
A.J. Wojtowitz, J. Glodo, A. Lempicki, C. Brecher: Recombination and scintillation processes in YAlO3:Ce, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 10, 8401–8415 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.132.
A. Vedda, M. Martini, F. Meinardi, J.A. Mareš, E. Mihóková, J. Chval, M. Dusek, M. Nikl: Tunnelling process in thermally stimulated luminescence of mixed LuxY1-xAlO3:Ce crystals, Phys. Rev. B 61, 8081–8086 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.133.
J. Kvapil, Jos. Kvapil, B. Perner, B. Manek, K. Blažek, Z. Hendrich: Nonstoichiometric defects in YAG and YAP, Cryst. Res. Technol. 20, 473–478 (1985)CrossRef
50.134.
D. Sugak, A. Matkovskii, D. Savitskii, A. Durygin, A. Suchocki, Y. Zhydachevskii, I. Solskii, I. Stefaniuk, F. Wallrafen: Growth and induced color centers in YAlO3–Nd single crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 184, 239–250 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.135.
J.A. Mareš, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, N. Solovieva, K. Blažek, K. Nejezchleb, P. Maly, J. Pejchal, V. Mucka, M. Pospisil, A. Vedda, M. Martini, S. Baccaro: Radiation induced absorption color centers and damage in YAlO3:Ce and YAlO3:Ce,Zr scintillators, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 157, 677–681 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.136.
O.F. Schirmer, K.W. Blazey, W. Berlinger, R. Diehl: ESR and optical absorption of bound-small polarons in YAlO3, Phys. Rev. B 11, 4201–4218 (1975)ADSCrossRef
50.137.
V.Y. Zorenko, A.S. Voloshinovskii, I.V. Konstankevych, G.B. Striganyuk, V.I. Gorbenko: Exciton luminescence of YAlO3 single crystals and single-crystal films, Opt. Spectrosc. 98, 555–558 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.138.
V.Y. Zorenko, A.S. Voloshinovski, I.V. Konstankevych: Luminescence of F+ and F centers in YAlO3, Opt. Spectrosc. 96, 532–537 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.139.
V.V. Laguta, M. Nikl, A. Vedda, E. Mihokova, J. Rosa, K. Blazek: The hole and electron traps in the YAlO_3 single crystal scintillator, Phys. Rev. B 80, 045114 (2009)ADSCrossRef
50.140.
E. Mihóková, M. Nikl, J.A. Mareš, A. Beitlerová, A. Vedda, K. Nejezchleb, K. Blažek, C. DʼAmbrosio: Luminescence and scintillation properties of YAG:Ce single crystal and optical ceramics, J. Lumin. 126, 77–80 (2006)CrossRef
50.141.
V.V. Laguta, A.M. Slipenyuk, J. Rosa, M. Nikl, A. Vedda, K. Nejezchleb, K. Blažek: Electron spin resonance study of Mo3+ centers in YAlO3, Radiat. Meas. 38, 735–738 (2004)CrossRef
50.142.
S.A. Basun, T. Danger, A.A. Kaplyanskii, D.S. McClure, K. Petermann, W.C. Wong: Optical and photoelectrical studies of charge-transfer processes in YAlO3:Ti crystals, Phys. Rev. B 54, 6141–6149 (1996)ADSCrossRef
50.143.
K. Blažek, A. Krasnikov, K. Nejezchleb, M. Nikl, T. Savikhina, S. Zazubovich: Luminescence and defect creation in Ce3+-doped YAlO3 and Lu0.3Y0.7AlO3 crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 242, 1315–1323 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.144.
M. Nikl, E. Mihokova, V. Laguta, J. Pejchal, S. Baccaro, A. Vedda: Radiation damage processes in complex-oxide scintillators, Eur. Symp. Opt. Optoelectron. Damage VUV, EUV, X-ray Opt., ed. by L. Juha, R.H. Sobierajski, H. Wabnitz (2007)
50.145.
C.R. Stanek, M.R. Levy, K.J. McClellan, B.P. Uberuaga, R.W. Grimes: Defect structure of ZrO2-doped rare earth perovskite scintillators, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 242, R113–R115 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.146.
C.R. Stanek, K.J. McClellan, M.R. Levy, R.W. Grimes: Defect behavior in rare earth REAlO3 scintillators, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 113518 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.147.
50.148.
R. Autrata, P. Schauer, Jos. Kvapil, J. Kvapil: A single crystal of YAG – New fast scintillator in SEM, J. Phys. E 11, 707–708 (1978)ADS
50.149.
M. Moszynski, T. Ludziewski, D. Wolski, W. Klamra, L.O. Norlin: Properties of the YAG:Ce scintillator, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 345, 461–467 (1994)ADSCrossRef
50.150.
A. Lempicki, M.H. Randles, D. Wisniewski, M. Balcerzyk, C. Brecher, A.J. Wojtowitz: LuAlO3:Ce and other aluminate scintillators, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 42, 280–284 (1995)ADSCrossRef
50.151.
M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, J.A. Mareš, A. Vedda, M. Martini, K. Nejezchleb, K. Blažek: Traps and timing characteristics of LuAG:Ce3+ scintillator, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 181, R10–R12 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.152.
M.J. Weber: Nonradiative decay from 5d states of rare earths in crystals, Solid State Commun. 12, 741–744 (1973)ADSCrossRef
50.153.
Y. Kuwano, K. Suda, N. Ishizawa, T. Yamada: Crystal growth and properties of (Lu,Y)3Al5O12, J. Cryst. Growth 260, 159–165 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.154.
J. Kvapil, Jos. Kvapil, B. Manek, B. Perner: Czochralski growth of YAG:Ce in a reducing protective atmosphere, J. Cryst. Growth 52, 542–545 (1981)ADSCrossRef
50.155.
D. Mateika, E. Volkel, J. Haisma: Lattice-constant-adaptable crystallographics. II. Czochralski growth from multicomponent melts of homogeneous mixed-garnet crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 102, 994–1013 (1990)ADSCrossRef
50.156.
D.S. Hamilton, S.K. Gayen, G.J. Pogatshnik, R.D. Ghen, W.J. Miniscalco: Optical absorption and photoionization measurements from the excited states of Ce3+:Y3Al5O12, Phys. Rev. B 39, 8807–8815 (1989)ADSCrossRef
50.157.
M. Nikl, V.V. Laguta, A. Vedda: Energy transfer and charge carrier capture processes in wide-band-gap scintillators, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 204, 683–689 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.158.
M. Nikl, J.A. Mareš, N. Solovieva, J. Hybler, A. Voloshinovskii, K. Nejezchleb, K. Blažek: Energy transfer to the Ce3+ centers in Lu3Al5O12:Ce scintillator, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 201, R41–R44 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.159.
W. Drozdowski, T. Lukasiewicz, A.J. Wojtowicz, D. Wisniewski, J. Kisielewski: Thermoluminescence and scintillation of praseodymium-activated Y3Al5O12 and LuAlO3 crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 275, e709–e714 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.160.
M. Nikl, H. Ogino, A. Krasnikov, A. Beitlerova, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda: Photo- and radioluminescence of Pr-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystal, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 202, R4–R6 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.161.
H. Ogino, A. Yoshikawa, M. Nikl, K. Kamada, T. Fukuda: Scintillation characteristics of Pr-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 292, 239–242 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.162.
S.R. Rotman, C. Warde, H.L. Tuller, J. Haggerty: Defect property correlations in garnet crystals. V. Energy transfer in luminescent yttrium aluminum-yttrium iron garnet solid solutions, J. Appl. Phys. 66, 3207–3210 (1989)ADSCrossRef
50.163.
C.Y. Chen, G.J. Pogatshnik, Y. Chen, M.R. Kokta: Optical and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of Fe impurities in yttrium aluminum garnet crystals, Phys. Rev. B 38, 8555–8561 (1988)ADSCrossRef
50.164.
I. Kamenskikh, C. Dujardin, N. Garnier, N. Guerassimova, G. Ledoux, V. Mikhailin, C. Pedrini, A. Petrosyan, A. Vasilʼev: Temperature dependence of the charge transfer and f-f luminescence of Yb3+ in garnets and YAP, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 5587–5594 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.165.
V.V. Laguta, A.M. Slipenyuk, M.D. Glinchuk, M. Nikl, J. Rosa, A. Vedda, K. Nejezchleb: Paramagnetic impurity defects in LuAG and LuAG:Sc single crystals, Opt. Mater. 30, 79–81 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.166.
H.R. Lewis: Paramagnetic resonance of Ce3+ in YAG, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 739–741 (1966)ADSCrossRef
50.167.
V.V. Laguta, A.M. Slipenyuk, M.D. Glinchuk, I.P. Bykov, Y. Zorenko, M. Nikl, J. Rosa: Paramagnetic impurity defects in LuAG:Ce thick film scintillators, Radiat. Meas. 42, 835–838 (2007)CrossRef
50.168.
C.R. Stanek, K.J. McClellan, M.R. Levy, C. Milanese, R.W. Grimes: The effect of intrinsic defects on RE3Al5O12 garnet scintillator performance, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 579, 27–30 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.169.
M. Springis, A. Pujats, J. Valbis: Polarization of luminescence of colour centres in YAG crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 3, 5457–5461 (1991)ADSCrossRef
50.170.
A. Pujats, M. Springis: The F-type centres in YAG crystals, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 155, 65–69 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.171.
M.K. Ashurov, Y.K. Voronko, V.V. Osiko, A.A. Sobol, M.I. Timoshechkin: Spectroscopic study of stoichiometric deviation in crystals with garnet structure, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 42, 101–110 (1977)ADSCrossRef
50.172.
V. Lupei, A. Lupei, C. Tiseanu, S. Georgescu, C. Stoicescu, P.M. Nanau: High resolution optical spectroscopy of YAG:Nd: A test for structural and distribution models, Phys. Rev. B 51, 8–17 (1995)ADSCrossRef
50.173.
Y. Zorenko, V. Gorbenko, I. Konstankevych, A. Voloshinovskii, G. Stryganyuk, V. Mikhailin, V. Kolobanov, D. Spassky: Single-crystalline films of Ce-doped YAG and LuAG phosphors: advantages over bulk crystals analogues, J. Lumin. 114, 85–94 (2005)CrossRef
50.174.
Y. Zorenko, V. Gorbenko, A. Voloshinovskii, G. Stryganyuk, V. Mikhailin, V. Kolobanov, D. Spassky, M. Nikl, K. Blažek: Exciton-related luminescence in LuAG:Ce single crystals and single crystalline films, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 202, 1113–1119 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.175.
V. Murk, N. Yaroshevich: Exciton and recombination processes in YAG crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 7, 5857–5864 (1995)ADSCrossRef
50.176.
N.N. Ryskin, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, S.K. Batygov: Scintillation properties of Lu3Al5-xScxO12 crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 6, 10423–10434 (1994)ADSCrossRef
50.177.
M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, J. Pejchal, A. Vedda, Y. Zorenko, K. Nejezchleb: The antisite LuAl defect-related trap in Lu3Al5O12:Ce single crystal, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 242, R119–R121 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.178.
M. Nikl, E. Mihokova, J. Pejchal, A. Vedda, M. Fasoli, I. Fontana, V.V. Laguta, V. Babin, K. Nejezchleb, A. Yoshikawa, H. Ogino, G. Ren: Scintillator materials achievements, opportunities, and puzzles, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1035–1041 (2008)ADSCrossRef
50.179.
M. Nikl, J. Pejchal, E. Mihóková, J.A. Mareš, H. Ogino, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda, A. Vedda, C. DʼAmbrosio: Antisite defect-free Lu3(GaxAl1-x)5O12:Pr scintillator, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 141916 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.180.
Y.-N. Xu, W.Y. Ching, B.K. Brickeen: Electronic structure and bonding in garnet crystals Gd3Sc2Ga3O12, Gd3Sc2Al3O12, and Gd3Ga3O12 compared to Y3Al3O12, Phys. Rev. B 61, 1817–1824 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.181.
A. Vedda, D. Di Martino, M. Martini, V.V. Laguta, M. Nikl, E. Mihóková, J. Rosa, K. Nejezchleb, K. Blažek: Thermoluminescence of Zr-codoped Lu3Al5O12:Ce crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 195, R1–R3 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.182.
C.R. Stanek, K.J. McClellan, M.R. Levy, R.W. Grimes: Extrinsic defect structure of RE3Al5O12 garnets, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 243, R75–R77 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.183.
K. Takagi, T. Fukazawa: Cerium-activated Gd2SiO5 single crystal scintillator, Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 43–45 (1983)ADSCrossRef
50.184.
T. Utsu, S. Akiyama: Growth and applications of Gd2SiO5:Ce scintillators, J. Cryst. Growth 109, 385–391 (1991)ADSCrossRef
50.185.
C.L. Melcher, R.A. Manente, C.A. Peterson, J.S. Schweizer: Czochralski growth of rare earth oxyorthosilicate single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 128, 1001–1005 (1993)ADSCrossRef
50.186.
D.W. Cooke, K.J. McClellan, B.L. Bennett, J.M. Roper, M.T. Whittaker, R.E. Münchausen, R.C. Sze: Crystal growth and optical characterization of cerium-doped Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 7360–7362 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.187.
C.L. Melcher, M.A. Spurrier, L. Eriksson, M. Eriksson, M. Schmand, G. Givens, R. Terry, T. Homant, R. Nutt: Advances in the scintillation performances of LSO:Ce single crystals, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 50, 762–766 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.188.
M. Jie, G. Zhao, X. Zeng, L. Su, H. Pang, X. He, J. Xu: Crystal growth and optical properties of Gd1.99-xYxCe0.01SiO5 single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 277, 175–180 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.189.
J.D. Zavartsev, S.A. Koutovoi, A.I. Zagumennyi: Czochralski growth and characterization of large Ce3+:Lu2SiO5 single crystals co-doped with Mg2+ or Ca2+ or Tb3+ for scintillators, J. Cryst. Growth 275, e2167–e2171 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.190.
B. Hautefeuille, K. Lebbou, C. Dujardin, J.M. Fourmigue, L. Grosvalet, O. Tillement, C. Pédrini: Shaped crystal growth of Ce3+-doped Lu2(1-x)Y2xSiO5 oxyorthosilicate for scintillator applications by pulling-down technique, J. Cryst. Growth 289, 172–177 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.191.
C. Mansuy, R. Mahiou, J.-M. Nedelec: A new sol-gel route to Lu2SiO5 (LSO) scintillator: Powders and thin films, Chem. Mater. 15, 3242–3244 (2003)CrossRef
50.192.
C. Mansuy, J.-M. Nedelec, R. Mahiou: Molecular design of inorganic scintillators: From alcoxides to scintillating materials, J. Mater. Chem. 14, 3274–3280 (2004)CrossRef
50.193.
J.-K. Lee, R.E. Münchausen, J.-S. Lee, Q.X. Jia, M. Nastasi, J.A. Valdez, B.L. Bennett, D.W. Cooke, S.Y. Lee: Structure and optical properties of Lu2SiO5:Ce phosphor thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 101905 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.194.
J. Felsche: Rare earth silicates of the type RE2[SiO4]O, Naturwissenschaften 11, 565–566 (1971)ADSCrossRef
50.195.
T. Gustafsson, M. Klinterberg, S.E. Derenzo, M.J. Weber, J.O. Thomas: Lu2SiO5 by single-crystal x-ray and neutron diffraction, Acta Crystallogr. C 57, 668–669 (2001)CrossRef
50.196.
W.Y. Ching, L. Ouyang, Y.-N. Xu: Electronic and optical properties of Y2SiO5 and Y2Si2O7 with comparison to α-SiO2 and Y2O3, Phys. Rev. B 67, 245108 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.197.
D.W. Cooke, B.L. Bennett, R.E. Münchausen, J.-K. Lee, M.A. Nastasi: Intrinsic ultraviolet luminescence from Lu2O3, Lu2SiO5 and Lu2SiO5:Ce3+, J. Lumin. 106, 125–132 (2004)CrossRef
50.198.
H. Suzuki, T.A. Tombrello, C.L. Melcher, J.S. Schweizer: UV and gamma-ray excited luminescence of cerium-doped rare-earth oxyorthosilicates, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 320, 263–272 (1992)ADSCrossRef
50.199.
H. Suzuki, T.A. Tombrello, C.L. Melcher, J.S. Schweizer: Light emission mechanism of Lu2(SiO4)O:Ce, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 40, 380–383 (1993)ADSCrossRef
50.200.
E. van der Kolk, S.A. Basun, G.F. Imbush, W.M. Yen: Temperature dependent spectroscopic studies of the electron delocalization dynamics of excited Ce ions in the wide band gap insulator, Lu2SiO5, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1740–1742 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.201.
M.-F. Joubert, S.A. Kazanskii, Y. Guyot, J.-C. Gâcon, C. Pédrini: Microwave study of photoconductivity induced by laser pulses in rare-earth-doped dielectric crystals, Phys. Rev. B 69, 165217 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.202.
L. Pidol, O. Guillot-Noël, A. Kahn-Harari, B. Viana, D. Pelenc, D. Gourier: EPR study of Ce3+ ions in lutetium silicate scintillators Lu2Si2O7 and Lu2SiO5, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67, 643–650 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.203.
F. Brethean-Raynal, M. Lance, P. Charpin: Crystal data for Lu2Si2O7, J. Appl. Cryst. 14, 349–350 (1981)CrossRef
50.204.
P. Szupryczynski, C.L. Melcher, M.A. Spurrier, M.P. Maskarinec, A.A. Carey, A.J. Wojtowicz, W. Drozdowski, D. Wisniewski, R. Nutt: Thermoluminescence and scintillation properties of rare earth oxyorthosilicate scintillators, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51, 1103–1110 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.205.
W.W. Moses: Trends in PET imaging, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 471, 209–214 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.206.
N. Shimura, M. Kamada, A. Gunji, S. Yamana, T. Usui, K. Kurashige, H. Ishibashi, N. Senguttuvan, S. Shimizu, K. Sumiya, H. Murayama: Zr-doped GSO:Ce single crystals and their scintillation performance, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 53, 2519–2522 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.207.
S. Yamamoto, K. Matsumoto, M. Senda: Development of a GSO positron/single-photon imaging detector, Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 457–469 (2006)CrossRef
50.208.
D.W. Cooke, B.L. Bennett, K.J. McClellan, J.M. Roper, M.T. Whittaker: Similarities in glow peak positions and kinetics parameters of oxyorthosilicates: evidence for unique intrinsic trapping sites, J. Lumin. 92, 83–89 (2001)CrossRef
50.209.
P. Dorenbos, C.W.W. van Eijk, A.J.J. Bos, C.L. Melcher: Afterglow and thermoluminescence properties of Lu2SiO5:Ce scintillation crystals, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 6, 4167–4180 (1994)ADSCrossRef
50.210.
R. Visser, C.L. Melcher, J.S. Schweizer, H. Suzuki, T.A. Tombrello: Photostimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence of LSO scintillators, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 41, 689–693 (1994)ADSCrossRef
50.211.
D.W. Cooke, B.L. Bennett, R.E. Münchausen, K.J. McClellan, J.M. Roper, M.T. Whittaker: Intrinsic trapping sites in rare-earth and yttrium oxyorthosilicates, J. Appl. Phys. 86, 5308–5310 (1999)ADSCrossRef
50.212.
D.W. Cooke, B.L. Bennett, K.J. McClellan, R.E. Münchausen, J.R. Tesmer, C.J. Wetteland: Luminescence, emission spectra and hydrogen content of crystalline Lu2SiO5:Ce3+, Philos. Mag. B 82, 1659–1670 (2002)ADS
50.213.
L. Pidol, A. Kahn-Harari, B. Viana, B. Ferrand, P. Dorenbos, J.T.M. de Haas, C.W.E. van Eijk, E. Virey: Scintillation properties of Lu2Si2O7:Ce3+, a fast and efficient scintillator crystal, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 15, 2091–2102 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.214.
M. Nikl, H. Ogino, A. Yoshikawa, E. Mihóková, J. Pejchal, A. Beitlerova, A. Novoselov, T. Fukuda: Fast 5d–4f luminescence of Pr3+ in Lu2SiO5 single crystal host, Chem. Phys. Lett. 410, 218–221 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.215.
O. Guillot-Noël, J.T.M. De Haas, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. Van Eijk, K. Krämer, H.U. Güdel: Optical and scintillation properties of cerium-doped LaCl3, LuBr3 and LuCl3, J. Lumin. 85, 21–35 (1999)CrossRef
50.216.
J. Andriessen, O.T. Antonyak, P. Dorenbos, P.A. Rodnyi, G.B. Stryganyuk, C.W.E. van Eijk, A.S. Voloshinovskii: Experimental and theoretical study of the spectroscopic properties of Ce3+ doped LaCl3 single crystals, Opt. Comm. 178, 355–363 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.217.
K.W. Krämer, P. Dorenbos, H.U. Güdel, C.W.E. van Eijk: Development and characterization of highly efficient new cerium doped rare earth halide scintillator materials, J. Mater. Chem. 16, 2773–2780 (2006)CrossRef
50.218.
E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk: High energy resolution scintillator: Ce3+ activated LaBr3, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1573–1575 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.219.
E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, K. Krämer, H.U. Güdel: Influence of the anion on the spectroscopy and scintillation mechanism in pure and Ce3+-doped K2LaX5 and LaX3 (X = Cl, Br, I), Phys. Rev. B 68, 045108 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.220.
A. Bessiere, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, K.W. Krämer, H.U. Güdel, C. de Mello Donega, A. Meijerink: Luminescence and scintillation properties of the small band gap compound LaI3:Ce3+, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 537, 22–26 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.221.
J. Glodo, K.S. Shah, M. Klugerman, P. Wong, B. Higgins, P. Dorenbos: Scintillation properties of LuI3:Ce, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 537, 279–281 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.222.
M.D. Birowosuto, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk: Scintillation properties of LuI3:Ce3+-high light yield scintillators, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52, 1114–1118 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.223.
G. Meyer: The ammonium chloride route to anhydrous rare earth chlorides – The example of YCl3, Inorg. Synth. 25, 146–150 (1989)CrossRef
50.224.
W.M. Higgins, J. Glodo, E. Van Loef, M. Klugerman, T. Gupta, L. Cirignano, P. Wong, K.S. Shah: Bridgman growth of LaBr3:Ce and LaCl3:Ce crystals for high-resolution gamma ray spectrometers, J. Cryst. Growth 287, 239–242 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.225.
P. Dorenbos: Scintillation mechanism in Ce3+ doped halide scintillators, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 202, 195–200 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.226.
J.S. Chivian, W.E. Case, D.D. Eden: The photon avalanche: A new phenomenon in Pr3+-based quantum counters, Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 124 (1979)ADSCrossRef
50.227.
N. Pelletier-Allard, R. Pelletier: Multiphoton excitations in neodymium chlorides, Phys. Rev. B 36, 4425 (1987)ADSCrossRef
50.228.
E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, K. Krämer, H.U. Güdel: Scintillation properties of LaCl3:Ce3+ crystals: Fast, efficient, and high energy resolution scintillators, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48, 341–345 (2001)ADSCrossRef
50.229.
E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk: The scintillation mechanism in LaCl3:Ce3+, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 15, 1367–1375 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.230.
U. Rogulis, S. Schweizer, J.-M. Spaeth, E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, K.W. Krämer, H.U. Güdel: Magnetic resonance investigations of LaCl3:Ce3+ scintillators, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 157, 951–955 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.231.
S.M. Kuzakov: Electron-hole traps and thermoluminescence of the LaCl3:TR single crystals, Rad. Prot. Dosim. 33, 115–117 (1990)
50.232.
J. Glodo, K.S. Shah, M. Klugerman, P. Wong, B. Higgins: Thermoluminescence od LaBr3:Ce crystals, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 537, 93–96 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.233.
E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, K. Krämer, H.U. Güdel: Scintillation properties of LaBr3:Ce3+ crystals: fast, efficient and high-energy-resolution scintillators, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 486, 254–258 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.234.
P. Dorenbos, E.V.D. Van Loef, A.P. Vink, E. van der Kolk, C.W.E. van Eijk, K.W. Krämer, H.U. Güdel, W.M. Higgins, K.S. Shah: Level location and spectroscopy of Ce3+, Pr3+, Er3+, and Eu2+ in LaBr3, J. Lumin. 117, 147–155 (2006)CrossRef
50.235.
K.S. Shah, J. Glodo, M. Klugerman, W. Higgins, T. Gupta, P. Wong, W.W. Moses, S.E. Derenzo, M.J. Weber, P. Dorenbos: LuI3:Ce – a new scintillator for gamma ray spectroscopy, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51, 2302–3205 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.236.
J. Lu, K. Ueda, H. Yagi, T. Yanagitani, Y. Akiyama, A.A. Kaminskii: Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet Y3Al5O12 nanocrystalline ceramics - a new generation of solid state laser and optical materials, J. Alloy. Compd. 341, 220–225 (2002)CrossRef
50.237.
V. Lupei, A. Lupei, A. Ikesue: Single crystal and transparent ceramic Nd-doped oxide laser materials: a comparative spectroscopic investigation, J. Alloy. Compd. 380, 61–70 (2004)CrossRef
50.238.
C. Greskovich, S. Duclos: Ceramic scintillators, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 27, 69–88 (1997)ADSCrossRef
50.239.
B.C. Grabmaier, W. Rossner: New scintillators for x-ray computed tomography, Nucl. Tracks Rad. Meas. 21, 43–45 (1993)CrossRef
50.240.
W. Rossner, M. Ostertag, F. Jermann: Properties and applications of gadolinium oxysulfide based ceramic scintillators. In: Physics and Chemistry of Luminescent Materials: Proc. 7th Int. Symp, Vol. 98–24, ed. by C.W. Struck, K.C. Mishra, B. DiBartolo (Electrochemical Society, Pennington 1998), 187–194
50.241.
R. Hupke, C. Doubrava: The new UFC-detector for CT-imaging, Phys. Medica XV, 315–318 (1999)
50.242.
S.J. Duclos, C.D. Greskovich, R.J. Lyons, J.S. Vartuli, D.M. Hoffman, R.J. Riedner, M.J. Lynch: Development of the HiLight scintillator for computed tomography medical imaging, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 505, 68–71 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.243.
A. Lempicki, C. Brecher, P. Szupryczynski, H. Lingertat, V.V. Nagarkar, S.V. Tipnis, S.R. Miller: A new lutetia-based ceramic scintillator for x-ray imaging, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 488, 579–590 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.244.
V.V. Nagarkar, S.R. Miller, S.V. Tipnis, A. Lempicki, A. Brecher, H. Lingertat: A new large area scintillator screen for x-ray imaging, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 213, 250–254 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.245.
C. Brecher, R.H. Bartram, A. Lempicki: Hole traps in Lu2O3:Eu ceramic scintillators. I. Persistent afterglow, J. Lumin. 106, 159–168 (2004)CrossRef
50.246.
E. Zych, C. Brecher, A.J. Wojtowitz, H. Lingertat: Luminescence properties of Ce-activated YAG optical ceramic scintillator materials, J. Lumin. 75, 193 (1997)CrossRef
50.247.
H.-L. Li, X.-J. Liu, R.-J. Xie, Y. Zeng, L.-P. Huang: Fabrication of transparent cerium-doped lutetium aluminum garnet ceramics by Co-precipitation routes, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 2356 (2006)
50.248.
M. Nikl, J.A. Mareš, N. Solovieva, H. Li, X. Liu, L. Huang, I. Fontana, M. Fasoli, A. Vedda, C. DʼAmbrosio: Scintillation characteristics of Lu3Al5O12:Ce optical ceramics, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033515 (2007)ADSCrossRef
50.249.
B. Schmitt, M. Fuchs, E. Hell, W. Knupfer, P. Hackenschmied, A. Winnacker: Structured alkali halides for medical applications, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 191, 800–804 (2002)ADSCrossRef
50.250.
K. Oba, M. Ito, M. Yamaguchi, M. Tanaka: A CsI(Na) scintillation plate with high spatial-resolution, Adv. Electron. Electron. Phys. 74, 247–255 (1988)CrossRef
50.251.
H. Washida, T. Sonoda: High resolution phosphor screen for x-ray image intensifier, Adv. Electron. Electron. Phys. 52, 201–207 (1979)CrossRef
50.252.
C.M. Castelli, N.M. Allinson, K.J. Moon, D.L. Watson: High spatial resolution scintillator screens coupled to CCD detectors for x-ray imaging applications, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 348, 649–653 (1994)ADSCrossRef
50.253.
V.V. Nagarkar, T.K. Gupta, S.R. Miller, Y. Klugerman, M.R. Squillante, G. Entine: Structured CsI(T1) scintillators for x-ray imaging applications, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 45, 492–496 (1988)ADSCrossRef
50.254.
C.B. Johnson, L.D. Owen: Image tube intensified electronic imaging. In: Handbook of Optics, Vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill, New York 1995) pp. 21.1–21.32
50.255.
J.-P. Moy: Recent developments in x-ray imaging detectors, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 442, 26–37 (2000)ADSCrossRef
50.256.
P. Olivier: Nuclear oncology, a fast growing field of nuclear medicine, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 527, 4–8 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.257.
T.F. Budinger, K.M. Brennun, W.W. Moses, S.E. Derenzo: Advances in positron tomography for oncology, Nucl. Med. Biol. 23, 659–667 (1996)CrossRef
50.258.
W.W. Moses, S.E. Derenzo: Prospects for time-of-flight PET using LSO scintillator, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 46, 474–478 (1999)ADSCrossRef
50.259.
Z.T. Kang, C.J. Summers, H. Menkar, B.K. Wagner, R. Durst, Y. Diawara, G. Mednikova, T. Thorson: ZnTe:O phosphor development for x-ray imaging applications, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 111904 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.260.
A. Koch, C. Raven, P. Spanne, A. Snigirev: X-ray imaging with submicrometer resolution employing transparent luminescent screens, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 1940–1951 (1998)ADSCrossRef
50.261.
Y. Zorenko, I. Konstankevych, M. Globus, B. Grinyov, V. Lyubinskiy: New scintillation detectors based on oxide single crystal films for biological microtomography, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 505, 93–96 (2003)ADSCrossRef
50.262.
D. Ehrentraut, H. Sato, M. Miyamoto, T. Fukuda, M. Nikl, K. Maeda, I. Niikura: Fabrication of homoepitaxial ZnO films by low-temperature liquid-phase epitaxy, J. Cryst. Growth 287, 367–371 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.263.
J.S. Neal, L.A. Boatner, N.C. Giles, L.E. Halliburton, S.E. Derenzo, E.D. Bourret-Courchesne: Comparative investigation of the performance of ZnO-based scintillators for use as a-particle detectors, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 568, 803–809 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.264.
B.K. Meyer, J. Sann, A. Zeuner: Lithium and sodium acceptors in ZnO, Superlatices Microstr. 38, 344–348 (2005)ADSCrossRef
50.265.
A. Kaplan, A. Sajwani, Z.Y. Li, R.E. Palmer, J.P. Wilcoxon: Efficient vacuum ultraviolet light frequency downconversion by thin films of CdSe quantum dots, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 171105 (2006)ADSCrossRef
50.266.
K. Shibuya, M. Koshimizu, H. Murakami, Y. Muroya, Y. Katsumura, K. Asai: Development of ultra-fast semiconducting scintillators using quantum confinement effect, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L1333–L1336 (2004)ADSCrossRef
50.267.
C.W.E. van Eijk: Inorganic scintillators for thermal neutron detection, Radiat. Meas. 38, 337–342 (2004)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Single-Crystal Scintillation Materials
Authors
Martin Nikl
Anna Vedda
Valentin V. Laguta
Copyright Year
2010
Book
Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth

Print ISBN: 978-3-540-74182-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-540-74761-1

Copyright Year: 2010

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_50

Premium Partners

    Image Credits