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Published in:
Definition of Economic Effects, Necessity of Measurement, Prototype Model, and Externalities Read chapter Read first chapter

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Social Costs and the Measurement

Author : Hirotada Kohno

Published in: Economic Effects of Public Investment

Publisher: Springer Japan

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Abstract

Concerning social costs, in Japan, many disputants have already argued, so the terminology of social costs has been used generally.,

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previous chapter Formation Process of Marshallian External Economies: Number 3—Technological and Marketable Propagation/Diffusion of the “Technological External Economies”
next chapter Measurement of Evaluation Rate of Public Pollution (Noise)
Footnotes
1
Oishi [11, 12], Uzawa [18, 19], and Nakamura [8].
 
2
W. Michalski [7], Onoue and Iio [17], etc.
 
3
Hisao Onoue and Kaname Iio [17]; W. Michalski [7].
 
4
Let me introduce an anecdote showing the celebrity of Prof. H. Uzawa. When I was sent to attend the 11th World Congress of International Economics Association (IEA) held at Tunis, Republic of Tunisia, on December 1995, by the Science Council of Japan, I met an infrequent phenomenon; there was a large attendance beyond expectation to Prof. Uzawa’s session; the room for the session changed in a hurry to the larger one, but the 2nd room could not yet accommodate the listeners, so the lecture room was changed again to the largest one. This happening shows how prominent Prof. Uzawa is, especially to younger associate professors and postdoctorate audiences.
 
5
The measurement of social costs will be tried to extract like bird’s-eye view from the definitive edition so as to introduce faithfully as much as possible.
So that the prospect as a whole should be superb, the explanation will be treated comprehensively in accordance with “Flow Chart of Measurement,” and on the other hand, the explanation of the body run in background of every Table narrowed to the point.
Moreover, the details of estimated equations accepted and the research process are all omitted. So, those who intend to understand all the contents perfectly must as well be examined, going back to the original paper [16].
If the social costs are gotten in shape, putting focus on these abridged estimating equations, calculation processes accumulated, etc., a good paper from the technical viewpoint will be written.
I pray that such an introduction should go along with late Profs Y. Oishi and Y. Okano’s part of wishes.
 
6
Here, what is Okano group? It was a tentative group who had done the study and measurement of social costs, under the l eadership of Prof. Genpachiro Konno and Prof. Yasuhiko Oishi at the Japan Transport Policy Research Office, whose members consisted of Yukihide Okano, high government official from the Ministry of Construction, researcher from the Japan Highway Public Corporation, Hirotada Kohno, and Katsuyuki Kurashimo, as being ascertained from the writer’s list (p. 301) of Treatise on Modern Automobile Transport [4].
 
7
The seven lines of making the process of every unit costs are omitted.
 
8
At this point, the explanation of 18 lines about the calculating formula is omitted.
 
9
The explanation of the formula for accumulating noise reduction costs equivalent to 17 lines is omitted.
 
10
The 20 lines of calculation process are omitted.
 
11
It = that.
 
12
There is the estimating process of running vehicle/kilometer by area, the 18 lines and table of which are omitted.
 
13
$$ 21,000\fallingdotseq 28,800-7520 $$
$$ 34,000\fallingdotseq 41,700-7520 $$
$$ 113,000\fallingdotseq 120,800-7520 $$
$$ 203,000\fallingdotseq 210,100-7520. $$
 
14
$$ 12,000\fallingdotseq 41,700-30,237 $$
$$ 4000\fallingdotseq \left(41,700 + 28,800 + 31,600\right)\hbox{--} \left(30,237\times 3\right) $$
$$ 7520\fallingdotseq 61,899-54,379 $$
$$ 30,237\fallingdotseq 74,121-43.884 $$
 
Literature
1.
Kohno, Hirotada. 1979. Definitions of social costs. In Treatise on modern automobile transport, ed. Genpachiro Konno and Yukihide Okano, 150–156. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Press.
2.
Kohno, Hirotada. 1979. Valuation of social benefits. In Treatise on modern automobile transport, ed. Genpachiro Konno and Yukihide Okano, 108–132. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Press.
3.
Kohno, Hirotada, and Yoshiro Higano. 1976. Concepts of social costs and the environmental merkmal. Expressways and Automobiles 19(7): 27–39.
4.
Konno, Genpachiro, and Okano Yukihide (eds.). 1979. Treatise on modern automobile transport. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Press.
5.
Leber, Georg. 1967. Verkehrspolitisches Programm für die Jabre 1968 bis 1972 (von der Bundes regierung beschlossen). No. 576, November 8 (The Ministry of Transport, Ministerial Secretariat, Distribution⋅Planning Office, New Transport Policy Programme)
6.
Meade, J.E. 1952. External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation. Economic Journal 62(245): 54–67.CrossRef
7.
Michalski, Wolfgang. 1965. Grundlegung eines Operationalen Konzepts der “social costs,”. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
8.
Nakamura, Mitsugu. 1979. True nature of social cost. In Treatise on modern automobile transport, ed. Genpachiro Konno and Yukihide Okano, 132–150. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Press.
9.
Negishi, Takashi, et al. 1971. Price Theory II. Tokyo: Iwanami-Shoten.
10.
Negishi, Takashi. 1973. Economics of highway. Expressways and Automobiles 16(9): 1–7.
11.
Oishi, Yasuhiko. 1974. On the social costs of the auto—Critical memorandum against the argument of Mr. Uzawa. Expressways and Automobiles 17(5): 26–34.
12.
Oishi, Yasuhiko. 1972. Self-examination and the prospect of pollution argument. In Pollution and economic policy, The annual of Japan economic policy association, vol. XX, ed. Japan Economic Policy Association, 40–52. Tokyo: Keiso-shobo.
13.
Oishi, Yasuhiko. 1976. Economic policy and value judgment. The Economic Studies Quarterly 27(1): 1–12.
14.
Oishi, Yasuhiko. 1974. Comment on Uzawa paper: On the social costs of auto, JTPRO series (Nikkoken News), vol. 10. Tokyo: Japan Transport Policy Research Office.
15.
Oishi, Yasuhiko. 1971. Benefit-cost analysis of the auto transport (1)–(5), easy economics, The Nikkei, August 12th–15th.
16.
Okano Working Group. 1979. Measurement of social costs and the problem. In Treatise on modern automobile transport, ed. Genpachiro Konno and Yukihide Okano, 156–186. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Press.
17.
Onoue, Hisao, and Kaname Iio (translated). 1969. Syakaiteki hiyōron (Treatise on social costs), Nihon Hyoron Sha (Japanese version of Michalski, Wolfgang. 1965. Grundlegung eines Operationalen Konzepts der “social costs”).
18.
Uzawa, Hirofumi, 1974. Social costs of automobile (Iwanami-Shinsho). Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
19.
Uzawa, Hirofumi. 1973. The social costs of automobile transport. Kogai Kenkyu (Pollution Study) 3(2): 47–53.
20.
Uzawa, Hirofumi. 1974. Social costs of automobile. Chuo-koron 89(1): 54–76.
21.
Ishizuki, Shoji. 1971. On equal footing. Synthetic Distribution Reader 15: 5–41.
22.
Japan Automobile Manufactures Association Inc. 1968. Social costs of motor—Counterproposal for Ishizuki paper. A Research Project of Japan Automobile Manufactures Association Inc. of 1968.
23.
Itagaki, Yoichi. 1955. Economic nationalism. In Large dictionary of economics II, ed. Ichiro Nakayama, 432–437. Tokyo: Tōyōkeizai-shinposha.
Metadata
Title
Social Costs and the Measurement
Author
Hirotada Kohno
Copyright Year
2016
Publisher
Springer Japan
Book
Economic Effects of Public Investment

Print ISBN: 978-4-431-55223-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-4-431-55224-6

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55224-6_6