Top

Published in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. Soil Nailing: An Effective Slope Stabilization Technique

Authors : Mahesh Sharma, Manojit Samanta, Shantanu Sarkar

Published in: Landslides: Theory, Practice and Modelling

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The present chapter discusses the soil nailing technique as an effective stabilization measure for slopes, excavations, rail or road embankments, tunnels and retaining walls. Different aspects of the technique such as favorable ground conditions, advantages and limitations over other methods have been reported. Further, different installation process, failure modes of soil nailed structures, design philosophies, effects of various construction parameters on the design method has been discussed in detail. The pullout response of the soil nail is the critical parameter for the soil nail design. Analytical, numerical, field and lab testing procedures are usually used to determine the pullout capacity of the soil nail. A chronological literature review examines the influence of various parameters such as grouting pressure, overburden pressure, soil dilation, degree of saturation, roughness of the nail surface and borehole on pullout capacity of soil nail. A comparative study based on different types of experimental setup reported in the literature along with the innovative pullout system developed at CSIR-CBRI for determination of pullout capacity of soil nail has also been summarized. The last section briefly describes the recent advancements in the soil nail technique and its beneficial effects over the conventional soil nailing system.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Landslide Susceptibility Mapping, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment for Development of Early Warning Systems in India

next chapter Bioengineering as an Effective and Ecofriendly Soil Slope Stabilization Method: A Review

Watkins AT, Powell GE (1992) Soil nailing to existing slopes as landslip preventive works. Hong Kong Eng 20:20–27

Federal Highway Administration (2015) Geotechnical engineering circular No. 7: soil nail walls – reference manual. FHWA Rep. No. FHWA-NHI-14-007, Washington, DC

Yim KP, Watkins AT, Powell GE (1988) Insitu groundreinforcement for slope improvement in Hong Kong. Proc., International Geotechnical Symp. on theory and Practice of Earth Reinforcement, Fukuoka, Japan, pp 363–368

Chan RKS (2005) Safe and green slopes—the holistic Hong Kong approach. In Safe and green slopes. Proceedings of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, Geotechnical Division annual seminar, vol 4, pp 1–26

Milligan GWE, Tei K (1998) The pull-out resistance of model soil nails. Soils Found 38(2):179–190

Burland JB (2002) Reliability of soil nailed slopes in Hong Kong. Geotech Eng Off Hong Kong Gov, Hong Kong

Lazarte CA, Baecher GB, Withiam JL (2003) New directions in LRFD for soil nailing design and specifications. In Proceedings of the international workshop on limit state design in geotechnical engineering practice (LSD 2003), Cambridge, MA, vol 26

Chu LM, Yin JH (2005) Comparison of interface shear strength of soil nails measured by both direct shear box tests and pullout tests. J Geotech Geoenviron 131(9):1097–1107

Pradhan B, Tham LG, Yue ZQ et al (2006) Soil–nail pullout interaction in loose fill materials. Int J of Geomech 6(4):238–247

10.

Su LJ, Chan TC, Shiu YK et al (2007) Influence of degree of saturation on soil nail pull-out resistance in compacted completely decomposed granite fill. Can Geotech J 44(11):p1314–p1328

11.

Su LJ, Chan TC, Yin JH et al (2008) Influence of overburden pressure on soil–nail pullout resistance in a compacted fill. J geotech geo environ eng 134(9):p1339–p1347

12.

Yin JH, Su LJ, Cheung RWM et al (2009) The influence of grouting pressure on the pullout resistance of soil nails in compacted completely decomposed granite fill. Geotechnique 59(2):103–113

13.

Yin JH, Zhou WH (2009) Influence of grouting pressure and overburden stress on the interface resistance of a soil nail. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(9):1198–1208

14.

Zhang LL, Zhang LM, Tang WH (2009) Uncertainties of field pullout resistance of soil nails. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(7):966–972

15.

Zhou WH, Yuen KV, Tan F (2012) Estimation of maximum pullout shear stress of grouted soil nails using Bayesian probabilistic approach. Int J Geomech 13(5):659–664

16.

Rabcewicz L (1964a) The new Austrian tunnelling method. Part I, Water Power 16(11):453–457

17.

Rabcewicz L (1964b) The new Austrian tunnelling method. Part II, Water Power 16(12):511–515

18.

Rabcewicz L (1965) The new Austrian tunnelling method. Part III, Water Power 17(1):19–24

19.

Stocker MF, Korber GW, Gassler G, et al (1979) Soil nailing. C.R. Col. Int. Reinforced des. Sols. Paris, pp 469–474

20.

GEO (2008) Guide to soil nail design and construction (Geoguide 7). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department, Hong Kong, p 97

21.

Cornforth DH (2005) Landslides in practice: investigation, analysis, and remedial/preventative options in soils. Wiley, New York

22.

Khalil M, Rhodes M, Daly J, Ferris J (1998) Soil nail walls in residual soils. In: Soil improvement for big digs, In geotechnical special publication. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, pp 214–225

23.

Sheahan TC (2000) A field study of soil nails in clay at the University of Massachusetts—Amhurst national geotechnical experimentation site. In: Benoıt J, Lutenegger AJ (eds) National geotechnical experimentation sites, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 93. ASCE, Reston, pp 250–263

24.

Gassler G, Gudehus G (1981) Soil nailing-some aspects of new technique. In: Proceedings of tenth ICSMFE. Balk-ema, Stockholm, pp 943–962

25.

Gassler G (1988) Soil-nailing — theoretical basis and practical design. In: Miura N, Ochiai H, Yamanouchi T (eds) Proceedings of the international geotechnical symposium on theory and practice of earth reinforcement, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan, October 1988. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 283–288

26.

Stocker MN, Riedinger G (1990) The bearing behaviour of nailed retaining structures. In: Lambe PC, Hansen LA (eds) Proceedings of design and performance of earth retaining structures, Geotechnical Special Publication, vol 25. ASCE, New York, pp 612–628

27.

Juran I, George B, Khalid F, Elias V (1988) Kinematical limit analysis approach for the design of nailed soil retaining structures. In: Proceedings of the geotechnical symposium on theory and practice of earth reinforcement, Japan. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 301–306

28.

FHWA (2003) Geotechnical engineering circular No 7—soil nail walls, Report FHWA0-IF-03–017. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC

29.

Su LJ, (2006) Laboratory pullout testing study on soil nails in compacted completely decomposed granite fill

30.

Byrne RJ, Cotton D, Porterfield J et al (1998) Manual for design and construction monitoring of soil nail walls, No. FHWA-SA-96-069R. Federal Highway. Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC

31.

Schlosser F (1982) Behaviour and design of soil nailing. Proc. Symp. on recent developments in ground improvement techniques, Bangkok, 399–413

32.

Barley AD, Maddison JD, Jones DB (1997) The use Of soil nails for the stabilization of a new cutting for the realignment ff the 237 A4059 at Lletty Turner Bends. Ground improvement geosystems: densification and reinforcement. Proceedings of the third international conference on ground improvement geosystems, London, 3–5 June 1997, p 459–467

33.

Tei K, TAYLOR NR, Milligan GW (1998) Centrifuge model tests of nailed soil slopes. Soils Found 38(2):165–177

34.

Luo SQ, Tan SA, Yong KY (2000) Pull-out resistance mechanism of a soil nail reinforcement in dilative soils. Soils Found 40(1):47–56

35.

Luo SQ, TANT S, Cheang W et al (2002) Elastoplastic analysis of pull-out resistance of soil. Ground Improvement 6(4):153–161

36.

Franzen G (1998) A laboratory and field study of pullout capacity. Doctoral thesis, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

37.

Junaideen SM, Tham LG, Law KT (2004) Laboratory study of soil-nail interaction in loose, completely decomposed granite. Can Geotech J 41(2):274–286

38.

Schlosser F, Guilloux A (1981) Le frottement dens les sols. Revue Francaise de Geotechnique 16:65–77

39.

Cartier G, Gigan JP (1983) Experiments and observations on soil nailing structures. In Proceedings of the Eight European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ECSMFE), Helsinki, Vol. 2, p 473–476

40.

Jewell RA, Pedley MJ (1990) Soil nailing design: the role of bending stiffness. Ground Eng 23(2)

41.

HA 68/94 (1994). Front-face pull-out in the absence of facing elements or wrap-round reinforcement. Geotechniques and Drainage, Section 1 Earthworks, Vol.4, Part 4

42.

Potyondy JG (1961) Skin friction between various soils and construction materials. Geotechnique 11(4):339–353

43.

Wong HY (1995) Soil nails design manual for slopes (with worked example). Architectural Services Department, Hong Kong

44.

Heymann G, Rohde AW, Schwartz K et al (1992) Soil nail pullout resistance in residual soils. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on earth reinforcement practice, Kyushu, Japan, vol 1, pp 487–492

45.

Mecsi J (1997) Some practical and theoretical aspects of grouted soil anchors. In Ground anchorages and anchored structures: Proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in London, UK, on 20–21 March 1997, Thomas Telford Publishing, p 119–130

46.

Smith IM, Su N (1997) Three-dimensional FE analysis of a nailed soil wall curved in plan. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 21(9):583–597

47.

Benhamida B, Unterreiner P, Schlosser F (1997) Numerical analysis of a full scale experimental soil nailed wall. Proc. 3rd int. conf. on ground improvement geosystems, London, p 452–8

48.

Kim JS, Kim JY, Lee SR (1997) Analysis of soil nailed earth slope by discrete element method. Comput Geotech 20(1):1–14

49.

Su LJ, Yin JH, Zhou WH (2010) Influences of overburden pressure and soil dilation on soil nail pull-out resistance. Comput Geotech 37(4):555–564

50.

Shafiee S (1986) Numerical simulation of the behaviour of soil nailing. Interaction of soil nail and behaviour of the structure. PhD Thesis, Paris

51.

Babu GLS, BRS M, Srinivas A (2002) Analysis of construction factors influencing the behavior of soil nailed earth retaining walls. Ground Improv 6(3):137–143

52.

Yeo KC, Lo SR, Yin JH (2007) Installation method and overburden pressure on soil nail pullout test. New Horizons in Earth Reinforcement. In: Otani J, Miyata Y, Mukunoki T (eds) Proc., 5th Int. Symp. on Earth Reinforcement. Taylor and Francis, Kyushu, pp 321–327

53.

Li KS, Lo SR (2007) Discussion of comparison of interface shear strength of soil nails measured by both direct shear box tests and pullout tests by Lok-Man Chu and Jian-hua Yin. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(3):344–346

54.

Tei K (1993) A Study of soil nailing in sand. PhD thesis, University of Oxford, London

55.

Pradhan B (2003) Study of pullout behaviour of soil nails in completely decomposed granite fill. M.Phil thesis, The University of Hong Kong

56.

Yin JH, Su LJ (2006) An innovative laboratory box for testing nail pull-out resistance in soil. ASTM Geotech Test J 29:451

57.

Wu JY, Zhang ZM (2009) Evaluations of pullout resistance of grouted soil nails. In slope stability, retaining walls, and foundations: Selected papers from the 2009 Geo Hunan International Conference, p 108–114

58.

Samanta M, Sharma M, Punetha P et al (2017) Pullout capacity of soil nails in cohesionless soil and its constitutive modelling, Conference on Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics. IIT Roorkee, India

59.

Sharma M, Samanta M, Sarkar S (2016) A study on comparison of pullout behavior of helical and conventional driven soil nails. In. proceeding of International Geotechnical Engineering Conference on Sustainability in Geotechnical Engineering Practices and Related Urban Issues, Mumbai, India, (Submission number: 133)

60.

Sharma M, Samanta M, Sarkar S et al (2017) A laboratory study on inclined pullout capacity of helical anchors in sand medium. Proceeding of Sixth Indian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference (6IYGEC2017) NIT Trichy, India, 10–11th March, 2017

61.

Pedley MJ (1990) The performance of soil reinforcement in bending and shear (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford)

62.

Clouterre (1991) Recommendations Clouterre 1991. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration

63.

Plumelle BC, Schlosser F, Delage P et al (1990) French national research project on soil nailing Clouterre. In: Proceedings of a conference on design and performance of earth retaining structures, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 25, Ithaca, USA, pp 660–675

64.

Hong CY, Zhang YF, Guo JW et al (2015) Experimental study on the influence of drillhole roughness on the pullout resistance of model soil nails. Int J Geomech 16(2):04015047

65.

Wernick E (1978) Stress and strain on the surface of anchors. Revue Fracaise de geotechnical, n°3, Janvier 3:113–119

66.

Schlosser F, Jacobsen HM, Juran I (1983) General report—soil reinforcement, specialty session 5. In: Proceedings of the 8th European conference on soil mechanics and Foundation Engineering, vol 3, Espoo, Finland, pp 1159–1180

67.

Palmeira EM, Milligan GWE (1989) Scale and other factors affecting the results of pull-out tests of grids buried in sand. Geotechnique 39(3):511–542

67.

Farrag K, Acar YB, Juran I (1993) Pull-out resistance of geogrids reinforcements. Geotext Geomembr 12(2):133–159

69.

Chai XJ, Hayashi S (2005) Effect of constrained dilatancy on pull-out resistance of nails in sandy clay. Ground Improv 9(3):127–135

70.

Guilloux A, Schlosser F, Long NT (1979) Etude du frottement sable-armature en laboratoire. Proc. of Int. Conf. of Soil Reinforcement, Paris, France, pp 35–40

71.

Wang Z, Richwien W (2002) A study of soil-reinforcement interface friction. J Geotech Geoenviron 128(1):92–94

72.

Juran I (1985) Reinforced soil systems-application in retaining structures. Geotech Eng 16(1):39–82

73.

Yin JH, Hong CY, Zhou WH (2011) Simplified analytical method for calculating the maximum shear stress of nail-soil interface. Int J Geomech 12(3):309–317

74.

Schlosser F, Guilloux A (1981) Le frottement dans le renforcement des sols. Rev Fr Géotech 16:65

75.

CIRIA (2005) Soil nailing – best practice guidance, Report No C637, p286. Construction Industry Research & Information Association, London

76.

Juran I, Elias V (1991) Ground anchors and soil nails in retaining structures. In Foundation engineering handbook. Springer, US, pp 868–905

77.

Kim Y, Lee S, Jeong S et al (2013) The effect of pressure-grouted soil nails on the stability of weathered soil slopes. Comput Geotech 49:253–263

78.

Elias V, Juran I (1989) Soil nailing for stabilization of highway slopes and excavations, Report FHWA-RD-89-198. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC

79.

Elias V, Juran I (1991) Soil nailing for stabilization of highway slopes and excavations, Technical report FHWA-RD-89- 198. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC

80.

Patra CR, Basudhar PK (2005) Optimum design of nailed soil slopes. Geotech Geol Eng 23(3):273–296

81.

Yeung AT, Cheng YM, Lau CK et al (2005) An innovative Korean system of pressure grouted soil nailing as a slope stabilization measure. The HKIE Geotechnical Division 25th annual seminar, Hong Kong, vol 1, pp 43–49

82.

Dai ZH, Guo WD, Zheng GX et al (2016) Moso bamboo soil-nailed wall and its 3D nonlinear numerical analysis. Int J Geomech 16(5):04016012

83.

Zhu HH, Yin JH, Yeung AT (2010) Field pullout testing and performance evaluation of GFRP soil nails. J Geotech Geoenviron 137(7):633–642

84.

Yeung AT, Cheng YM, Tham LG (2007) Field evaluation of a glass-fiber soil reinforcement system. J Perform Constr Facil ASCE 21(1):26–34

85.

Cheng YM, Au SK, Yeung AT (2015) Laboratory and field evaluation of several types of soil nails for different geological conditions. Can Geotech J 53(4):634–645

86.

Aziz ES, Stephens TJ (2013) Cost and schedule savings from directly-driven soil nail and snnovative fascia systems. In: Geo-Congress. Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments III, pp 1704–1718

87.

Spagnoli G, Gavin K (2015) Helical piles as a novel foundation system for offshore piled facilities. Proceedings of Abu Dhabi international petroleum exhibition and conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Abu Dhabi, UAE 2015, November 9–12. https://doi.org/10.2118/177604-MS

88.

Spagnoli G (2016) A CPT-based model to predict the installation torque of helical piles in sand. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 35(4):1–8

89.

Perko HA (2009) Helical piles: a practical guide to design and installation. Wiley, Hoboken

90.

FSI (2014) Technical manual: helical piles and anchors, hydraulically driven push piers, polyurethane injection & supplemental support systems, 2nd edn. Foundation Support Works, Omaha, pp 33–39

91.

Tokhi H, Ren G, Li J (2016) Laboratory study of a new screw nail and its interaction in sand. Comput Geotech 78:144–154

92.

Deardorff D, Moeller M, Walt E (2010) Results of an instrumented helical soil nail wall. In Earth Retent Conf 3:262–269

Title: Soil Nailing: An Effective Slope Stabilization Technique
Authors: Mahesh Sharma
Manojit Samanta
Shantanu Sarkar
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Landslides: Theory, Practice and Modelling
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77376-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-77377-3

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77377-3_9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"