1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials and apparatus
2.2 Adsorption procedure
2.3 Electrochemistry
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Activated carbons characterization
Activated carbon | SBET (m2/g) | Vt (cm3/g) | Vmi (cm3/g) | Vme (cm3/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OS-NM | 1138 | 0.549 | 0.358 | 0.191 |
OS-O3-15 | 1129 | 0.542 | 0.353 | 0.189 |
OS-O3-45 | 1055 | 0.491 | 0.340 | 0.151 |
Activated carbon | Oxygen (EDS) | Weight loss (TG) 180–450 °C (% mass) | NaOH uptake (mmol/g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(% at.) | (% mass) | |||
OS-NM | 2.88 | 3.74 | 0.94 | 0.399 |
OS-O3-15 | 5.66 | 7.04 | 1.77 | 0.966 |
OS-O3-45 | 6.22 | 8.42 | 2.19 | 1.391 |
Peak | OS-NM (C 95.9%at.)a | OS-15 (C 93.7%at.)a | OS-45 (C 92.3%at.)a | Binding assignation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BE, eV | At. conc.,%b | BE, eV | At. conc.,%b | BE, eV | At. conc.,%b | ||
A | 284.73 | 80.50 | 284.67 | 80.60 | 284.69 | 80.50 | C sp3 C–C C–H |
B | 285.56 | 5.60 | 285.46 | 2.40 | 285.42 | 1.60 | C–OH |
C | 285.10 | 7.60 | 285.89 | 6.50 | 285.81 | 6.80 | C–O–C |
D | 286.91 | 6.30 | 286.56 | 10.50 | 286.50 | 11.10 | C=O |
Peak | OS-NM (O 3.6%at.)a | OS-15 (O 5.8%at.)a | OS-45 (O 7.13%at.)a | Binding assignation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BE, eV | at. conc.,%b | BE, eV | at. conc.,%b | BE, eV | at. conc.,%b | ||
A | 530.04 | 14.44 | 530.41 | 17.40 | 530.40 | 6.80 | O (oxides) |
B | 531.01 | 34.12 | 531.09 | 49.00 | 531.02 | 59.70 | O=C (carbonyl and carboxylic groups) |
C | 532.93 | 28.40 | 533.20 | 23.20 | 532.91 | 22.40 | O–C (ether and hydroxyl groups bonded to aliphatics) |
D | 534.04 | 19.61 | 534.70 | 9.30 | 533.8 | 9.40 | O–C (ether and hydroxyl groups bonded to aromatics) |
E | 535.94 | 3.44 | 537.11 | 1.20 | 535.56 | 1.70 | adsorbed water/oxygen, sub monolayer |
3.2 Adsorption studies
Adsorption model | Parameter | OS-NM | OS-O3-15 | OS-O3-45 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | qm (mmol/g) | 1.792 | 1.403 | 1.141 |
b (L/mmol) | 9.991 | 9.635 | 6.248 | |
R
2
| 0.990 | 0.990 | 0.991 | |
Freundlich | KF [(mmol/g)(L/mmol)1/n] | 1.774 | 1.327 | 0.992 |
n
| 3.115 | 3.533 | 3.175 | |
R
2
| 0.948 | 0.968 | 0.969 | |
Sips | qmS (mmol/g) | 2.164 | 1.851 | 1.322 |
KS (L/mmol) | 3.514 | 2.354 | 2.979 | |
m
| 0.714 | 0.586 | 0.756 | |
R
2
| 0.988 | 0.986 | 0.981 |
3.3 Electrochemical studies
Electrode | LOD (µmol/L) | References |
---|---|---|
CPE/graphite | 79.7 | This study |
CPE/OS-O3-45 | 4.91 | This study |
CPE/OS-O3-15 | 3.06 | This study |
CPE/OS-NM | 2.38 | This study |
expanded graphite-epoxy electrode | 20.0 | Pop et al. 2008 |
GCE modified with horseradish peroxidase | 15.2 | Zhang et al. 2012 |
CNT/Pt nanoparticles/rhodamine B modified GCE | 3.70 | Zhu et al. 2018 |
SBA-15-NH2 modified CPE | 1.40 | Deryło-Marczewska et al. 2016 |
MWCNT-Ni(OH)2 modified GCE | 0.50 | Zolgharnein et al. 2013 |
SBA-15 modified CPE | 0.40 | Deryło-Marczewska et al. 2016 |
MWCNT/Au nanoparticle nanocomposite modified GCE | 0.11 | Wang et al. 2016 |
rGO-Pt nanohybrid - modified GCE | 0.05 | Sun et al. 2018 |
montmorillonite modified CPE | 0.02 | Yang et al. 2008 |