Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Measures
HRQoL
Sports participation
Potential confounders
Statistical analyses
Results
Fourth grade | Fifth grade | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % | Mean | SD |
N
| % | Mean | SD | |
Sex | ||||||||
Boys | 288 | 46.6 | 193 | 46.3 | ||||
Girls | 330 | 53.4 | 224 | 53.7 | ||||
Age | 11.0 | 0.5 | 11.9 | 0.5 | ||||
BMI | 17.7 | 2.4 | 18.2 | 2.3 | ||||
SES | 0.25 | 0.92 | 0.29 | 0.89 | ||||
Household composition | ||||||||
Two parent family | 503 | 81.4 | 328 | 78.7 | ||||
Others | 115 | 18.6 | 89 | 21.3 | ||||
Membership sports club | ||||||||
No | 76 | 12.3 | 56 | 13.4 | ||||
Yes | 542 | 87.7 | 361 | 86.6 | ||||
Frequency of sports participation | 2.48 | 1.65 | 2.56 | 1.56 | ||||
Non-members | 76 | 12.3 | 56 | 13.4 | ||||
Low sports-activesa | 210 | 34.0 | 117 | 28.1 | ||||
Moderate sports-activesb | 171 | 27.7 | 145 | 34.8 | ||||
High sports-activesc | 161 | 26.1 | 99 | 23.7 | ||||
Individual versus team sports | ||||||||
Non-members | 76 | 12.3 | 56 | 13.4 | ||||
Individual sports | 143 | 23.1 | 93 | 22.3 | ||||
Team sports | 297 | 48.1 | 210 | 50.4 | ||||
Individual as well as team sports | 102 | 16.5 | 58 | 13.9 | ||||
Indoor versus outdoor sports | ||||||||
Non-members | 76 | 12.3 | 56 | 13.4 | ||||
Indoor sports | 186 | 30.1 | 114 | 27.3 | ||||
Outdoor sports | 277 | 44.8 | 208 | 49.9 | ||||
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 79 | 12.8 | 39 | 9.4 | ||||
Kidscreen-52 | ||||||||
Physical domain Physical well-being | 56.07 | 9.37 | 56.83 | 9.93 | ||||
Psychological domain Psychological well-being | 54.84 | 8.65 | 56.48 | 9.23d | ||||
Moods and emotions | 51.50 | 10.16 | 54.41 | 10.71d | ||||
Self-perception | 55.23 | 9.28 | 56.18 | 9.92 | ||||
Social domain autonomy | 54.48 | 8.62 | 56.28 | 9.10d | ||||
Parent relation and home life | 56.08 | 8.41 | 57.14 | 8.77d | ||||
Social support and peers | 53.53 | 9.16 | 56.12 | 9.42d | ||||
School environment | 56.74 | 8.94 | 57.74 | 8.95 | ||||
Social acceptance (bullying) | 49.09 | 10.43 | 50.43 | 9.92d | ||||
Financial resources | 53.33 | 9.27 | 55.57 | 8.52d |
Membership sports club
Crude analyses | Adjusted analysesa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B
b
|
p
| CI |
B
b
|
p
| CI | |
Physical domain | ||||||
Physical well-being | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 3.72 |
< 0.001
| 1.77–5.67 | 3.20 |
0.002
| 1.25–5.14 |
Psychological domain | ||||||
Psychological well-being | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 0.58 | 0.53 | − 1.23 to 2.40 | 0.47 | 0.62 | − 1.36 to 2.29 |
Moods and emotions | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | − 0.30 | 0.78 | − 2.43 to 1.82 | − 0.36 | 0.74 | − 2.48 to 1.77 |
Self-perception | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 0.47 | 0.64 | − 1.49 to 2.43 | − 0.02 | 0.98 | − 1.96 to 1.91 |
Social domain | ||||||
Autonomy | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 0.48 | 0.61 | − 1.35 to 2.30 | 0.37 | 0.69 | − 1.45 to 2.20 |
Parents and home life | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 1.27 | 0.15 | − 0.47 to 3.02 | 1.16 | 0.19 | − 0.59 to 2.90 |
Social support and peers | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 2.18 |
0.03
| 0.24–4.12 | 2.10 |
0.03
| 0.15 to 3.01 |
Social acceptance (bullying) | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 1.27 | 0.24 | − 0.83 to 3.38 | 1.13 | 0.30 | − 0.99 to 3.26 |
School environment | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | − 0.14 | 0.88 | − 1.94 to 1.66 | − 0.04 | 0.97 | − 1.86 to 1.78 |
Financial resources | ||||||
Non-member | Reference group | |||||
Member | 2.29 |
0.01
| 0.47–4.11 | 2.15 |
0.02
| 0.32–3.97 |
Frequency of sports participation
Crude analyses | Adjusted analysesa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bb | p | CI | Bb | p | CI | |
Physical domain | ||||||
Physical well-being | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 1.55 | 0.07 | − 3.23 to 0.13 | − 1.74 |
0.04
| − 3.41 to − 0.06 |
Low sports-active | − 3.98 |
< 0.001
| − 5.75 to − 2.20 | − 3.67 |
< 0.001
| − 5.46 to − 1.89 |
Non-members | − 6.16 |
< 0.001
| − 8.44 to − 3.89 | − 5.58 |
< 0.001
| − 7.86 to − 3.30 |
Psychological domain | ||||||
Psychological well-being | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 1.25 | 0.12 | − 2.82 to 0.31 | − 1.44 | 0.07 | − 3.00 to 0.13 |
Low sports-active | − 3.61 |
< 0.001
| − 5.25 to − 1.97 | − 3.53 |
< 0.001
| − 5.18 to − 1.87 |
Non-members | − 2.66 |
0.01
| − 4.78 to − 0.53 | − 2.65 |
0.02
| − 4.79 to − 0.51 |
Moods and emotions | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 1.51 | 0.11 | − 3.34 to 0.33 | − 1.82 |
0.05
| − 3.64 to 0.00 |
Low sports-active | − 2.72 |
0.01
| − 4.66 to − 0.78 | − 2.36 |
0.02
| − 4.31 to − 0.41 |
Non-members | − 1.51 | 0.24 | − 4.03 to 1.01 | − 1.42 | 0.27 | − 3.95 to 1.10 |
Self-perception | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 0.64 | 0.46 | − 2.34 to 1.06 | − 1.03 | 0.23 | − 2.71 to 0.64 |
Low sports-active | − 2.42 |
0.01
| − 4.21 to − 0.63 | − 1.95 |
0.03
| − 3.73 to − 0.17 |
Non-members | − 1.85 | 0.12 | − 4.16 to 0.47 | − 1.25 | 0.28 | − 3.54 to 1.03 |
Social domain | ||||||
Autonomy | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 0.50 | 0.55 | − 2.09 to 1.11 | − 0.74 | 0.36 | − 2.34 to 0.85 |
Low sports-active | − 1.52 | 0.8 | − 3.20 to 0.16 | − 1.26 | 0.15 | − 2.95 to 0.43 |
Non-members | − 1.33 | 0.23 | − 3.48 to 0.82 | − 1.21 | 0.27 | − 3.37 to 0.95 |
Parents and home life | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 1.30 | 0.09 | − 2.81 to 0.20 | − 1.51 |
0.05
| − 3.01 to − 0.01 |
Low sports-active | − 2.64 |
0.001
| − 4.23 to − 1.06 | − 2.54 |
0.002
| − 4.13 to − 0.94 |
Non-members | − 2.95 |
0.01
| − 5.01 to − 0.89 | − 2.90 |
0.01
| − 4.97 to − 084 |
Social support and peers | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 1.36 | 0.12 | − 3.05 to 0.34 | − 1.53 | 0.08 | − 3.22 to 0.15 |
Low sports-active | − 2.91 |
0.001
| − 4.69 to − 1.14 | − 2.97 |
0.001
| − 4.75 to − 1.18 |
Non-members | − 3.91 |
0.001
| − 6.19 to − 1.63 | − 4.00 |
0.001
| − 6.29 to − 1.71 |
Social acceptance (bullying) | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 0.05 | 0.96 | − 1.88 to 1.79 | − 0.16 | 0.86 | − 2.00 to 1.67 |
Low sports-active | − 1.95 |
0.05
| − 3.88 to − 0.03 | − 1.85 | 0.06 | − 3.80 to 0.10 |
Non-members | − 2.17 | 0.09 | − 4.66 to 0.31 | − 2.08 | 0.11 | − 4.60 to 0.44 |
School environment | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 0.25 | 0.76 | − 1.82 to 1.33 | − 0.17 | 0.83 | − 1.75 to 1.41 |
Low sports-active | − 1.23 | 0.15 | − 2.89 to 0.43 | − 1.49 | 0.08 | − 3.17 to 0.20 |
Non-members | − 0.50 | 0.65 | − 2.63 to 1.64 | − 0.72 | 0.51 | − 2.87 to 1.44 |
Financial resources | ||||||
High sports-active | Reference group | |||||
Moderate sports-active | − 1.12 | 0.17 | − 2.70 to 0.48 | − 1.29 | 0.11 | − 2.87 to 0.29 |
Low sports-active | − 1.48 | 0.08 | − 3.15 to 0.18 | − 1.28 | 0.14 | − 2.96 to 0.41 |
Non-members | − 3.36 |
0.002
| − 5.51 to 1.21 | − 3.19 |
0.004
| − 5.36 to − 0.29 |
Performing individual versus team sports
Crude analyses | Adjusteda | Adjustedb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bc | p | CI | Bc | p | CI | Bc | p | CI | |
Physical domain | |||||||||
Physical well-being | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | 0.48 | 0.59 | − 1.32 to 2.28 | 0.09 | 0.92 | − 1.71 to 1.90 | − 0.44 | 0.63 | − 2.23 to 1.35 |
Individual as well as team sports | 1.09 | 0.34 | − 1.16 to 3.34 | 1.29 | 0.26 | − 0.94 to 3.53 | − 0.53 | 0.66 | − 2.88 to 1.83 |
Non-members | − 3.31 |
0.004
| − 5.58 to − 1.04 | − 2.96 |
0.01
| − 5.22 to − 0.70 | − 0.15 | 0.91 | − 2.73 to 2.43 |
Psychological domain | |||||||||
Psychological well-being | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | 0.54 | 0.53 | − 1.14 to 2.22 | 0.57 | 0.52 | − 1.14 to 2.27 | 0.10 | 0.91 | − 1.60 to 1.80 |
Individual as well as team sports | 0.90 | 0.40 | − 1.18 to 2.98 | 1.29 | 0.22 | − 0.79 to 3.37 | − 0.30 | 0.79 | − 2.51 to 1.92 |
Non-members | − 0.16 | 0.88 | − 2.28 to 1.96 | 0.03 | 0.98 | − 2.10 to 2.15 | 2.36 | 0.06 | − 0.07 to 4.78 |
Moods and emotions | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 0.67 | 0.09 | − 3.70 to 0.27 | − 1.94 | 0.06 | − 3.95 to 0.08 | − 2.22 |
0.03
| − 4.24 to − 0.20 |
Individual as well as team sports | − 0.42 | 0.74 | − 2.87 to 2.03 | − 0.06 | 0.96 | − 2.50 to 2.38 | − 1.15 | 0.39 | − 3.76 to 1.45 |
Non-members | − 1.72 | 0.60 | − 3.15 to 1.81 | − 0.65 | 0.61 | − 3.11 to 1.82 | 0.99 | 0.49 | − 1.83 to 3.81 |
Self-perception | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 1.01 | 0.28 | − 2.82 to 0.82 | − 1.60 | 0.08 | − 3.39 to 0.19 | − 1.77 | 0.05 | − 3.56 to 0.03 |
Individual as well as team sports | − 0.01 | 1.00 | − 2.26 to 2.25 | 0.31 | 0.78 | − 1.89 to 2.53 | − 0.30 | 0.80 | − 2.66 to 2.05 |
Non-members | − 1.01 | 0.39 | − 3.30 to 1.28 | − 0.77 | 0.50 | − 3.01 to 1.48 | 0.57 | 0.66 | − 2.01 to 3.15 |
Social domain | |||||||||
Autonomy | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 0.62 | 0.46 | − 2.28 to 1.04 | − 0.77 | 0.37 | − 2.45 to 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.29 | − 2.61- 0.77 |
Individual as well as team sports | − 0.63 | 0.55 | − 2.73 to 1.46 | − 0.21 | 0.84 | − 2.30 to 1.88 | − 0.72 | 0.53 | − 2.95 to 1.52 |
Non-members | − 0.91 | 0.40 | − 3.04 to 1.22 | − 0.82 | 0.45 | − 2.94 to 1.31 | − 0.02 | 0.99 | − 2.48 to 2.44 |
Parents and home life | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 0.93 | 0.26 | − 2.53 to 0.71 | − 0.97 | 0.25 | − 2.61 to 0.67 | − 1.33 | 0.11 | − 2.97 to 0.30 |
Individual as well as team sports | − 0.34 | 0.74 | − 2.34 to 1.67 | 0.04 | 0.97 | − 1.96 to 2.04 | − 1.26 | 0.25 | − 3.40 to 0.87 |
Non-members | − 1.82 | 0.08 | − 3.79 to 0.28 | − 1.66 | 0.11 | − 3.68 to 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.81 | − 2.04 to 2.60 |
Social support and peers | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 0.91 | 0.31 | − 2.67 to 0.85 | − 0.73 | 0.42 | − 2.53 to 1.06 | − 1.09 | 0.23 | − 2.89 to 0.71 |
Individual as well as team sports | 0.17 | 0.88 | − 2.06 to 2.39 | 0.56 | 0.62 | − 1.67 to 2.78 | − 0.71 | 0.56 | − 3.08 to 1.67 |
Non-members | − 2.64 |
0.02
| − 4.90 to − 0.37 | − 2.39 |
0.04
| − 4.66 to − 0.13 | − 0.48 | 0.72 | − 3.09 to 2.12 |
Social acceptance (bullying) | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 0.41 | 0.70 | − 2.36 to 1.53 | − 0.46 | 0.65 | − 2.44 to 1.53 | − 0.67 | 0.51 | − 2.57 to 1.36 |
Individual as well as team sports | 0.90 | 0.47 | − 1.53 to 3.32 | 1.08 | 0.38 | − 1.35 to 3.52 | 0.29 | 0.83 | − 1.93 to 3.20 |
Non-members | − 1.35 | 0.28 | − 3.81 to 1.10 | − 1.20 | 0.34 | − 3.68 to 1.27 | − 0.03 | 0.98 | − 3.07 to 2.52 |
School environment | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 1.77 |
0.04
| − 3.42 to − 0.12 | − 1.44 | 0.09 | − 3.12 to 0.24 | − 1.57 | 0.07 | − 3.27 to 0.11 |
Individual as well as team sports | 0.00 | 1.00 | − 2.07 to 2.07 | 0.22 | 0.84 | − 1.86 to 2.30 | − 0.31 | 0.78 | − 2.55 to 1.91 |
Non-members | − 0.81 | 0.45 | − 2.91 to 1.28 | − 0.68 | 0.53 | − 2.79 to 1.43 | 0.15 | 0.90 | − 2.29 to 2.59 |
Financial resources | |||||||||
Individual sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Team sports | − 0.97 | 0.25 | 2.64 to 0.70 | − 0.94 | 0.28 | − 2.64 to 0.76 | − 1.16 | 0.18 | − 2.87 to 0.55 |
Individual as well as team sports | − 0.53 | 0.62 | 2.62 to 1.56 | − 0.23 | 0.83 | − 2.33 to 1.86 | − 1.05 | 0.36 | − 3.29 to 1.19 |
Non-members | − 2.89 |
0.01
| − 5.02 to − 0.77 | − 2.67 |
0.01
| − 4.80 to − 0.54 | − 1.43 | 0.25 | − 3.88 to 1.02 |
Performing indoor versus outdoor sports
Crude analyses | Adjusted analysesa | Adjusted analysesb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bc | p | CI | Bc | p | CI | Bc | p | CI | |
Physical domain | |||||||||
Physical well-being | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 3.26 |
< 0.001
| 1.56 to 4.95 | 2.54 |
0.01
| 0.77 to 4.31 | 1.75 | 0.05 | − 0.03 to 3.54 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 2.67 |
0.03
| 0.24 to 5.09 | 2.86 |
0.02
| 0.45 to 5.27 | 1.08 | 0.41 | − 1.48 to 3.64 |
Non-members | − 1.83 | 0.10 | − 4.01 to 0.34 | − 1.69 | 0.13 | − 3.86 to 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.60 | − 1.82 to 3.13 |
Psychological domain | |||||||||
Psychological well-being | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 2.04 |
0.01
| 0.45 to 3.62 | 1.80 |
0.03
| 0.13 to 3.47 | 1.01 | 0.24 | − 0.69 to 2.71 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 0.95 | 0.41 | − 1.33 to 3.23 | 1.17 | 0.32 | − 1.11 to 3.44 | − 0.53 | 0.67 | − 2.95 to 1.89 |
Non-members | 0.54 | 0.60 | − 1.50 to 2.57 | 0.50 | 0.63 | − 1.54 to 2.54 | 2.68 |
0.02
| 0.36 to 5.00 |
Moods and emotions | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 2.63 |
0.01
| 0.75 to 4.53 | 2.21 |
0.03
| 0.22–4.20 | 1.79 | 0.09 | − 0.25 to 3.83 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 2.11 | 0.12 | − 0.58 to 4.79 | 2.33 | 0.09 | − 0.34 to 5.00 | 1.44 | 0.32 | − 1.42 to 4.31 |
Non-members | 1.83 | 0.13 | − 0.55 to 4.22 | 1.63 | 0.18 | − 0.75 to 4.01 | 2.76 |
0.05
| 0.04 to 5.47 |
Self-perception | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 3.13 |
< 0.001
| 1.42 to 4.84 | 1.97 |
0.03
| 0.22 to 3.73 | 1.82 |
0.05
| 0.01 to 3.62 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 3.37 |
0.01
| 0.92 to 5.82 | 3.80 |
0.002
| 1.40 to 6.19 | 3.26 |
0.01
| 0.88 to 6.03 |
Non-members | 1.45 | 0.19 | − 0.73 to 3.64 | 1.39 | 0.20 | − 0.76 to 3.55 | 1.84 | 0.15 | − 0.64 to 4.32 |
Social domain | |||||||||
Autonomy | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 0.54 |
0.03
| 0.20 to 3.34 | 1.33 | 0.11 | − 0.32 to 2.98 | 1.19 | 0.17 | − 0.50 to 2.89 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 1.03 | 0.37 | − 1.24 to 3.30 | 1.33 | 0.25 | − 0.93 to 3.59 | 1.01 | 0.41 | − 1.42 to 3.45 |
Non-members | 1.77 | 0.60 | − 1.50 to 2.59 | 0.41 | 0.69 | − 1.63 to 2.46 | 0.83 | 0.49 | − 1.53 to 3.20 |
Parents and home life | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 1.97 |
0.01
| 0.42 to 3.51 | 0.69 |
0.05
| 0.03 to 3.28 | 1.19 | 0.16 | − 0.48 to 2.85 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 2.17 | 0.05 | − 0.02 to 4.36 | 2.37 |
0.03
| 0.19 to 4.55 | 1.33 | 0.27 | − 1.01 to 3.66 |
Non-members | − 0.01 | 0.99 | − 1.97 to 1.95 | − 0.05 | 0.96 | − 2.00 to 1.91 | 1.29 | 0.26 | − 0.94 to 3.52 |
Social support and peers | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 1.59 | 0.06 | − 0.07 to 3.26 | 1.64 | 0.07 | − 0.12 to 3.40 | 1.04 | 0.26 | − 0.77 to 2.84 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 0.53 | 0.67 | − 1.89 to 2.95 | 0.70 | 0.57 | − 1.71 to 3.11 | − 0.65 | 0.62 | − 3.23 to 1.94 |
Non-members | − 1.31 | 0.24 | − 3.49 to 0.88 | − 1.26 | 0.26 | − 3.44 to 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.68 | − 1.97 − 3.03 |
Social acceptance (bullying) | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 2.01 |
0.03
| 0.17 to 3.87 | 1.80 | 0.07 | − 0.15 to 3.75 | 1.51 | 0.14 | − 0.50 to 3.52 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 2.62 | 0.05 | − 0.03 to 5.26 | 2.70 |
0.05
| 0.05 to 5.35 | 2.07 | 0.15 | − 0.78 to 4.92 |
Non-members | 0.04 | 0.97 | − 2.32 to 2.40 | 0.03 | 0.98 | − 2.35 to 2.41 | 0.83 | 0.55 | − 1.90 to 3.56 |
School environment | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | − 1.14 | 0.16 | − 2.70 to 0.44 | − 0.92 | 0.28 | − 2.57 to 0.73 | − 1.17 | 0.18 | − 2.87 to 0.53 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 1.40 | 0.22 | − 0.85 to 3.65 | 1.49 | 0.20 | − 0.77 to 3.75 | 0.93 | 0.45 | − 1.50 to 3.35 |
Non-members | − 0.28 | 0.79 | − 2.30 to 1.74 | − 0.20 | 0.84 | − 2.24 to 1.83 | 0.53 | 0.66 | − 1.81 to 2.88 |
Financial resources | |||||||||
Indoor sports | Reference group | ||||||||
Outdoor sports | 2.63 |
0.001
| 1.05 to 4.21 | 2.56 |
0.003
| 0.90 to 4.21 | 2.36 |
0.01
| 0.65 to 4.07 |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 2.26 |
0.05
| − 0.01 to 5.53 | 2.54 |
0.03
| 0.28 to 4.81 | 2.11 | 0.09 | − 0.33 to 4.54 |
Non-members | − 0.73 | 0.48 | − 2.76 to 1.31 | − 0.68 | 0.51 | − 2.71 to 1.36 | − 0.12 | 0.92 | − 2.46 to 2.22 |