Skip to main content
Top

2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Skeletonization and Its Application to Quantitative Structural Imaging

Author : Punam K. Saha

Published in: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Skeletonization provides a compact yet effective representation of an object using its medial loci defined by Blum’s grassfire transform process. It has been popularly used in many low- as well as high-level imaging applications. Quantitative characterization of object structures is a popular application of skeletonization, where a skeleton serves two purposes—generations of a compact representation of an object and location of representative points for defining local structure morphology. This paper reviews the roles of skeletonization and digital topological analysis in characterizing individual trabecular bone plate-rod microstructure assessing overall bone quality and fracture risk at in vivo imaging.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Blum H (1967) A transformation for extracting new descriptors of shape. Models Percept Speech Vis Form 19:362–380 Blum H (1967) A transformation for extracting new descriptors of shape. Models Percept Speech Vis Form 19:362–380
2.
go back to reference Siddiqi K, Pizer SM (2008) Medial representations: mathematics, algorithms and applications, vol 37. Springer, Berlin Siddiqi K, Pizer SM (2008) Medial representations: mathematics, algorithms and applications, vol 37. Springer, Berlin
3.
go back to reference Saha PK, Borgefors G, Sanniti di Baja G (2016) A survey on skeletonization algorithms and their applications. Pat Recognit Let 76:3–12CrossRef Saha PK, Borgefors G, Sanniti di Baja G (2016) A survey on skeletonization algorithms and their applications. Pat Recognit Let 76:3–12CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Melton LJ (1995) How many women have osteoporosis now. J Bone Miner Res 10:175–177CrossRef Melton LJ (1995) How many women have osteoporosis now. J Bone Miner Res 10:175–177CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd (2012) Better tools for assessing osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 122:4323–4324CrossRef Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd (2012) Better tools for assessing osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 122:4323–4324CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Wehrli FW, Saha PK, Gomberg BR, Song HK, Snyder PJ, Benito M, Wright A, Weening R (2002) Role of magnetic resonance for assessing structure and function of trabecular bone. Top Magn Reson Imaging 13:335–355CrossRef Wehrli FW, Saha PK, Gomberg BR, Song HK, Snyder PJ, Benito M, Wright A, Weening R (2002) Role of magnetic resonance for assessing structure and function of trabecular bone. Top Magn Reson Imaging 13:335–355CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Seeman E, Delmas PD (2006) Bone quality–the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 354:2250–2261CrossRef Seeman E, Delmas PD (2006) Bone quality–the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 354:2250–2261CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Majumdar S (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone structure. Top Magn Reson Imaging 13:323–334CrossRef Majumdar S (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone structure. Top Magn Reson Imaging 13:323–334CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD (2005) In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6508–6515CrossRef Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD (2005) In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6508–6515CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Chen C, Zhang X, Guo J, Jin D, Letuchy EM, Burns TL, Levy SM, Hoffman EA, Saha PK (2018) Quantitative imaging of peripheral trabecular bone microarchitecture using MDCT. Med Phy 45:236–249CrossRef Chen C, Zhang X, Guo J, Jin D, Letuchy EM, Burns TL, Levy SM, Hoffman EA, Saha PK (2018) Quantitative imaging of peripheral trabecular bone microarchitecture using MDCT. Med Phy 45:236–249CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Kleerekoper M, Villanueva AR, Stanciu J, Rao DS, Parfitt AM (1985) The role of three-dimensional trabecular microstructure in the pathogenesis of vertebral compression fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 37:594–597CrossRef Kleerekoper M, Villanueva AR, Stanciu J, Rao DS, Parfitt AM (1985) The role of three-dimensional trabecular microstructure in the pathogenesis of vertebral compression fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 37:594–597CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Recker RR (1993) Architecture and vertebral fracture. Calcif Tissue Int 53(Suppl 1):S139–S142CrossRef Recker RR (1993) Architecture and vertebral fracture. Calcif Tissue Int 53(Suppl 1):S139–S142CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kimia BB, Tannenbaum A, Zucker SW (1995) Shape, shocks, and deformations I: the components of two-dimensional shape and the reaction-diffusion space. Int J Comput Vis 15:189–224CrossRef Kimia BB, Tannenbaum A, Zucker SW (1995) Shape, shocks, and deformations I: the components of two-dimensional shape and the reaction-diffusion space. Int J Comput Vis 15:189–224CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Kimmel R, Shaked D, Kiryati N (1995) Skeletonization via distance maps and level sets. Comput Vis Image Process 62:382–391CrossRef Kimmel R, Shaked D, Kiryati N (1995) Skeletonization via distance maps and level sets. Comput Vis Image Process 62:382–391CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Siddiqi K, Bouix S, Tannenbaum A, Zucker SW (2002) Hamilton-Jacobi skeletons. Int J Comput Vis 48:215–231MATHCrossRef Siddiqi K, Bouix S, Tannenbaum A, Zucker SW (2002) Hamilton-Jacobi skeletons. Int J Comput Vis 48:215–231MATHCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Brandt JW, Algazi VR (1992) Continuous skeleton computation by Voronoi diagram. CVGIP Image Underst 55:329–338 Brandt JW, Algazi VR (1992) Continuous skeleton computation by Voronoi diagram. CVGIP Image Underst 55:329–338
17.
go back to reference Ogniewicz R, Ilg M (1992) Voronoi skeletons: theory and applications. In: Proceedings of the computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 63–69 Ogniewicz R, Ilg M (1992) Voronoi skeletons: theory and applications. In: Proceedings of the computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 63–69
18.
go back to reference Tsao YF, Fu KS (1981) A parallel thinning algorithm for 3D pictures. Comput Graph Image Process 17:315–331CrossRef Tsao YF, Fu KS (1981) A parallel thinning algorithm for 3D pictures. Comput Graph Image Process 17:315–331CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Palágyi K, Kuba A (1999) A parallel 3D 12-subiteration thinning algorithm. Graph Models Image Process 61:199–221CrossRef Palágyi K, Kuba A (1999) A parallel 3D 12-subiteration thinning algorithm. Graph Models Image Process 61:199–221CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB, Majumder DD (1997) A new shape preserving parallel thinning algorithm for 3D digital images. Patt Recog 30:1939–1955CrossRef Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB, Majumder DD (1997) A new shape preserving parallel thinning algorithm for 3D digital images. Patt Recog 30:1939–1955CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Arcelli C, Sanniti di Baja G (1985) A width-independent fast thinning algorithm. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 7:463–474CrossRef Arcelli C, Sanniti di Baja G (1985) A width-independent fast thinning algorithm. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 7:463–474CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Sanniti di Baja G (1994) Well-shaped, stable, and reversible skeletons from the (3,4)-distance transform. J Vis Commun Image Represent 5:107–115CrossRef Sanniti di Baja G (1994) Well-shaped, stable, and reversible skeletons from the (3,4)-distance transform. J Vis Commun Image Represent 5:107–115CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Borgefors G, Nyström I, Sanniti di Baja G (1999) Computing skeletons in three dimensions. Pattern Recogn 32:1225–1236CrossRef Borgefors G, Nyström I, Sanniti di Baja G (1999) Computing skeletons in three dimensions. Pattern Recogn 32:1225–1236CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Jin D, Saha PK (2013) A new fuzzy skeletonization algorithm and its applications to medical imaging. In: Proceeding of the 17th international conference image anal proc (ICIAP), Naples, Italy, LNCS 8156, 662–671 Jin D, Saha PK (2013) A new fuzzy skeletonization algorithm and its applications to medical imaging. In: Proceeding of the 17th international conference image anal proc (ICIAP), Naples, Italy, LNCS 8156, 662–671
25.
go back to reference Saha PK, Jin D, Liu Y, Christensen GE, Chen C (2018) Fuzzy object skeletonization: theory, algorithms, and applications. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 24:2298–2314CrossRef Saha PK, Jin D, Liu Y, Christensen GE, Chen C (2018) Fuzzy object skeletonization: theory, algorithms, and applications. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 24:2298–2314CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Borgefors G (1986) Distance transformations in digital images. Comput Vis Graph Image Process 34:344–371CrossRef Borgefors G (1986) Distance transformations in digital images. Comput Vis Graph Image Process 34:344–371CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Saha PK, Xu Y, Duan H, Heiner A, Liang G (2010) Volumetric topological analysis: a novel approach for trabecular bone classification on the continuum between plates and rods. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 29:1821–1838CrossRef Saha PK, Xu Y, Duan H, Heiner A, Liang G (2010) Volumetric topological analysis: a novel approach for trabecular bone classification on the continuum between plates and rods. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 29:1821–1838CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Arcelli C, Sanniti di Baja G, Serino L (2011) Distance-driven skeletonization in voxel images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33:709–720CrossRef Arcelli C, Sanniti di Baja G, Serino L (2011) Distance-driven skeletonization in voxel images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33:709–720CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB (1994) Detection of 3-D simple points for topology preserving transformations with application to thinning. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 16:1028–1032CrossRef Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB (1994) Detection of 3-D simple points for topology preserving transformations with application to thinning. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 16:1028–1032CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB, Chanda B, Majumder DD (1994) Topology preservation in 3D digital space. Pattern Recogn 27:295–300CrossRef Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB, Chanda B, Majumder DD (1994) Topology preservation in 3D digital space. Pattern Recogn 27:295–300CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Arcelli C, Sanniti di Baja G (1988) Finding local maxima in a pseudo- Euclidean distance transform. Comput Vis Graph Image Process 43:361–367CrossRef Arcelli C, Sanniti di Baja G (1988) Finding local maxima in a pseudo- Euclidean distance transform. Comput Vis Graph Image Process 43:361–367CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Borgefors G (1993) Centres of maximal discs in the 5-7-11 distance transform. In: Proceeding of the 8th Scandinavian conference on image analysis, Tromsø, Norway, pp 105–111 Borgefors G (1993) Centres of maximal discs in the 5-7-11 distance transform. In: Proceeding of the 8th Scandinavian conference on image analysis, Tromsø, Norway, pp 105–111
33.
go back to reference Saha PK, Wehrli FW, Gomberg BR (2002) Fuzzy distance transform: theory, algorithms, and applications. Comput Vis Image Underst 86:171–190MATHCrossRef Saha PK, Wehrli FW, Gomberg BR (2002) Fuzzy distance transform: theory, algorithms, and applications. Comput Vis Image Underst 86:171–190MATHCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Jin D, Chen C, Saha PK (2015) Filtering non-significant quench points using collision impact in grassfire propagation. In: Murino V, Puppo E (eds) Proceedings of the 18th international conference imag anal proc (ICIAP), Genoa, Italy, vol 9279, pp 432–443 Jin D, Chen C, Saha PK (2015) Filtering non-significant quench points using collision impact in grassfire propagation. In: Murino V, Puppo E (eds) Proceedings of the 18th international conference imag anal proc (ICIAP), Genoa, Italy, vol 9279, pp 432–443
35.
go back to reference Morgenthaler DG (1981) Three-dimensional simple points: serial erosion, parallel thinning and skeletonization, Computer Vision Laboratory. University of Maryland, College Park, MD Morgenthaler DG (1981) Three-dimensional simple points: serial erosion, parallel thinning and skeletonization, Computer Vision Laboratory. University of Maryland, College Park, MD
36.
go back to reference Saha PK, Chanda B, Majumder DD (1991) Principles and algorithms for 2-D and 3-D shrinking. Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India, TR/KBCS/2/91 Saha PK, Chanda B, Majumder DD (1991) Principles and algorithms for 2-D and 3-D shrinking. Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India, TR/KBCS/2/91
37.
go back to reference Saha PK (1991) 2D thinning algorithms and 3D shrinking. INRIA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France Saha PK (1991) 2D thinning algorithms and 3D shrinking. INRIA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
38.
go back to reference Bertrand G, Malandain G (1994) A new characterization of three-dimensional simple points. Pattern Recogn Lett 15:169–175MATHCrossRef Bertrand G, Malandain G (1994) A new characterization of three-dimensional simple points. Pattern Recogn Lett 15:169–175MATHCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Kong TY (1997) Topology-preserving deletion of 1's from 2-, 3-and 4-dimensional binary images. In: Proceeding of the international workshop on discrete geometry for computer imagery. Montpellier, France, 1–18 Kong TY (1997) Topology-preserving deletion of 1's from 2-, 3-and 4-dimensional binary images. In: Proceeding of the international workshop on discrete geometry for computer imagery. Montpellier, France, 1–18
40.
go back to reference Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB (1996) 3D digital topology under binary transformation with applications. Comput Vis Imag Und 63:418–429CrossRef Saha PK, Chaudhuri BB (1996) 3D digital topology under binary transformation with applications. Comput Vis Imag Und 63:418–429CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Saha PK, Gomberg BR, Wehrli FW (2000) Three-dimensional digital topological characterization of cancellous bone architecture. Int J Imag Syst Tech 11:81–90CrossRef Saha PK, Gomberg BR, Wehrli FW (2000) Three-dimensional digital topological characterization of cancellous bone architecture. Int J Imag Syst Tech 11:81–90CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Dudley-Javoroski S, Saha PK, Liang G, Li C, Gao Z, Shields RK (2012) High dose compressive loads attenuate bone mineral loss in humans with spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int 23:2335–2346CrossRef Dudley-Javoroski S, Saha PK, Liang G, Li C, Gao Z, Shields RK (2012) High dose compressive loads attenuate bone mineral loss in humans with spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int 23:2335–2346CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Lam SC, Wald MJ, Rajapakse CS, Liu Y, Saha PK, Wehrli FW (2011) Performance of the MRI-based virtual bone biopsy in the distal radius: serial reproducibility and reliability of structural and mechanical parameters in women representative of osteoporosis study populations. Bone 49:895–903CrossRef Lam SC, Wald MJ, Rajapakse CS, Liu Y, Saha PK, Wehrli FW (2011) Performance of the MRI-based virtual bone biopsy in the distal radius: serial reproducibility and reliability of structural and mechanical parameters in women representative of osteoporosis study populations. Bone 49:895–903CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Chang G, Pakin SK, Schweitzer ME, Saha PK, Regatte RR (2008) Adaptations in trabecular bone microarchitecture in Olympic athletes determined by 7T MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 27:1089–1095CrossRef Chang G, Pakin SK, Schweitzer ME, Saha PK, Regatte RR (2008) Adaptations in trabecular bone microarchitecture in Olympic athletes determined by 7T MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 27:1089–1095CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Wehrli FW, Gomberg BR, Saha PK, Song HK, Hwang SN, Snyder PJ (2001) Digital topological analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance microimages of trabecular bone reveals structural implications of osteoporosis. J Bone Min Res 16:1520–1531CrossRef Wehrli FW, Gomberg BR, Saha PK, Song HK, Hwang SN, Snyder PJ (2001) Digital topological analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance microimages of trabecular bone reveals structural implications of osteoporosis. J Bone Min Res 16:1520–1531CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Liu XS, Sajda P, Saha PK, Wehrli FW, Bevill G, Keaveny TM, Guo XE (2008) Complete volumetric decomposition of individual trabecular plates and rods and its morphological correlations with anisotropic elastic moduli in human trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res 23:223–235CrossRef Liu XS, Sajda P, Saha PK, Wehrli FW, Bevill G, Keaveny TM, Guo XE (2008) Complete volumetric decomposition of individual trabecular plates and rods and its morphological correlations with anisotropic elastic moduli in human trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res 23:223–235CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Malandain G, Bertrand G, Ayache N (1993) Topological segmentation of discrete surfaces. Int J Comput Vis 10:183–197CrossRef Malandain G, Bertrand G, Ayache N (1993) Topological segmentation of discrete surfaces. Int J Comput Vis 10:183–197CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Serino L, Arcelli C, Di Baja GS (2014) Decomposing 3d objects in simple parts characterized by rectilinear spines. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 28 Serino L, Arcelli C, Di Baja GS (2014) Decomposing 3d objects in simple parts characterized by rectilinear spines. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 28
49.
go back to reference Krug R, Burghardt AJ, Majumdar S, Link TM (2010) High-resolution imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis. Radiol Clin North Am 48:601–621CrossRef Krug R, Burghardt AJ, Majumdar S, Link TM (2010) High-resolution imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis. Radiol Clin North Am 48:601–621CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Liu Y, Jin D, Li C, Janz KF, Burns TL, Torner JC, Levy SM, Saha PK (2014) A robust algorithm for thickness computation at low resolution and its application to in vivo trabecular bone CT imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 61:2057–2069CrossRef Liu Y, Jin D, Li C, Janz KF, Burns TL, Torner JC, Levy SM, Saha PK (2014) A robust algorithm for thickness computation at low resolution and its application to in vivo trabecular bone CT imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 61:2057–2069CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Chang G, Xia D, Chen C, Madelin G, Abramson SB, Babb JS, Saha PK, Regatte RR (2015) 7T MRI detects deterioration in subchondral bone microarchitecture in subjects with mild knee osteoarthritis as compared with healthy controls. J Magn Reson Imaging 41:1311–1317CrossRef Chang G, Xia D, Chen C, Madelin G, Abramson SB, Babb JS, Saha PK, Regatte RR (2015) 7T MRI detects deterioration in subchondral bone microarchitecture in subjects with mild knee osteoarthritis as compared with healthy controls. J Magn Reson Imaging 41:1311–1317CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Chang G, Rajapakse CS, Chen C, Welbeck A, Egol K, Regatte RR, Saha PK, Honig S (2018) 3-T MR imaging of proximal femur microarchitecture in subjects with and without fragility fracture and nonosteoporotic proximal femur bone mineral density. Radiology 287:608–619CrossRef Chang G, Rajapakse CS, Chen C, Welbeck A, Egol K, Regatte RR, Saha PK, Honig S (2018) 3-T MR imaging of proximal femur microarchitecture in subjects with and without fragility fracture and nonosteoporotic proximal femur bone mineral density. Radiology 287:608–619CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Chen C, Jin D, Liu Y, Wehrli FW, Chang G, Snyder PJ, Regatte RR, Saha PK (2016) Trabecular bone characterization on the continuum of plates and rods using in vivo MR imaging and volumetric topological analysis. Phys Med Biol 61:N478–N496CrossRef Chen C, Jin D, Liu Y, Wehrli FW, Chang G, Snyder PJ, Regatte RR, Saha PK (2016) Trabecular bone characterization on the continuum of plates and rods using in vivo MR imaging and volumetric topological analysis. Phys Med Biol 61:N478–N496CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Dudley-Javoroski S, Petrie MA, McHenry CL, Amelon RE, Saha PK, Shields RK (2015) Bone architecture adaptations after spinal cord injury: impact of long-term vibration of a constrained lower limb. Osteoporos Int, pp 1–12 Dudley-Javoroski S, Petrie MA, McHenry CL, Amelon RE, Saha PK, Shields RK (2015) Bone architecture adaptations after spinal cord injury: impact of long-term vibration of a constrained lower limb. Osteoporos Int, pp 1–12
56.
go back to reference Saha PK, Liu Y, Chen C, Jin D, Letuchy EM, Xu Z, Amelon RE, Burns TL, Torner JC, Levy SM, Calarge CA (2015) Characterization of trabecular bone plate-rod microarchitecture using multirow detector CT and the tensor scale: algorithms, validation, and applications to pilot human studies. Med Phys 42:5410–5425CrossRef Saha PK, Liu Y, Chen C, Jin D, Letuchy EM, Xu Z, Amelon RE, Burns TL, Torner JC, Levy SM, Calarge CA (2015) Characterization of trabecular bone plate-rod microarchitecture using multirow detector CT and the tensor scale: algorithms, validation, and applications to pilot human studies. Med Phys 42:5410–5425CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Zhang X, Comellas AP, Regan EA, Guha I, Shibli‐Rahhal A, Rubin MR, DiCamillo PA, Letuchy EM, Barr RG, Hoffman EA (2021) Quantitative CT‐based methods for bone microstructural measures and their relationships with vertebral fractures in a pilot study on smokers. JBMR Plus 5:10484 Zhang X, Comellas AP, Regan EA, Guha I, Shibli‐Rahhal A, Rubin MR, DiCamillo PA, Letuchy EM, Barr RG, Hoffman EA (2021) Quantitative CT‐based methods for bone microstructural measures and their relationships with vertebral fractures in a pilot study on smokers. JBMR Plus 5:10484
58.
go back to reference Holman M, Chang G, Ghatas M, Saha P, Zhang X, Khan M, Sima A, Adler R, Gorgey A (2021) Bone and non-contractile soft tissue changes following open kinetic chain resistance training and testosterone treatment in spinal cord injury: an exploratory study. Osteoporos Int, pp 1–12 Holman M, Chang G, Ghatas M, Saha P, Zhang X, Khan M, Sima A, Adler R, Gorgey A (2021) Bone and non-contractile soft tissue changes following open kinetic chain resistance training and testosterone treatment in spinal cord injury: an exploratory study. Osteoporos Int, pp 1–12
59.
go back to reference Saha PK, Oweis RR, Zhang X, Letuchy E, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, Warren JJ, Janz KF, Torner JC, Snetselaar LG (2021) Effects of fluoride intake on cortical and trabecular bone microstructure at early adulthood using multi-row detector computed tomography (MDCT). Bone 146:115882 Saha PK, Oweis RR, Zhang X, Letuchy E, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, Warren JJ, Janz KF, Torner JC, Snetselaar LG (2021) Effects of fluoride intake on cortical and trabecular bone microstructure at early adulthood using multi-row detector computed tomography (MDCT). Bone 146:115882
Metadata
Title
Skeletonization and Its Application to Quantitative Structural Imaging
Author
Punam K. Saha
Copyright Year
2023
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0105-8_23