Sovereign Debt and its Restructuring Framework in the Eurozone

Debt is a particularly serious macroeconomic problem in the eurozone. Public debt ratios are high by international historical standards, with no immediate prospect of a significant reduction. Private — corporate and household — debt ratios are either flat or rising. Banks remain fragile and impose a contingent liability on the public purse. The most stressed economies have not had the option of renewing economic growth through exchange rate depreciation and a boost to exports. Thus, fiscal austerity has been their principal instrument to achieve debt reduction. But since austerity also hurts growth, the debt-to-GDP ratios have barely budged. Persistent low growth has also created deflationary tendencies, which further raise the challenge of debt reduction.