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2018 | Book

Structures of Coastal Resilience

Authors: Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, Julia Chapman

Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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About this book

Structures of Coastal Resilience presents new strategies for creative and collaborative approaches to coastal planning for climate change. In the face of sea level rise and an increased risk of flooding from storm surge, we must become less dependent on traditional approaches to flood control that have relied on levees, sea walls, and other forms of hard infrastructure. But what are alternative approaches for designers and planners facing the significant challenge of strengthening their communities to adapt to uncertain climate futures?
Authors Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, and Julia Chapman have been at the forefront of research on new approaches to effective coastal resilience planning for over a decade. In Structures of Coastal Resilience, they reimagine how coastal planning might better serve communities grappling with a future of uncertain environmental change. They encourage more creative design techniques at the beginning of the planning process, and offer examples of innovative work incorporating flexible natural systems into traditional infrastructure. They also draw lessons for coastal planning from approaches more commonly applied to fire and seismic engineering. This is essential, they argue, because storms, sea level rise, and other conditions of coastal change will incorporate higher degrees of uncertainty—which have traditionally been part of planning for wildfires and earthquakes, but not floods or storms.

This book is for anyone grappling with the immense questions of how to prepare communities to flourish despite unprecedented climate impacts. It offers insights into new approaches to design, engineering, and planning, envisioning adaptive and resilient futures for coastal areas.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Designing for Coastal Resiliency
Abstract
For months and even years after a hurricane, images of water in the city are haunting. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy transformed New York City’s subway tunnels into rushing underground canals. Photographs captured fields of taxicabs floating in the water, coastal homes collapsing into the ocean, and floodwaters cresting over the stoops of nineteenth-century townhouses. More than a decade after Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast and New Orleans in 2005, the aerial surveys of submerged city blocks captured by helicopter overflights remain ingrained in national memory. Photographs on the ground revealed New Orleans residents trudging through chest-deep muddy water and navigating city streets and highways in boats and makeshift rafts. More recently, the trio of massive superstorms of the 2017 hurricane season—Harvey, Irma, and Maria—significantly affected the Texas Gulf Coast and Houston, the Virgin Islands and the Florida Keys, and the entire island of Puerto Rico. Indeed, the hurricanes of 2017 again revealed not only the vulnerabilities of coastal cities but the painful inequities of fragile social and infrastructural systems. Once again, images capture the incomprehensible hardship and loss induced by hurricane-force winds, torrential rainstorms, and massive storm surge flooding. These images are also uncanny; the juxtaposition of water with urban structures is unfamiliar and disquieting.
Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, Julia Chapman
Chapter 2. Visualizing the Coast
Abstract
To represent the coast means reckoning with the dynamism of water. To draw water, to capture particles in constant motion with static lines, tones, textures, or shades, seems impossible. From the regular rhythms of ocean tides and deltaic flows to sporadic storm surges and tumultuous waves, water moves across vast territories. And from the slow and powerful geological processes of erosion to the frightful rapidness of a flash flood, water carves and inundates, shaping the land beneath and around it. Never static, the coast is always in flux.
Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, Julia Chapman
Chapter 3. Reimagining the Floodplain
Abstract
American geographer Gilbert F. White (1911–2006) presented a compelling argument for a comprehensive approach to managing flood risk within a floodplain region in his persuasive dissertation “Human Adjustment to Floods: A Geographical Approach to the Flood Problem in the United States,” written in 1942 and published by the University of Chicago in 1945. White asserted, “Floods are ‘acts of God,’ but flood losses are largely acts of man.” Critiquing a system of reactive legislation that promoted structural engineering solutions to flooding, including seawalls, levees, and dams, White noted that the presence of these structures had provided an overconfident sense of security to the general public and had even encouraged the occupation and development of at-risk flood areas. Throughout his career, White advocated for a more holistic approach consisting of “non-structural” human adjustments to flood risk, supporting the accommodation of flood hazards through the restriction of development within areas that were periodically subjected to flooding, a policy-driven approach of adaptation that he called “floodplain management.” Indeed, as engineered flood control structures have failed to prevent disastrous floods in recent decades and as the effects of climate change will produce increased levels of risk, the floodplain management approach is gaining advocates in coastal flood zones. In addition, the ecological components of design are being used to enhance White’s policy approach to floodplain management, bringing new and innovative design responses to the development of resilient coasts.
Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, Julia Chapman
Chapter 4. Mapping Coastal Futures
Abstract
When a hurricane makes landfall it brings extreme wind, heavy rain, powerful waves, and storm surge. Of these hazards, storm surge is often the most dangerous: Historically, surge has caused more deaths than wind damage. During a hurricane, wind exerts stress on the water, causing currents that push water downwind. The surface of the sea can rise suddenly and dramatically rise as wind speeds approach their maximum. Water can rush rapidly into zones of shallow bathymetry and quickly flood the land. With climate change, storm surge will become more threatening. Sea level rise will elevate mean tide levels, increasing the height of storm surge by simple numerical addition. At the same time, hurricanes may become more intense, and the more intense storms more frequent, also contributing to the chances that severe surge will lead to flood inundation in coastal communities.
Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, Julia Chapman
Chapter 5. Centennial Projections
Abstract
The impact of climate change will be transformative, quite literally changing the face of the earth as we know it. Consequentially, it provokes several recognizable responses. One response is to deny the existence of climate change and thus deny any fiscal, regulatory, or managerial responsibility. A second response is to acknowledge the expansive scale of the problem but view the necessary political challenges and economic adjustments as insurmountable. A third response is to examine isolated components of climate change through research and investigation, developing actionable projects. Most scientific research and design work operates this way, investigating a very specific aspect of climate change in a scientific laboratory or designing a single building to withstand climate forces. This way of working is necessary and important, but it also presents new challenges. In the scientific community, climate research is often published in disciplinary journals but rarely conveyed to public audiences in an in-depth way. In the design community, isolated investigations and prototypes do not often yield integrated, widespread, and cohesive interventions. Restrictions on budget, property ownership, and jurisdictional authority tend to limit the scale and scope of projects.
Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Guy Nordenson, Julia Chapman
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Structures of Coastal Resilience
Authors
Catherine Seavitt Nordenson
Guy Nordenson
Julia Chapman
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
Electronic ISBN
978-1-61091-859-6
Print ISBN
978-1-61091-990-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-859-6