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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Some Basic Principles of RF Electronic Systems and Antennas

Author : Roger A. Dana

Published in: Electronically Scanned Arrays (ESAs) and K-Space Gain Formulation

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Basic principles that apply to all electronic systems and to antennas in particular include: (1) Only signal plus noise can be measured, not signal by itself; (2) signals add coherently whereas noise adds incoherently; (3) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain at the receiver is only accomplished by voltage integration; (4) radio performance goes as one over the square-root of the SNR. The keys to understanding the SNR in a receiver are Friis’ Link Margin Equation and Friis’ formula for the noise factor. These relationships are explained because they should be well-understood by electronic systems engineers.

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Footnotes
1
Power integration does not change the signal to noise ratio. Rather, it narrows the distribution of signal and noise about their respective means, making the signal more distinguishable from the noise.
 
2
The gain of an ESA is computed assuming that the noise from each element is uncorrelated with that from its neighbors. This is not exactly the case when there is mutual coupling or other noise-correlation effects between elements. However, we show in Appendix 5 that the element-to-element noise correlation coefficient has to be relatively large (>0.2 or so) before there is significant coherent integration gain of the noise with a corresponding reduction in ESA gain.
 
3
We will indicate the units of a quantity by square brackets that follow the mathematical symbol.
 
4
Lossless from Tx power amplified through Tx antenna, lossless through propagation medium, and lossless through Rx antenna to signal sampler where the signal-to-noise ratio is defined.
 
5
For each stage amplifier, the noise factor is defined to be that which would be measured in the lab by itself.
 
Metadata
Title
Some Basic Principles of RF Electronic Systems and Antennas
Author
Roger A. Dana
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Electronically Scanned Arrays (ESAs) and K-Space Gain Formulation

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04677-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-04678-1

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04678-1_2